GB2079105A - A pulse width modulation system - Google Patents

Abstract

In P.W.M. circuits for supplying amplitude modulated current to the anode of the R.F. stage of a high power radio transmitter, problems arise from carrier compression and from the need to protect the voltage source against excessive currents in the event of one or both of the switching valves breaking down. The protection circuit needs to handle an extremely large power: namely all the power supplied to the anode. The invention overcomes this problem by using two voltage sources one of which provides carrier power whilst the other drives a pulse width modulation amplifier which modulates the carrier. Varying demand for power to the amplifier thus does not affect the carrier. Therefore carrier compression is reduced. Also, only that voltage source which feeds the amplifier needs a sophisticated fast acting protection system and since this does not supply all the power to the anode the protection system is able to operate reliably.

Description

SPECIFICATION A pulse width modulation system This invention relates to a pulse width modulation (P.W.M.) system and particularly to such a system designed to supply an amplitude modulated current to an R.F. stage of a radio transmitter. Such transmitters are sometimes required to operate at very high power levels and this requirement can cause problems.

One such problem is so-called "carrier compression" which is a reduction in the amplitude of the carrier as a result in fluctuations in the audio voltage of the power source occasioned by varying demands for current from it. Such variations in demand occur because of the varying amplitude of the modulating signal.

Another problem arising from the risk of electrical breakdown of switching tubes and/ or audio frequency transformers or other components required to handle the entire current fed to the R.F. stage. Such breakdown may only damage the component concerned, but may overload and cause serious damage to the power source. The power source, therefore, has to be provided with a protection system (e.g. a circuit breaker) which can handle a high current and yet is able to respond rapidly when the current exceeds a maximum safe value. The provision of such a protection system itself constitutes a problem since the current values concerned may be very high indeed.

The present invention provides a circuit for supplying an amplitude modulated current to a load, the circuit comprising a first voltage source arranged to supply a current to a load; a pulse width modulation amplifier adapted to amplify a modulating signal and to apply the amplified signal to the load; and a separate, second voltage source for supplying power to the amplifier.

For the purpose of this specification, separate voltage sources are defined as being voltage sources for which variations in current drawn from either one do not substantially affect the other. The two voltage sources may ultimately draw their power from a common prime source, e.g. an electric mains supply.

Such sources use separate apparatus to convert the mains supply to a required rectified voltage, and thus are seperate in the particular sense of there being no significant coupling between them, i.e. variations of current drawn from either supply do not sensibly affect the other. Where both sources includes a rectifier, no power can be fed back into either source, and no current can circulate between the two, either normally, or (especially) under fault conditions. In particular, sustained fault current cannot flow from the higher voltage source to the lower.

Because the carrier power is supplied by its own voltage source, independent of the voltage source for the amplifier, fluctuations in amplifier current demand do not affect the carrier power. Carrier compression can thus be reduced or avoided.

Because the invention uses two voltage sources, two respective protection systems may be required. The first protection system (which protects the first voltage supply and/or its load circuit) can be a relatively simple device since it is not normally required to respond very rapidly. This therefore presents no serious problems of expense or reliability.

The second protection system (which protects the second voltage supply and parts of the circuit directly connected to it) does need to respond quickly. However, in accordance with the invention, it handles only part of the power (the side bands) delivered to the load and therefore can be more reliable than existing fast acting protection devices included in systems where one voltage source (which may incidentally be constituted by two components connected in series) is used to supply all the power to the load.

One way in which the invention may be performed will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which: Figure 1 illustrates a circuit constructed in accordance with the invention and Figure 2 shows various waveforms which appear at different parts of the circuit shown in Fig. 1.

Referring firstly to Fig. 1, a first voltage or power source 1 has one output line connected to a grounded conductor 2 and another output line 3 to which it applies a rectified voltage V. The current through the line 3 is monitored by a current sensing device 4 which provides a control signal when the current exceeds a safe value. Additional conventional sensing devices may be fitted at other parts of the circuit to provide a like control signal in the event of other types of fault. The control signal is operative to open contacts of a circuit breaker 5 and, in the particular systems illustrated, also closes additional contacts 5A. The components 4, 5 and 5A are collectively termed a "protection de vice". It does not have to be particularly fast acting because an audio blocking inductor 6 prevents a rapid rise in current.

The power source 1 is responsible for the production of a steady current which passes through the audio-blocking inductor 6 and a load 7 and provides power at an R.F. carrier frequency.

The load 7 is the R.F. valve of a radio transmitter the anode of which, for correct operation under unmodulated carrier conditions, needs to be maintained at a steady voltage of approximately V volts, this requirement being met by the power source 1.

The transmitter is amplitude modulated by superimposing an audio voltage on the anode of the R.F. valve, i.e. at point F on Fig. 1. The most efficient and effective degree of modulation is obtained when the maximum (i.e. loudest) audio signal to be handled by the transmitter has a peak-to-peak amplitude of 2V at the R.F. valve anode; i.e. the potential of point F varies, in accordance with the audio signal, between zero volts (ground potential) and peaks of 2V. This is termed 100% amplitude modulation. It is normally important in broadcasting transmitters to avoid or minimise audio distortion.

The anode voltage is modulated by an audio signal which is introduced at point A shown on Fig. 1, this signal being represented diagrammatically at A on Fig. 2. The signal A is amplified by a pulse width modulation amplifier 8 which is supplied with power from a second power source 9 which is notably not connected to the first power source by a direct current discharge path. This power source 9 has, in the illustrated circuit, one output line connected to the grounded conductor 2 and maintains a rectified voltage of 2V + ssV on its other output line 10. Positioned in line 10 is a current sensor 11 which, when it senses a current in excess of that which can safely be passed by switches 13 and 14, to be described later, produces a control signal which operates a fast acting circuit breaker 12 and an even faster acting switch 1 2A.A like control signal may be produced by one or more additional conventional fault sensing devices elsewhere in the circuit. The components 11, 12 and 1 2A in combination constitute a second protection device. However, unlike the protection device 4, 5 and 5A which can be relatively slow to respond to excessive currents, because the inductor 6 limits the rate of rise of current; the protection device 11, 12 and 12A needs to be able to respond very quickly. It is notable however that this second protection device does not handle all the power delivered to the load since most of this is supplied from power source 1. Because it does not handle all the power, the device 11, 12 and 1 2A can be designed to operate reliably with much less difficulty than if it had needed to handle the whole power consumed by the load.

The pulse width modulation amplifier 8 will now be described. The input signal A is shown in Fig. 2 and is composed of parts where its voltage exceeds zero and parts where its voltage is below zero. This waveform A is converted by the pulse width encoder P.W.E, whose construction may be of a known type, into a series of pulses B (Figs. 1 and 2) the width of each pulse depending on the instantaneous voltage level of A. Thus the pulse length is a minimum at times coincident with troughs in the waveform A; and the pulse width is at a maximum at times which the waveform A is at a positive peak. When the waveform A is at zero the pulse length at B is approximately half the duration of the spaces between pulses.In this particular pulse width encoder the maximum pulse width is a little less than the pulse repetition period to avoid distortion which would otherwise occur if the pulses are not perfectly shaped. Similarly, the minimum pulse width is greater than zero, also for the purpose of avoiding distortion.

In the illustrated system the pulse width encoder P.W.E. also produces an output C -# which is the inverse of output B. The signals' B and C are used to switch valves 13 and 14 in such a way that, when waveform B is at a high level, the valve 13 is switched on; and, when C is at a high level, the valve 14 is switched on. When the valve 13 is switched on it has very low resistance and so the point D is a little less than 2V + AV volts as supplied by the power source 9. At other times, when the valve 14 is switched on, the point D is a little above zero volts because it is effectively switched to the earthed line 2. The voltage at point D therefore fluctuates between just below 2V + 6V volts and just above zero volts as shown at D on Fig. 2. This follows the waveform of B.The average voltage at D therefore follows the waveform A but is greatly amplified.

In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated) only the signal C is generated by the pulse width encoder, and applied to valve 14 as in Fig. 1. The grid control circuit of valve 13 is connected to the anode of valve 14 in such a way that the two valves 13 and 14 conduct in anti-phase. There are several known methods of performing this.

An energy store in the form of an inductor 15 is used to provide a voltage E whose value represents the short term average voltage at D. Further energy storage components, of conventional type, may be added to improve the degree to which the pulses are filtered out. With no audio signal at A the D.C.

voltage at E is in excess of the voltage V by approximately ssV/2 but no D.C. current flows through inductor 15, such current being prevented by capacitor 16. When an audio signAl of maximum modulation is applied at A the voltage E varies between about ssV/2 and 2V + ssV/2 in response to variations in the average voltage at D. Thus the variation in voltage E can equal 2V even though 100% pulse width modulation (with its associated distortion) has not been employed. The 2V voltage variation at E is applied to the load 7 through the capacitor 16, thus modulating the load voltage between 0 and 2V as shown at F.

In the circuit shown in Fig. 1 the first power source 1 is required to supply a steady current to the load 7. However, this is not essential and the invention is applicable to systems having a controlled carrier level.

In another modification the amplifier 8 is not connected to the earthed conductor 2, the part of the line 2 shown in broken lines being omitted. Instead, the line 10 may be earthed or an earth connection may be made to a centre tap on the power source 9, also as shown in broken lines. An advantage of such a centre tap is that the maximum voltage between earth and either output of the power source is just a little over V volts instead of over 2V volts.

Claims (9)

1. A circuit for supplying an amplitude modulated current to a load, the circuit comprising: a first voltage source arranged to supply a current to the load; a pulse width modulation amplifier adapted to amplify a modulating signal and to apply the amplified signal to the load; and a separate second voltage source for supplying power to the amplifier.

2. A circuit according to claim 1 including: a first protecting device for protecting the first voltage source against overload, and a second protecting device for protecting the second voltage source and/or the amplifier against overload.

3. A circuit according to claim 2 in which the second protection device is relatively fastacting compared with the first protection device.

4. A circuit according to claim 1, 2 or 3 including an inductor connected between the load and the first voltage source to isolate the latter from audio frequency signals produced by the amplifier.

5. A circuit according to any preceding claim in which the amplifier comprises: a pulse width encoder for converting an amplitude modulated signal into pulse width modulated form; two switching devices connected across the second voltage source, the switching devices being arranged to be switched by pulses of the pulse width modulated signal and being arranged so that, when one is open circuited, the other is closed circuited; and an energy store connected to a point between the switching devices and the load, the energy store being effective to reconvert the pulse width modulated signal, after amplification by said switches, to an amplitude modulated signal.

6. A circuit according to claim 5 in which said energy store includes an inductor.

7. A circuit according to any preceding claim in which the amplifier is adapted to apply the amplified signal to the load through a capacitor.

8. A circuit according to claim 7 wherein the voltage of the second voltage source exceeds twice the voltage of the first voltage source.

9. A circuit according to claim 1 and substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings and substantially as illustrated therein.