GB2083272A - Sodium-sulfur battery including thermally responsive valve and method - Google Patents
Sodium-sulfur battery including thermally responsive valve and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2083272A GB2083272A GB8028015A GB8028015A GB2083272A GB 2083272 A GB2083272 A GB 2083272A GB 8028015 A GB8028015 A GB 8028015A GB 8028015 A GB8028015 A GB 8028015A GB 2083272 A GB2083272 A GB 2083272A
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- Prior art keywords
- sodium
- section
- passageway
- average temperature
- tube
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
- H01M10/39—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34 working at high temperature
- H01M10/3909—Sodium-sulfur cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
A sodium-sulfur battery (10) COMPRISES a housing (38) containing a supply of sodium out of contact with a beta-alumina tube (26) and a thermally responsive bimetallic valve (40,44,46) for passing sodium from its supply housing into contact with the beta-alumina tube (26) when the sodium is in a liquid state and so long as the average temperature along at least a section of the tube remains below a predetermined value. In the event that this average temperature reaches the predetermined value, the bimetallic valve (40,44,46) automatically prevents passage of liquid sodium from its supply housing to the beta-alumina tube. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Sodium-sulfur battery including thermally responsive valve and method
The present invention relates generally to sodium-sulfur batteries and more particularly to a sodium storage and dispensing arrangement for use in controlling the flow of sodium within such a battery.
A typical sodium-sulfur battery of the type to which the present invention is directed includes a supply of sodium which is continuously fed to and against one side of a betaalumina separator which separates the sodium from a source of sulfur. This type of battery normally operates at a temperature of about 330 C, significantly higher than the melting point of sodium which is approximately 100,0. However, the temperature within this battery will rise beyond its normal operating temperature and, in fact, beyond safe limits in instances where the beta-alumina separator cracks sufficient to bring the sodium and sulfur in direct contact with one another.
Obviously, the quantity of sodium which is available for direct chemical reaction with the sulfur will govern the extreme temperature within the battery.
Since the beta-alumina separator is relatively brittle and susceptible to cracking, this poses a very real problem. One way of lessening this problem suggested by the prior art has been to provide a relatively narrow passageway or opening between the supply of sodium and the beta-alumina separator so that the amount of sodium fed into contact with the separator at any given time is small.
However, this does not eliminate the problem altogether in that the battery will continue to operate at temperatures higher than normal so long as there is sodium available for direct reaction with the sulfur. As will be seen hereinafter, the approach taken by the present invention prevents continued reaction of sodium and sulfur in the sodium-sulfur battery at elevated, abnormal temperatures in an uncomplicated, economical and, most important, rapid and reliable way.
In view of the foregoing, one object of the present invention is to provide an uncomplicated, economical and yet rapid and reliable technique for automatically controlling the flow of sodium in a sodium-sulfur battery and particularly for discontinuing operation of the battery in the event of abnormally high temperatures.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a technique for automatically controlling sodium flow in a way which is responsive to localized hot spots within the battery.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a technique which requires no human or electronic response to extraneous sensors.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a technique which does not require any significant redesign of the main components of the battery, that is, its outer housing, its beta-alumina tube and sulfur chamber contained within the outer housing.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a technique which is applicable to cells of various sizes or rating and which does not adversely affect the electrical resistance and performance of the cell.
As will be seen hereinafter, the sodium sulfur battery used in carrying out the foregoing objects utilizes a sodium storage and dispensing arrangement including housing means defining an inner chamber for containing a supply of sodium out of contact with its beta-alumina separating means. Moreover, in accordance with the present invention, this housing means includes thermally responsive sodium dispensing means for passing sodium out of its chamber and into contact with the separating means when the sodium is in a liquid state but only so long as the average temperature along at least a predetermined section of the separating means remains below a predetermined value.Should this average temperature reach the predetermined value, the dispensing means automatically and rapidly prevents further passage of sodium from its chamber to the separating means, thereby eliminating the availability of sodium for chemical reaction with the sulfur and reducing the resulting high temperatures. In a preferred embodiment, as will also be seen hereinafer, this is accomplished utilizing what may be considered a bimetallic valve means.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a sodium-sulfur battery constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
Figures 2A, 2B and 2C are enlarged longitudinal sectional views of a bottom portion of the battery of Fig. 1, each illustrating the battery at a different temperature.
Figures 3A, 3B and 3C are views taken generally along lines 3a-3b, 3b-3b and 3c-3c, respectively in Figs. 2A, 2B and 2C.
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 4-4 in Fig. 2A.
Figure 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of a sodium-sulfur battery constructed in accordance with a second, preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 5-6 in Fig. 5.
Turning now to the drawings, wherein like components are designated by like reference numerals throughout the various figures, attention is first directed to Fig. 1. This figure illustrates a sodium-sulfur battery constructed in accordance with the present invention and generally designated by the reference numeral 10. This battery includes an overall outer housing 12 including two steel tubular sec tions, a lower section 14 and an upper section 16 which are separated by and interconnected with one another by an alpha-alumina separating ring 18, which is thermally bonded to the two steel tubular sections using aluminium washers 20.The otherwise free ends of the two steel sections are closed by steel end caps 22, each including a centre tube 24 which initially serves to draw a vacuum within its respective housing section and which is thereafter closed off as indicated by the pinch-off weld.
Sodium-sulfur battery 10 also includes a longitudinally extending beta-alumina tube 26 opened at one end 28 and closed at its opposite end 30. This tube which serves as a separator between the sodium and sulfur within the battery and is located within housing 12 such that most of the tube including its closed end 30 resides within and is spaced from tubular section 14. A short section of the beta-alumina tube including its open end projects into tubular housing section 16. The entire tube is held in this position by previously described separator ring 18 which has an inner diameter approximately equal to the outer diameter of the beta-alumina tube. In this regard, glass 31 may be utilized to fixedly connect these two components together.
As seen in Fig. 1, housing section 14, separating ring 18 and that portion of betaalumina tube 26 within housing section 14 together define a continuous chamber 32.
This chamber serves to contain sulfur which is impregnated in a chemically inert electronic carrier, for example, carbon generally indicated at 34.
The components making up sodium-sulfur battery 10 thus far described may be conventional and readily provided by those with ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, these components including the beta-alumina separator and the sulfur cooperate with another and with sodium located on the interior of the separating tube (as will be described) in a conventional way to provide a predetermined operating potential.
In addition to the conventional components just described, battery 10 includes a sodium storage and dispensing arrangement 36 which
is designed in accordance with the present invention to prevent the sodium from reaching the inner surface of beta-alumina tube 26 in the event that the average temperature along
a predetermined section of the tube reaches a
predetermined value. As seen best in Fig. 1,
arrangement 36 includes an inner metal hous
ing 38 located within the tubular section 16
of outer housing 12 and provided for contain
ing the batteries supply of sodium.
Arrangement 36 also includes a bi-metallic
tube 40 concentrically located within and
spaced from beta-alumina tube 26 as illus
trated in Fig. 1. This tube includes a central
passageway 42 in fluid communication with the interior of inner housing 38 and the two together define an overall inner chamber for containing sodium. The tube is comprised of
an outer steel layer 44 and an inner alumin
ium layer 46 which have different known
coefficients of thermal expansion. More specifically, the coefficient of expansion for the
outer steel layer is less than the coefficient of thermal expansion for the inner aluminium
layer. The upper end of outer layer 44 as
viewed in Fig. 1 is located adjacent to and is
preferably connected with inner housing 38.
In an actual working embodiment, the inner
housing and the outer tubular layer are inte
grally formed with one another. The upper
end of inner layer 46 is also located adjacent
to inner housing 38 and, in fact, surrounds an
opening 48 into the inner housing from pas
sageway 42. The opposite end of the inner
aluminium layer, that is the extreme left hand
end as viewed in Fig. 1, stops short of the left
hand end of outer layer 44. An end cap 49
similar to end caps 22 is fixedly located at
and seals the forwardmost end of outer layer
44.
As will be seen below, the reason for pro
viding the two layers just described is to open
and close a passageway for sodium as a result
of the difference in thermal expansion be
tween the two layers. In this regard, the inner
aluminium layer 46 which expands more than
the outer layer may be divided into two longi
tudinal sections by dotted line 50 for pur
poses of description. The lowermost section
46a includes a front segment having an outer
most diameter d, slightly less than the inner
diameter of steel outer layer 44 and a back
segment having a still reduced diameter d2. In
this way, lowermost section 46a is free to
expand and contract relative to the lowermost
section 44a of outer layer 44 without binding
therein. However, these two components are
sufficiently close to prevent passage of liquid
sodium therebetween.On the other hand,
uppermost section 46b has an outermost di
ameter d3 which is equal to and preferably
slightly greater than the inner diameter of
layer 44 so as to provide a press-fit between
section 46 b and section 44b of the outer
layer for minimizing relatively expansion be
tween the two. For example, in an actual
working embodiment, inner diameter of layer
44 is 1.905 cm while the inner diameter d3 is
1.918 cm. These dimensions are to be contrasted with the diameter d, which is 1.900
cm and d2 which is 1.85 cm. In order to
further lock rearward section 46b with section
44b, the locking pin 52 is fixably located in
cooperating openings in the two layers as
illustrated in Fig. 1. By interconnecting the
two layers of tube 40 together in this way,
differential expansion between the two is di
rected to only a section of the tube and hence
can be accurately designed.
The bimetallic tube just described includes a passageway generally indicated at 54. As will be seen hereinafter, this passageway serves to dispense sodium from housing 38 and central passageway 42 to a location outside the bimetallic tube and in contact with the inner surface of beta-alumina tube 26 under certain predetermined thermal conditions. In a preferred embodiment, passageway 54 is separated into two passageway sections, a circular through-hole 56 in outer layer 44 and a groove 58 semi-circular in cross-sectional configuration located in the forwardmost end of inner layer 46. In this preferred embodiment, passageway 54 also includes a through-slit 60 narrower than the diameter of through-hole 56 and extending across the through-hole through outer layer 44, and as best seen in Figs. 3A, 3B and 3C as well as
Fig. 4.The slit may also extend into the front face of inner layer 46, as shown.
Having described overall sodium-sulfur battery 10 from a structural standpoint, attention is now directed to the way in which it is assembled and operated. In assembling the battery, inner aluminium layer 46 is initially inserted into outer steel layer 44 so as to provide a press-fit between sections 44b and 46b of the two layers. Pin 52 is positioned as shown and, in this regard, in a preferred embodiment, the cooperating openings in the two layers for the pin are not drilled until the two layers are assembled. The end cap 49 with its center tube opened is positioned in the free end of outer layer 44 and this may be done before or after pin 52 is provided, although the end cap is preferably not permanently fixed in place (as for example by welding) until after the pin is provided.Thereafter, liquid sodium, preferably sodium maintained at slightly above its melting point, is provided through the centre tube of end cap 49 so as to fill housing 38, passageway 42 and the space between the forwardmost end of inner layer 46 and the end cap. The centre tube is then pinch-welded to seal in the sodium and the latter is allowed to cool down and solidify.
Thereafter, through-hole 56 and groove 58 are provided by means of drilling using a single drill bit and drilling the hole and groove at the same time. In an actual embodiment, the centre of the through-hole is initially aligned that groove is one-half that of the through-hole (semi-circular) in cross-section. In this regard, the solidified sodium filling the space between the inner aluminium layer and the end cap aids in maintaining the drill bit in place as the latter provides the groove. The through-slit 60 is initially located just in front of the free end of inner layer 46 and is provided by means of a saw.
After providing the tube 40 which is actually a bimetallic valve and housing 38 as described, this entire unit is assembled with the beta-alumina tube by inserting the bimetallic tube concentrically within and spaced
from the beta-alumina tube so that housing
38 is located just outside the open end of the
beta-alumina tube. This combination is in turn
mounted within outer housing 12. In this regard, the beta-alumina tube is fixably sup
ported in place within the outer housing and
sulfur impregnated carbon by means of separ
ator 18 in a conventional manner. The inner
housing 38 is fixably held in place by means
of spacers (not shown) between the inner
housing and the upper section 16 of the outer
housing such that bimetallic tube 40 is con
centrically located within and spaced from the
inner walls of the beta-alumina tube a small
distance.As a final step in the overall assem
bly of battery 10, a vacuum is drawn in outer
housing 12 through the centre tubes of caps
24 and the center tubes are thereafter pinch
welded.
In operating sodium-sulfur battery 10, the
latter is brought up to its normal operating
temperature which is about 330 C in the
embodiment illustrated. Obviously, when the
sodium within the battery reaches about 100"C, its melting point, it turns to liquid and
begins passing out of passageway 54 and into
contact with the interior surface of beta-alu
mina tube 26. At this time, the average
temperature along bimetallic tube 40 and
particularly the forward section 40a (in front
of dotted line 50) is about 100 C, resulting in
a slight difference in expansion between sec
tions 46a and 44a of the inner and outer
layers of tube 40 (hereinafter referred to as
"expansion differential".) However, this differ
ence is not enough to provide any significant
difference in passageway 54.Therefore, both
the through-hole 56 and groove 58 as well as
the slit 60 are available to pass sodium (arrow 61)as seen in Figs. 2A and 3A. The slit 60
serves to increase the amount of sodium pass
ing into contact with the beta-alumina tube at
relatively low temperatures (e.g. 100 to 150 C) to permit rapid filling of the beta
alumina tube at the outset of operation. As
the average temperature of the beta-alumina
tube and tube section 40a increases in tem
perature, the expansion differential inreases
causing passageway 54 to decrease in cross
section.
