GB2081292A - Grinding Wheel - Google Patents
Grinding Wheel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2081292A GB2081292A GB8118772A GB8118772A GB2081292A GB 2081292 A GB2081292 A GB 2081292A GB 8118772 A GB8118772 A GB 8118772A GB 8118772 A GB8118772 A GB 8118772A GB 2081292 A GB2081292 A GB 2081292A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- grinding wheel
- abrasive grits
- bauxite
- less
- wheel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical group O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012765 fibrous filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009998 heat setting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960004011 methenamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014366 other mixer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 stainless steels Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
- C09K3/1409—Abrasive particles per se
- C09K3/1418—Abrasive particles per se obtained by division of a mass agglomerated by sintering
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
- B24D3/28—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B24D3/285—Reaction products obtained from aldehydes or ketones
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
Abstract
A grinding wheel containing spheroidal sintered aluminous abrasive grits having an average diameter of 0.035 inches and less and contained in a thermoset resinous bond containing 10% or less porosity, said abrasive grits being produced by agglomeration in an intensive mixer, whereby said wheel is suitable for conditioning stainless steel to produce a relatively fine surface finish on the metal.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Grinding Wheel
The invention relates to grinding wheels for conditioning metals, particularly stainless steels, where a relatively fine surface finish is required.
The conditioning of stainless steel billets and slabs, to remove surface scale and imperfections, is required prior to further manufacturing steps. Conventionaily, resin bonded snagging wheels containing sintered aluminous abrasive grits having a particle diameter greater than 0.035 inches (0.89 mm) are employed, because of the toughness of such abrasives.
In some instances a less rough surface finish on the metal is required than that which is produced by the relatively course sintered abrasives which are commercially available. In such instances less tough and therefore less effective or efficient abrasive grains made of fused crushed alumina are employed, resulting in higher cost for the conditioning operation.
The sintered abrasives, which would be more effective in the grinding operation, are not commercially produced apparently because the processes used to produce the course sintered abrasives are not economically capable of producing fine grit material.
Grinding wheels suitable for the efficient conditioning of stainles steel to produce fine finishes on the metal are made by employing spheroidal sintered aluminous abrasive particles manufactured by a process which forms and shapes the green (unfired) grits by an intensive mixing process, as taught in
German published application 2,921,336, published December 13, 1979. That disclosure teaches a method of making spherical or spheroidal proppant granules for use in propping oil wells. The granules are made by mixing bauxite, with minor amounts of additives such as binders and sintering aids, water, in an intensive mixer whereby spherical agglomerates are formed which are then dried and fired.Such fired agglomerates when incorporated in a grinding wheel and tested against conventional extruded sintered abrasive grains, both abrasives being of a size coarser than 0.035 inches, are inferior to the conventional extruded grits for snagging stainless steel. But when tested against the conventional fused alumina now used when grit sizes of 0.035 inches or finer are required, the sintered spherical grits outperformed the fused crushed material.
The wheel formulations can be any of the conventional phenol-formaldehyde bonded specifications normally used in heavy duty snagging of stainless steel.
The most economical composition for use as the raw material for the sintered aluminous abrasive spheroids is milled calcined bauxite. A sufficient amount of temporary binder is added to the mix to impart adequate green strength and improve pellet formation.
Although they are more expensive than bauxite, mixes employing milled alumina or bauxite with zirconia powder may be employed as the composition for producing the spheroidal particles, for example, such as taught in U.S. Patent 3,454,385 to Amero.
The grinding wheel is made up of the primary spheroidal abrasive particles of the desired size range from 0.035 to 0.01 inches, and a thermosetting bond of a porosity of 10%, or less, normally made by hot-pressing in a manner well known in the art. The bond may include active fillers such as cryolite, iron sulfide or similar materials or combinations of materials, and may include lime and inert secondary abrasive fillers, and/or fibrous fillers. The normal resins used in this type of wheel are phenoiformaldehyde type condensation products, made from a precondensate phenol-formaldehyde powdered resin with hexamethylene tetramine added to complete the cross linking of the precondensate during cure. Other or modified phenolic heat setting resins may obviously be employed.
The abrasive particles are normally present in an amount between 25 to 60 volume % of the wheel.
A wheel is made from a mix consisting of the following: wt. % spheroidal abrasive grits, sintered
bauxite 0.027-0.031 inches diameter 72.45
powdered phenolic resin 10.33
granular iron pyrites 7.74
cryolite 4.63
powdered Saran (polyvinylidene chloride) 1.46
lime 3.39
100.00
The abrasive was placed in a mixing pan and wetted with furfural (15 cc per pound of resin to be added). The remaining premixed bond ingredients were then added to the wetted abrasive while mixing continued. Carbosota was then added to dampen the mix in the amount of 20 cc/lb of dry resin.
