GB2084904A - Electrostatically augmented cyclone separation process and apparatus - Google Patents

Electrostatically augmented cyclone separation process and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2084904A
GB2084904A GB8113579A GB8113579A GB2084904A GB 2084904 A GB2084904 A GB 2084904A GB 8113579 A GB8113579 A GB 8113579A GB 8113579 A GB8113579 A GB 8113579A GB 2084904 A GB2084904 A GB 2084904A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
separation zone
corona
inlet
raw gas
reverse flow
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Withdrawn
Application number
GB8113579A
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Publication of GB2084904A publication Critical patent/GB2084904A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04CAPPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C11/00Accessories, e.g. safety or control devices, not otherwise provided for, e.g. regulators, valves in inlet or overflow ducting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D45/00Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours by gravity, inertia, or centrifugal forces
    • B01D45/12Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours by gravity, inertia, or centrifugal forces by centrifugal forces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03CMAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/02Plant or installations having external electricity supply
    • B03C3/04Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type
    • B03C3/14Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type characterised by the additional use of mechanical effects, e.g. gravity
    • B03C3/15Centrifugal forces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04CAPPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C9/00Combinations with other devices, e.g. fans, expansion chambers, diffusors, water locks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01TSPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T19/00Devices providing for corona discharge
    • H01T19/04Devices providing for corona discharge having pointed electrodes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04CAPPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C9/00Combinations with other devices, e.g. fans, expansion chambers, diffusors, water locks
    • B04C2009/001Combinations with other devices, e.g. fans, expansion chambers, diffusors, water locks with means for electrostatic separation

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)

Abstract

Separation of particulates from a gaseous stream in a reverse flow cyclone separator is enhanced through the incorporation of a corona producing electrode 11 in the cyclonic separation zone 2 whereby particulates are first charged by the corona current and are subsequently displaced from the gaseous stream by the electrostatic forces between the electrode and the outer wall 3 of the separation zone. The corona electrode may be either a rod disposed coaxially in and extending from the central exhaust duct 6, or the exhaust duct itself with pointed projections on its surface. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Electrostatically augmented cyclone separation process and apparatus The present invention relates to an improved reverse flow cyclone separator and process for separating particulate matter from an influent raw gas stream.
Cyclone separators are well-known devices for removing particulates from a gas stream.
In principle, a stream of particle-laden raw gas is introduced tangentially into a cyclonic separation zone so that the particles experience a centrifugal force in the ensuing swirling flow.
The particles are collected on the outer wall of the separation zone and a resultant clean gas exits from a central exhaust duct.
It has been demonstrated that the performance of conventional reverse flow cyclones is typicaly reduced by a short circuiting of particulate laden raw gas from the cyclone inlet into the exhaust duct, thus bypassing the main body of the cyclone separator. An improved reverse flow cyclone separator described in U.S. Patent No. 4,212,653 (Giles) avoids this source of performance degradation by employing a clean air shield between an influent raw gas flow and an outlet duct.
Nevertheless, this improved cyclone separator still exhibits the centrifugal separation characteristic of decreased particle separation efficiency with decreasing particle mass. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to enhance the performance of reverse flow cyclone separators. More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to augment the centrifugal separation process characteristic of reverse flow cyclone separators through the employment of electrostatic forces. Correspondingly, it is a further object of the present invention to improve the separation efficiency of reverse flow cyclone separators, including an improved capacity to separate relatively small particulates from an influent raw gas stream.
Generally stated, the present invention provides an improvement for increasing the separation efficiency of reverse flow cyclone separation processes and apparatus. Such a separator includes a cyclonic separation zone disposed in flow communication between a swirlinducing raw gas inlet and a radially inwardly disposed exhaust duct. According to the present invention a means is provided for producing a corona discharge in the cyclonic separation zone adjacent to and external of the inlet of the exhaust duct. In a preferred embodiment this means includes a rod positioned coaxially in the exhaust duct and having a corona producing portion extending into the cyclonic separation zone.An electrical means is provided for applying a suitable voltage differential between the corona producing rod portion and the outer wall of the cyclonic separation zone so as to enable the formation of both a corona current and an electrostatic force field therebetween. In the practice of the associated separation process, particulate matter contained in the raw gas is charged by contact with the corona current and the resultant charged particles are displaced from the raw gas towards the separation zone outer wall by the electrostatic forces. In this manner, the separation efficiency of an associated reverse flow cyclone separator is enhanced, and is particularly enhanced with respect to relatively small particulates typically unseparated by the centrifugal forces of a conventional reverse flow cyclone separator.
The present invention will be further described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which :- Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view illustrating an air shield reverse flow cyclone separator according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 is a transverse sectional view illustrating a corona producing electrode portion of the cyclone separator depicted in Fig. 1 as seen from line 2-2 and looking in the direction of the arrows; Figure 3 is a longitudinal sectional view illustrating an alternative embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 is a transverse sectional view of an exhaust duct depicted in Fig. 3 taken along the line 4-4 and looking in the direction of the arrows; and Figure 5 is a transverse sectional view of a corona producing portion of the outlet duct depicted in Fig. 3 as seen along line 5-5 looking in the direction of the arrows.
As depicted in Figs. 1 and 2, a conventional reverse flow cyclone separator includes a raw gas inlet 1 through which a particulate laden gas is imparted with a swirling motion as it is introduced into a cyclonic separation zone 2. The swirl imparted to the gas tends to centrifugally concentrate particulate matter near the outer wall 3 of the separation zone 2.
A base plug 4 also termed a vortex shield is beneficially provided in the lower portion of the separation zone 2 above a suitable collection hopper 5 for separated particulate matter.
An exhaust duct 6 is positioned substantially coaxially in the separation zone 2 opposite the base plug 4. The above-noted components of a reverse flow cyclone separator are known in the art as evidenced for example by U.S.
Patent 4,21 2,653(Giles) assigned to the assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference.
In the separator depicted in Fig. 1, a second swirl inducing inlet 7 including an inlet structure 8 defines a zone 9 for the introduction of a clean shield gas into the separation zone 2 as more fully described in the Giles patent cited above. In this manner, the short circuiting of particulate laden raw gas from the inlet 1 to the exhaust duct 6 is substantially avoided.
In the present invention a reverse flow cyclone is provided with a means for producing a corona discharge in the separation zone 2. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 1 the corona discharge producing means includes a rod-shaped electrode 10 positioned coaxially in the exhaust duct 6. The electrode 10 includes a corona producing portion 11 extending out from the inlet 12 of the exhaust duct 6 and into the cyclonic separation zone 2. The length of corona producing portion extending into the separation zone 2 is variable. However, if it is extended adjacent the vortex shield 4 or frustoconical wall portion 13, the tip 14 of corona producing electrode portion should be blunted to advantageously minimize the possibility of arcing upon application of an electrical potential therebetween.
As best appreciated from Fig. 2, the corona producing portion 11 in the illustrated embodiment comprises a longitudinally grooved portion of the electrode 10. However, it is understood that the present invention is not limited to such a configuration. Thus, for example, the corona producing portion 11 may include a helically grooved portion of rod shaped electrode 10, or a portion thereof alternatively configured to enable the formation of the corona discharge. Accordingly, as used herein the term "corona producing portion" describes a portion of an electrode suitably configured to produce both an electrostatic field and a radiating flow of particle-charging ions when a suitable voltage gradiant is provided between the corona production portion 11 and the outer wall 3 of the cyclonic separation zone 2.
The corona discharge producing means as defined herein also includes electrical means for providing a corona producing voltage gradient between the corona producing portion 11 and the separation zone outer wall surface 3. As illustrated, this electrical means includes a high voltage source 15 electrically connected to the corona producing portion 11; suitable grounding means 16 for the outer wall 3; and conventional electrical insulation 17 sufficient to enable the generation of a high voltage gradient between corona producing portion 11 and grounded wall portion 3.
The polarity of the high voltage source 15 may either be positive or negative. Similarly, if desired for a given situation, the high voltage source 15 may alternatively be electrically connected to the outer wall 3, and the corona producing portion suitably grounded without departing from the present invention.
The embodiment depicted in Fig. 3 includes a corona producing portion 11 with a configuration different from that of Fig. 1 in that the portion 11 comprises at least a portion of the exhaust duct 6. More specifically, the corona producing portion 11 includes an exterior portion of the exhaust duct 6 extending into the cyclonic separation zone 2. As detailed in Fig.
5, the illustrated corona producing portion 11 includes two rings of pointed projections 18 and 19 extending out from the exterior surface of the exhaust duct 6. The projections depicted in Fig. 3 and 5 are enlarged for illustrative purposes, and would typically be of a smaller dimension relative to the exhaust duct 6. Of course, the present invention is not limited to the illustrated configuration of the corona producing portion 11, and may include other configurations such as noted hereinabove.
Similarly, the electrical connection depicted in the embodiment of Fig. 3 may also be varied. As perhaps best appreciated from Fig.
4, the voltage source 15 is directly connected to an electrically conducting exhaust duct 6 as at 21. In this manner the corona producing portion 11 of Fig. 3 is electrically connected to the source 15 through the duct 6. Alternatively, the portion 11 could be insulated from the duct 6 and be directly connected to the voltage source 15 without departing from the present invention.
In the operation of a reverse flow cyclone separator according to the present invention, a particulate-laden raw gas is introduced through the inlet 1 and is imparted with a swirl as indicated by the arrows 20 prior to the introduction of the raw gas into the separation zone 2. The swirl imparted to the gas tends to centrifugally concentrate the particulates adjacent the outer wall 3 of the separation zone 2. The swirling gas flows downwardly through the separation zone 2, thereby effecting the removal of separated particulate matter from the outer wall 3 into the particulate collection hopper 5. The direction of the swirling gaseous flow is reversed in the lower portion of the separation zone 2 adjacent to the base plug 4, and is withdrawn from the separator through the exhaust duct 6.
In the operation of the air shield cyclone separator depicted in Fig. 1 a stream of relatively clean shield gas enters the separation zone 2 through the inwardly disposed introduction zone 9 after being imparted with a co-swirling motion in the inlet 7. As more fully described in the cited Giles patent, this co-swirling flow effectively shields the exhaust duct inlet 12 from a possible short-circuiting flow of raw gas from the inlet 1, thereby improving separator performance.
It has been observed that in reverse flow cyclone separation systems in which the separation zone 2 is provided with an electrostatic field and the raw gas introduced through the inlet 1 contains precharged particulate matter, the separation efficiency has been less than that theoretically obtainable.
This decreased efficiency is presumed to result from the loss of particle charge due to wall effects in the reverse flow cyclone.
In the operation of the present invention, the raw gas introduced through the swirlinducing inlet 1 may include uncharged particulate matter. The centrifugal separation of particulates typical of cyclone separators is enhanced in the operation of the present invention by providing a voltage differential between the corona producing portion 11 and the outer wall surface 3 of the separation zone 2 whereby a radiating flow of particle-charging ions is produced. Particulate matter flowing through this flow of ions is charged thereby. The resultant charge on the particles and the radial electrostatic field between the corona producing portion 11 and the wall 3 serve to displace the particulate matter from the gaseous flow and enhance the outward migration tendencies of the particulates towards the wall 3 under the influence of the centrifugal forces in the separation zone 2.
This enhanced migration is especially noteworthy as regards smaller particulates which are typically less affected by centrifugal separation as noted hereinabove. In this manner, overall separation efficiency is improved.
Moreover, the loss of particle charge due to wall effects is avoided in the present invention by the continuous presence of the flow of particle-charging ions from the corona producing portion 11. Of course, it is understood that precharging of particles in a raw gas stream prior to the introduction of the stream into the inlet 1 can enhance the separation performance of the present invention.
In an embodiment of this invention not herein illustrated, the reverse flow cyclone separator depicted in Fig. 1 is advantageously provided with an additional electrical means to effect the formation of a suitable secondary voltage gradient (as described hereinbelow) between the inlet structure 8 defining the shield gas introduction zone 9 and the outer wall 3 of separation zone 2. This electrical means of course includes suitable conventional electrical insulation between the structure 8 and the wall 3. This secondary voltage gradient is selected to be compatible with the primary voltage gradient between the corona producing portion 11 and the outer wall 3 so as to prevent interference by the structure 8 with the corona discharge and electrostatic field associated with the primary voltage gradient. Accordingly, the additional electrical means is preferably selected to provide a secondary voltage gradient substantially equal to the primary voltage gradient as measured at the structure 8. Thus, the structure 8 would be substantially electrically invisible to charged particles during their electrostatically induced migration towards the wall 3.

Claims (15)

1. A reverse flow cyclone separator comprising a swirl-inducing raw gas inlet, a radially inwardly disposed exhaust duct, a cyclonic separation zone disposed in flow communication intermediate said raw gas inlet and said exhaust duct, and a means for producing a corona discharge in said cyclonic separation zone.
2. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1 including a means for producing a corona discharge in said cyclonic separation zone external to and adjacent the inlet of said exhaust duct.
3. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein said corona discharge producing means includes: an electrode disposed substantially coaxially in said exhaust duct and having a corona producing portion extending out of said duct inlet into said cyclonic separation zone; and electrical means to enable the formation of a corona discharge between said corona producing portion and a wall of said cyclonic separation zone.
4. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 3 wherein said corona producing portion includes at least one projection extending out from the exterior surface said electrode.
5. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 3 or 4 wherein said electrode comprises a rod and said corona producing portion is a grooved portion of said rod.
6. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 5 wherein said corona producing portion is a substantially longitudinally grooved portion of said rod.
7. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 5 wherein said corona producing portion is a substantially helically grooved portion of said rod.
8. A reverse flow cyclone separator as in any one of claims 1 to 7 further comprising: a second swirl inducing inlet for a substantially contaminant-free gaseous medium, said second inlet including an inlet structure defining an introduction zone disposed radially inwardly from said raw gas inlet and radially outwardly of the inlet of said exhaust duct; and a second electrical means to enable the formation of a voltage gradient between said inlet structure and a wall of said cyclonic separation zone.
9. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein said corona discharge producing means includes a corona producing exterior portion of said exhaust duct disposed in said cyclonic separation zone, and electrical means to enable the formation of a corona discharge between said corona production portion and a wall of said cyclonic separation zone.
10. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 9 wherein said corona producing duct portion includes at least one projection extending out from the exterior sur face of said exhaust duct into said cyclonic separation zone.
11. A reverse flow cyclone separator as claimed in claim 10 wherein said corona producing duct portion includes a plurality of pointed projections extending out from the exterior surface of said exhaust duct.
12. A reverse flow cyclone separation process for separating particulate matter from a flow of raw gas comprising the steps of: passing the raw gas through a swirl-inducing raw gas inlet to form a swirling flow of raw gas; introducing said swirling raw gas into a cyclonic separation zone adjacent to an outer wall thereof to separate at least a portion of said particulate matter from said swirling raw gas; providing a corona producing electrode in said cyclonic separation zone; applying a voltage gradient between said corona producing electrode and said cyclonic separation zone outer wall whereby a corona current and electrostatic force field are formed therebetween; charging at least a portion of the particulate matter in said raw gas flowing through said separation zone by contact with said corona current;; displacing charged particulate matter from the raw gas towards said separation zone outer wall by said electrostatic forces whereby a gaseous product which is at least partially depleted in said particulate matter is formed; and removing said gaseous product from said separation zone through an exhaust duct disposed radially inwardly of said swirl inducing inlet.
13. A process as claimed in claim 12 in which a substantially contaminant-free gaseous medium is passed through a second swirlinducing inlet to form a co-swirling substantially contaminant-free gaseous flow and in which said co-swirling gaseous flow is introduced into said separation zone through an introduction zone disposed radially inwardly of said swirling raw gas and radially outwardly of the inlet of said exhaust duct.
14. A process as claimed in claim 12 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
15. A separator as claimed in claim 1 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
GB8113579A 1980-10-08 1981-05-01 Electrostatically augmented cyclone separation process and apparatus Withdrawn GB2084904A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US19517480A 1980-10-08 1980-10-08

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GB8113579A Withdrawn GB2084904A (en) 1980-10-08 1981-05-01 Electrostatically augmented cyclone separation process and apparatus

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JP (1) JPS5765340A (en)
DE (1) DE3121935A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2491353A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2084904A (en)
IT (1) IT1139333B (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998024533A2 (en) * 1996-12-06 1998-06-11 Eder Maschinenfabrik Gmbh & Co. Kg Device for separating from a gas stream liquids and/or solid matters or gases having a different specific weight
WO1999049978A2 (en) * 1998-03-27 1999-10-07 Notetry Limited Cyclonic separation apparatus
WO2001030504A1 (en) * 1999-10-28 2001-05-03 Bcde Group Waste Management Ltd Oy Ion particle classifier and classifying method
GB2390989A (en) * 2002-07-20 2004-01-28 Hoover Ltd Cyclone separator having a constriction in the outer wall
FR2875394A1 (en) * 2004-09-21 2006-03-24 Samsung Kwangju Electronics Co CYCLONE DUST COLLECTION DEVICE.
AU2006213967B2 (en) * 2006-01-11 2008-05-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Cyclone dust-separating apparatus with discharge electrodes
AU2006201525B2 (en) * 2005-06-14 2008-06-12 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Cyclone dust collecting device for vacuum cleaner
FR2937264A1 (en) * 2008-10-22 2010-04-23 Leclerc Monique Huret Electrostatic and centrifugal effect dust separator for e.g. flue gas, has high voltage electrode placed in entire length of downstream tube connected to ground, where internal wall of tube defines anode of electrostatic effect zone

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20070069776A (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-07-03 삼성전자주식회사 A cyclone air purifier
US8246704B2 (en) * 2010-06-03 2012-08-21 Integradigm Corporation Contained vorticies device
CN111545362B (en) * 2020-06-19 2022-01-28 安徽天顺环保设备股份有限公司 Method for preventing secondary dust raising at cone part of cyclone dust collector

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA714367A (en) * 1965-07-27 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Electrostatic dust collector
US1372710A (en) * 1918-05-13 1921-03-29 Frank R Mcgee Method of and apparatus for cleaning gases
US2711226A (en) * 1954-07-12 1955-06-21 Research Corp Electrified centrifugal gas cleaning device
US3819985A (en) * 1972-12-01 1974-06-25 R Dusevoir Discharge electrodes for electrostatic precipitators and method of shipment and installation
US4212653A (en) * 1978-06-27 1980-07-15 General Electric Company Process and apparatus for separating particulate matter from gaseous media

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6270558B1 (en) * 1996-12-06 2001-08-07 Anton Theiler Device for separating from a gas stream liquids and/or solid matters or gases having a different specific weight
WO1998024533A3 (en) * 1996-12-06 1998-08-06 Eder Gmbh Maschfab Franz Device for separating from a gas stream liquids and/or solid matters or gases having a different specific weight
WO1998024533A2 (en) * 1996-12-06 1998-06-11 Eder Maschinenfabrik Gmbh & Co. Kg Device for separating from a gas stream liquids and/or solid matters or gases having a different specific weight
US6425931B1 (en) 1998-03-27 2002-07-30 Notetry Limited Cyclonic separation apparatus
WO1999049978A3 (en) * 1998-03-27 1999-12-02 Notetry Ltd Cyclonic separation apparatus
WO1999049978A2 (en) * 1998-03-27 1999-10-07 Notetry Limited Cyclonic separation apparatus
WO2001030504A1 (en) * 1999-10-28 2001-05-03 Bcde Group Waste Management Ltd Oy Ion particle classifier and classifying method
GB2390989A (en) * 2002-07-20 2004-01-28 Hoover Ltd Cyclone separator having a constriction in the outer wall
GB2390989B (en) * 2002-07-20 2005-11-02 Hoover Ltd Cyclone vacuum cleaner
FR2875394A1 (en) * 2004-09-21 2006-03-24 Samsung Kwangju Electronics Co CYCLONE DUST COLLECTION DEVICE.
AU2006201525B2 (en) * 2005-06-14 2008-06-12 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Cyclone dust collecting device for vacuum cleaner
AU2006213967B2 (en) * 2006-01-11 2008-05-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Cyclone dust-separating apparatus with discharge electrodes
US7381248B2 (en) 2006-01-11 2008-06-03 Samsung Gwangju Electronics Co., Ltd. Cyclone dust-separating apparatus with discharge electrodes
FR2937264A1 (en) * 2008-10-22 2010-04-23 Leclerc Monique Huret Electrostatic and centrifugal effect dust separator for e.g. flue gas, has high voltage electrode placed in entire length of downstream tube connected to ground, where internal wall of tube defines anode of electrostatic effect zone

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2491353A1 (en) 1982-04-09
IT1139333B (en) 1986-09-24
JPS5765340A (en) 1982-04-20
DE3121935A1 (en) 1982-06-03
IT8122126A0 (en) 1981-06-04

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