When the operating temperature of the bat
tery reaches a predetermined point above 100 C but below its operating temperature,
for example a temperature of 150 C, causing
the the average temperature of tube section 40 to
reach this level, the expansion differential be
tween inner section layer 46a and outer layer
section 44a changes the passageway as
shown in Figs. 2B and 3B. There, it can be
seen that the expansion differential is suffici
ent to completly close off slit 60 but still
provides an opening for passage of sodium
along through-hole 56 and groove 58 (arrow
63).
A passageway sufficient to pass the sodium is always provided so long as the average temperature of tube section 40a does not exceed a predetermined value above the normal operating temperature of the battery, for example 360 C in a preferred embodiment. In the event that the average temperature reaches this value, the expansion differential between the inner and outer sections 44a and 46a causes passageway 54 to change further as shown in Figs. 2C and 3C. There, it can be seen that the aluminium has expanded sufficient to completely close off through-hole 56 and slit 60 preventing any further sodium from passing into contact with the beta-alumina tube. As a result, once the sodium which is aiready in the beta-alumina tube is expended through reaction with the sulfur the battery will no longer operate and cool down.
From the foregoing, it should be apparent that localized hot spots along the length of the beta-alumina tube as a result of localized cracks in the latter will spread through the entire tube and cause its overall temperature to rise. This will in turn cause the bimetallic tube to heat to the same temperature causing the expansion differential between its aluminium layer and the steel layer to increase. If this hot spot is sufficiently high to increase the average temperature of the bimetallic tube section 40a to the critical value (e.g. 360 C) then the passageway will close. In other words, tube (valve) 40 is responsive to local hot spots.For example, assume that the betaalumina tube and bimetallic tube are operating at 330 C when a crack in the former causes a localized increase in temperature sufficiently higher than 360tic to raise the average temperature of tube section 40a to 360 . Under these circumstances, the passageway will close.
Sodium-sulfur battery 10 has been described in accordance with its preferred embodiment. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited to the particular configuration of tubular valve 40 as described above or the particular configuration of passageway 54. For example, it is within the spirit of the present invention to provide a bimetallic valve with metals of different coefficients of expansion other than aluminium and steel. It is also within the spirit of the present invention to provide the metal with the greater coefficient of expansion as the outer layer and, in any case, the passageway is not
limited to one including a slit on conjunction with a through-hole and a groove but rather could include two through-holes, for example.
Obviously, the exact configuration of the passageway and the various dimensions of the valve including the passageway to provide
reliable operation will depend upon the particular valve configuration and the materials
used in constructing it, all of which can be
readily provided by those with ordinary skill in the art by following the teachings herein.
Having described sodium-sulfur battery 10 and its method of operation, attention is now directed to Figs. 5 and 6 which illustrates a sodium-sulfur battery constructed in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. This battery which is designated by the reference numeral 10' is identical to battery 10, with certain exceptions to be discussed below. The identical features of battery 10' include its outer housing which corresponds to housing 12 but which is not shown in Fig. 5 except for separating ring 18 and glass 31. Other identical features include beta-alumina tube 26 as well as the inner metal housing 38 and the outer steel layer 44 comprising part of the previously described sodium storage and dispensing arrangement 36.However, the sodium storage and dispensing arrangement comprising part of battery 10' and generally designated by the reference numeral 36' includes a bi-metallic tube 40' including not only outer steel layer 44 but an inner aluminium layer 46' which is different from previously described inner aluminium layer 46, as will be seen below. This difference and one other relating to the way in which the inner aluminium layer is mechanically interlocked with its outer steel layer 44 are the only significant differences between the two batteries 10 and 10'.
As seen in both Figs. 5 and 6, inner aluminium layer 46' does not include a central through passage 42 but rather a channel or groove 42' extending along its outer surface from its top end adjacent housing 38 to its bottom end adjacent passageway 54 corresponding to the same passageway in Fig. 1.
Passageway 42' serves the same purpose as previously described passageway 42, that is, for delivering sodium from container 38 to the entry of passageway 54 for passing through this passageway when the latter is open.
Moreover, the inner aluminium layer itself serves the same function as layer 46 in the overall bi-metallic tube. In this regard, while component 46' is actually not a "layer" in the technical sense, for purposes of consistency with respect to the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 to 4, it will be designated as such.
The only other differences between the battery 10' and battery 10 resides in the way in which the two components making up the bimetallic tube 40' are interlocked, as stated above. In the embodiment shown in Figs. 5 and 6, an interlocking pin 52' is provided entirely through inner aluminum layer 46' in a direction normal to the axis of this layer and through its axis, as best seen in Fig. 5. This inner locking pin also extends through both sides of outer steel layer 44 as seen best in
Fig. 6. In this regard, the primary purpose for providing a channel type passage 42' in the inner aluminium layer rather than a central passage 42 is to accommodate passage of innerlocking pin 52'. However, an additional advantage to providing the channel rather than a central passage is that the former may be provided more reliably and more economically than the latter. With respect to the innerlocking pin itself this longer pin will take greater axial loading than the shorter pin 52, thus providing a more secure interlock between the two components making up the bimetallic tube.
Claims (21)
1. In a sodium-sulfur battery including sodium and sulfur separated by and in direct contact with a beta-alumina separating means, a sodium storage arrangement comprising housing means defining an inner chamber for containing a supply of sodium out of contact with said separating means, said housing means including thermally responsive sodium dispensing means for passing sodium out of said chamber and into contact with said separating means when said sodium is in a liquid state but only so long as the average temperature along at least a predetermined section of said separating means remains below a predetermined value, said dispensing means preventing the passage of liquid sodium from said chamber to said separating means if the average temperature along said section reaches said predetermined value.
2. An arrangement according to Claim 1 wherein said dispensing means varies the amount of liquid sodium passing from said chamber to said separating means over a predetermined range of average temperatures along said section including said predetermined value as its upper limit.
3. An arrangement according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein said housing means includes a bimetallic section serving as said dispensing means and comprising adjacent layers of metal which have different coefficients of thermal expansion and which are free to thermally expand and contract relative to one another, said bimetallic section defining a passageway between said housing chamber and said separating means so long as said average temperature remains below said value and eliminating said passageway through relative expansion of said layers if said average temperature reaches said value.
4. In a sodium-sulfur battery including sodium and sulfur separated by and in direct contact with a beta-alumina separating tube, a sodium storage arrangement comprising means located outside said separating tube for containing a supply of sodium and thermally responsive valve means in fluid communication with said sodium containing means, said valve means being automatically movable between
(i) an opened position for dispensing sodium from said containing means into contact with the inner surface of said separating tube when said sodium is in a liquid state and so long as the average temperature along at least a predetermined section of said tube remains below a predetermined value and
(ii) a closed portion for preventing said dispensing of liquid sodium if the average temperature along said section reaches said predetermined value.
5. An arrangement according to Claim 4 wherein said valve means comprises a bimetallic tubular section located within said separating tube and having adjacent inner and outer layers of metal which have different coefficients of thermal expansion and which are free to thermally expand and contract relative to one another, said bimetallic tubular section defining a passageway for sodium so long as said average temperature remains below said value and eliminating said passageway through relative expansion of said layers if said average temperature reaches said value.
6. An arrangement according to Claim 5 wherein said inner layer is constructed of aluminium and said outer layer is steel.
7. An arrangement according to Claim 5 or 6 wherein said bimetallic tubular section includes a free end and wherein said outer layer includes a segment extending beyond said inner layer and displaying a smaller coefficient of expansion than the latter, said passageway including a through-hole in said extending through outer layer segment.
8. An arrangement according to Claim 5, 6 or 7 wherein said passageway includes a groove in the free end of said inner layer, at least a section of said groove being in direct fluid communicating alignment with said through-hole so long as said average temperature is below said predetermined value.
9. An arrangement according to Claim 7 or 8 wherein said through-hole is circular in cross-section and wherein said passageway includes an elongated slit narrower than the diameter of said through-hole, said slit extending through said outer layer across said through-hole and normal to the longitudinal axis of the tubular section.
10. An arrangement according to any preceding Claim wherein said predetermined temperature value is about 3604C.
11. A sodium-sulfur battery comprising an outermost housing, an elongated beta-alumina tube contained within said housing and having one opened end and an opposite closed end, means containing sulfur within said housing and outside said beta-alumina tube, and a sodium storage and dispensing arrangement contained within said outer housing, said arrangement including an inner housing located outside said beta-alumina tube and containing a supply of sodium and thermally responsive valve means including a bimetallic tubular section located within said beta-alumina tube and in fluid communication with said inner housing, said bimetallic tubular section having adjacent inner and outer layers of metal which display different coefficients of thermal expansion and which are free to thermally expand and contract relative to one another, and a passageway in said tubular section for dispensing sodium from said inner housing into contact with the inner surface of said beta-alumina tube when said sodium is in a liquid state and so long as the average temperature along said tubular section of said valve means remains below a predetermined value, said passageway being closed by the relative expansion of said metal layers if said average temperature reaches said predetermined value whereby to prevent further dispensing or liquid sodium from said inner housing to the inner surface of said betaalumina tube.
12. A method of operating a sodium-sulfur battery which includes sodium and sulfur separated by and in direct contact with a betaalumina separating means, said method comprising the steps of containing a supply of sodium in a reserve chamber out of contact with said separating means, dispensing sodium from said supply and into contact with said separating means when said sodium is in a liquid state and so long as the average temperature along at least a predetermined section of the said separating means remains below a predetermined value, and automatically preventing the dispensing of liquid sodium from said supply to said separating means if said average temperature reaches said predetermined value.
13. A method according to Claim 12 including the step of varying the amount of liquid sodium passing from said chamber to said separating means over a predetermined range of average temperature along said section including said predetermined value as its upper limit.
14. A method according to Claim 12 or
13 where said sodium is dispensed through a passageway in a thermally responsive valve means and where said step of preventing the passage of sodium includes automatically closing said passageway when said average temperature reaches a predetermined value.
15. A method according to Claim 14 wherein said thermally responsive valve means includes a bimetallic section comprised of adjacent layers of metal which have different coefficients of expansion and which are free to thermally expand and contract relative to one another, said bimetallic section defining said passageway and said step of closing said passageway including the step of thermally expanding one of said metal layers by a greater distance than the other said metal layers.
16. An arrangement according to Claim 7 wherein said passageway includes a section through said inner aluminium layer, from one end of the latter to its other end.
17. An arrangement according to Claim 7 wherein said inner aluminium layer is solid and wherein said passageway includes a channel extending along the surface of said inner aluminum layer from one end of the latter to its other end.
18. An arrangement according to Claim 17 wherein said bimetallic tubular section includes means for mechanically interlocking a section of said inner aluminium layer with a section of said outer steel layer, said interlocking means including a locking pin extending entirely through said inner layer normal to its axis and through said outer layer on both sides of said inner layer.
19. A sodium storage arrangement for a sodium-sulfur battery substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in
Figs. 1 to 4 or Figs. 5 and 6 of the accompanying drawings.
20. A method of operating a sodium-sulfur battery substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Figs. 1 to 4 or Figs. 5 and 6 of the accompanying drawings.
21. A sodium-sulfur battery including an arrangement as claimed in any of claims 1 to 11 and 16 to 19.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8028015A GB2083272A (en) | 1980-08-29 | 1980-08-29 | Sodium-sulfur battery including thermally responsive valve and method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8028015A GB2083272A (en) | 1980-08-29 | 1980-08-29 | Sodium-sulfur battery including thermally responsive valve and method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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GB2083272A true GB2083272A (en) | 1982-03-17 |
Family
ID=10515731
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB8028015A Withdrawn GB2083272A (en) | 1980-08-29 | 1980-08-29 | Sodium-sulfur battery including thermally responsive valve and method |
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GB (1) | GB2083272A (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3248110A1 (en) * | 1982-12-24 | 1984-06-28 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Electrochemical storage cell |
DE3345708A1 (en) * | 1983-12-17 | 1985-06-27 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Method of producing an electrochemical storage cell |
DE3442453A1 (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1986-05-22 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Electrochemical storage cell |
DE3444917A1 (en) * | 1984-12-08 | 1986-06-12 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELL |
-
1980
- 1980-08-29 GB GB8028015A patent/GB2083272A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3248110A1 (en) * | 1982-12-24 | 1984-06-28 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Electrochemical storage cell |
DE3345708A1 (en) * | 1983-12-17 | 1985-06-27 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Method of producing an electrochemical storage cell |
DE3442453A1 (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1986-05-22 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Electrochemical storage cell |
DE3444917A1 (en) * | 1984-12-08 | 1986-06-12 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE CELL |
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