The abrasive-bond mix was then pressed at 2-1/2 tons/in2 into wheels (16" diameter, 2" thick and 6" hole) in a hot press with 1 600 C. platens for one hour. After stripping from the molds, the wheels were postbaked at 2000C. for 24 hours. The cured wheels were trued and balanced before use.
Instead of sintered bauxite, sintered aluminous abrasives as taught by the Amera patent, in which
Zirconia is added, may be used to give improved performance, but at a higher cost. Instead of making the grits by pressing and granulation, or by extrusion, as taught by Amero, the pellets are made by high intensity mixing, as follows:
An Erich Mixer, Model R7, sold by Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich, Nordbaren, Germany, is employed, having a standard pin type mixing tool. Other mixers of the intensive type (such as Littleford
Lodige, Littleford Bros., Inc., Florence, Kentucky) may be employed. While the R7 mixer is a laboratory model, and, for production purposes, a larger model such as the Eirich Model DE14 can be used, the following example is representative of actual results which have been achieved.Another type of intensive mixer which can be used is the P-K blender sold by Paterson-Kelley Co., Division of Harsco
Corp., East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Procedure A
1. Dry mix 30 seconds (slow mixer tool speed, 680 rpm) 45.4 kilogram calcined dry milled
bauxite, 0.9 kilograms of cereal starch (mogul B211) 2. Over a period of one minute add 19.9 kilograms of water
3. Wet mix one minute (high speed, 1360 rpm)
4. Over a period of one minute add 17.8 kilpgrams more of calcined bauxite (slow speed)
5. Mix two minutes (slow speed)
6. Discharge mix
The bauxite employed was a calcined bauxite having a loss on ignition, when calcined at 10000C.
of 1/2 to 2%. The weight median particle size, measured by gravity settling in water, was 3.5 microns (micrometers), by Leeds and Northrup Microtrac particle size analyzer, it was 7 microns. There was about 15%, by weight, of particles larger than 12 microns and smaller than 50 microns, as measured by the settling method (Sedigraph). Suitable product can be made with bauxite having individual particles (as large as 75 microns).
After discharge the material was dried and screened to separate oversize and undersize particles, and fired to 12500C.
Typically, over 95% of the green pellets will be retained on 8 through 50 mesh screens (U.S.
Sieve Series). This will give 10 through 60 mesh sizes after the shrinkage incurred in firing. Typical firing shrinkage for calcined Surinam bauxite (used in this example) is 24% linear, and 57% volumetric.
For calcined Guinea bauxite the shrinkage has been found to be 20%, linear, and 49%, volumetric. The
addition of bauxite in two steps is desirable to aid in control of size, but not essential.
Product manufactured as described above has a typical density of 3.7 grams/cc. The Krumbein
roundness is greater than 0.6.
Claims (2)
1. A grinding wheel containing spheroidal sintered aluminous abrasive grits having an average diameter of 0.035 inches and less and contained in a thermoset resinous bond containing 10% or less
porosity, said abrasive grits being produced by agglomeration in an intensive mixer, whereby said
wheel is suitable for conditioning stainless steel to produce a relatively fine surface finish on the
metal.
2. A grinding wheel containing spheroidal sintered aluminous abrasive grits substantially as
herein described with reference to the specific embodiments.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US17280080A | 1980-07-28 | 1980-07-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2081292A true GB2081292A (en) | 1982-02-17 |
Family
ID=22629302
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8118772A Withdrawn GB2081292A (en) | 1980-07-28 | 1981-06-18 | Grinding Wheel |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5754078A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3126164A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2487240A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2081292A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1144411B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE8103910L (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0095228A1 (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1983-11-30 | Pilkington Brothers P.L.C. | Treatment of coated glass |
| EP0119498A2 (en) * | 1983-02-22 | 1984-09-26 | Norton Company | Grinding wheel |
-
1981
- 1981-06-18 GB GB8118772A patent/GB2081292A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-06-22 SE SE8103910A patent/SE8103910L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1981-07-02 DE DE19813126164 patent/DE3126164A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-07-20 IT IT68009/81A patent/IT1144411B/en active
- 1981-07-27 JP JP56116521A patent/JPS5754078A/ja active Pending
- 1981-07-27 FR FR8114528A patent/FR2487240A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0095228A1 (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1983-11-30 | Pilkington Brothers P.L.C. | Treatment of coated glass |
| EP0119498A2 (en) * | 1983-02-22 | 1984-09-26 | Norton Company | Grinding wheel |
| EP0119498A3 (en) * | 1983-02-22 | 1986-02-05 | Norton Company | Grinding wheel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT8168009A0 (en) | 1981-07-20 |
| SE8103910L (en) | 1982-01-29 |
| IT1144411B (en) | 1986-10-29 |
| JPS5754078A (en) | 1982-03-31 |
| DE3126164A1 (en) | 1982-03-11 |
| FR2487240A1 (en) | 1982-01-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |