GB2072209A - Process for Recovering Starch Slurries and Gluten from Starch- bearing Materials - Google Patents

Abstract

A process for recovering a starch slurry and gluten from a starch- bearing material such as corn, potatoes or wheat, is characterized in that water being used in the process is separated, e.g. by reverse osmosis, into two fractions, including a first fraction (permeat) of low solubles and insolubles content which is recycled and used together with fresh water for washing the starch. In Figure 3, water containing gluten from the primary separation station of a corn wet milling process is separated by reverse osmosis into a first fraction which is recycled and used to wash starch, and a second fraction which passes to a gluten concentrator. The separation step reduces the water requirements of the process and reduces the volume of effluent for evaporation or disposal. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Process for Recovering Starch Slurries From Starch-bearing Materials This invention relates to the wet milling of starch-bearing materials. The invention will be described with reference to the wet milling of corn, but it will be understood that it can also be applied in other wet milling processes, e.g. those applied to fractions of corn and to wheat, potatoes, etc., for the recovery of starch and/or protein therefrom.

The conventional method of wet milling corn may be considered as being divided into four steps: i) The corn is steeped in water under conditions to soften the grains and the resulting light steep water is separated from the softened grains. Typically there is produced from 0.3 m3 to more than 1 m3 of light steep water per ton of corn ground.

ii) The softened grains are wet milled and the separated by-products, germ, fibres (hull) and gluten are recovered, typically as wet masses at an average solids content of 3050% by weight.

iii) The starch slurry resulting from wet milling is washed, usually in several stages by means of a countercurrent flow of water, to reduce the levels of soluble and insoluble impurities down to desired figures. For this washing process there is typically used from 1.0 m3 to 2.0 m3 or more of water per ton of corn ground.

iv) The resulting starch slurry may optionally, depending on its intended use, be dewatered in which case the water is recycled to the washing step iii).

Conventionally, water for the process passes countercurrent to the starch. Fresh water enters the process at the last washing stage of step iii) and passes successively through the washing stages back to the first. Water than has been used in step iii) passes to the wet milling step ii). Water from the wet milling step ii) passes to the steeping step i) and finally leaves the system as light steep water. The solids content of the water rises on passage through each of these steps, and reaches a level typically of 60 to 110 g/l in the light steep water. Most or all of the light sweep water is treated, typically by evaporation, to recover the solids which are valuable for various uses, e.g. in animal feedstuffs.

One of the factors which determines the purity of the product starch is the amount of water used in the washing step iii). For a given purity it is possible to compensate to some extent for a reduction in the amount of washing water by increasing the number of washing stages. However, even with such refinements, it is not possible to obtain high purity starch without washing it with a lot of water-more water than is required for the earlier (steeping and milling) steps of the process.

Alternative methods for the recovery of starch and other products from corn or other starchbearing materials have been proposed, e.g. U.S. Patents Nos. 4,171,384 and 4,181,748 to Chwalek and Olson disclose dry-wet milling processes for wheat and corn, respectively, wherein the raw materials are first dry milled and the major portion of fibre and germ are removed after which the remaining portion of the kernel is wet processed. Such systems employ less water than wet milling and therefore make washing of the starch more critical.

Every additional kilogram of fresh water that is introduced into the washing step becomes an additional kilogram of light steep water that has to be evaporated or otherwise treated. It is an object of this invention to provide a process that enables a larger volume of water to be used in the washing step without a concomitant increase in the volume of the light steep water; or conversely which reduces the amount of light steep water without a concomitant reduction in the amount of water for washing the starch.

Conventional wet processes applied to materials other than whole grains, e.g. potatoes or wheatflour, do not employ steeping steps as such, but all employ final starch washing steps as well as preliminary treatments with water, e.g. soaking, slurry, or conditioning with water.

The present invention provides a process for recovering a starch slurry from a starch-bearing material comprising the steps of: i) forming an aqueous slurry of the comminuted starch bearing material, ii) separating a starch-rich fraction from the greatest part of the remaining components of the slurry, and iii) washing the starch rich fraction in at least one stage and recovering a product starch slurry of desired purity, fresh water for the process being introduced at step iii) and water for step i) and step ii) comprising that used. in step iii), characterized in that at least part of the water that is being used in the process but has not yet exited therefrom is separated into first and second fractions of which the first fraction has lower contents of both soluble matter and insoluble matter than the second fraction, and recycling the said first fraction and using it together with the fresh water to increase the purity of the starch in the washing step iii).

When the starch-bearing material is corn, the first two steps of the above method together typically involve i) steeping and ii) wet milling. When the starch-bearing material is wheat, the first two steps together typically involve grinding, slurrying and separation of gluten. When the starch-bearing material is potato, the first two steps together typically involve grinding and separation of the fruit water and fibre. The following description is directed mainly to the treatment of corn.

The separation which characterizes this invention may be performed on the water leaving the washing step iii) and passing to step ii), i.e. the wet milling step when the treatment is applied in corn.

Alternatively, it may be performed on the water between steps i) and ii); or on water between two stages of the washing step iii) when a multi-stage washing step is used. The separation is into a first fraction of low solids content which is recycled to step iii), or preferably to the last stage thereof when a multi-stage washing step is used; and a second fraction of higher solids content which is passed to an earlier step, e.g. the next upstream step, of the process, that is to say to the wet milling step ii) when the separation is performed on water that has been used for the washing step iii).

In one particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the characteristic separation step may be performed on the water carrying the gluten in suspension which has left the station of primary separation of gluten from starch. As more fully described hereinafter, performing the separation at this point enables the operator to effect primary separation of gluten from starch and washing of the starch at much higher dilution, and in consequence more efficiently, than has previously been economically possible.

The separation needs to concentrate both soluble and insoluble matter into one fraction, and conventional filtering and centrifuging are therefore not by themselves suitable. It may be possible to effect desired separation by ultrafiltration or by a two-stage process such as centrifuging and activated adsorbents. However, our preferred separation technique is reverse osmosis. Using this technique we have readily been able to separate water from starch washing which contains soluble protein equivalent to 1000 ppm or more of nitrogen into two fractions, of which the first contains soluble protein equivalent to less than 10 ppm of nitrogen and is suitable for recycling to the final stage of washing the starch.

It will be understood that the technique of reverse osmosis involves bringing the solution to be purified into contact, through a semi-permeable membrane, with pure solvent (e.g. water), there being a pressure difference across the membrane greater than the osmotic pressure of the solution. Typically pressure differentials of 20 to 100 atmospheres may be used. Since the solution in this case contains insoluble as well as soluble matter it is advisable to maintain a flow across the semi-permeable membrane to de!ay or prevent blocking of the pores.A suitable arrangement involves maintaining a continuous cyclic flow of liquid through a tube of semi-permeable membrane material, adding the solution to be separated into fractions to the circulating liquid, recovering the first fraction through the semi-permeable membrane, and recovering the second fraction by bleeding it off from the circulating liquid. Techniques of reverse osmosis, performed on liquids containing insoluble as well as soluble matter, are known in the art and will not be further described here.

The desired purity of the product starch slurry depends on its intended end use. Typical specifications call for a nitrogen content (as a measure of soluble protein) below some figure in the range 10 to 1000 parts per million dry basis. It is necessary that the first fraction of water separated by e.g. reverse osmosis should have a nitrogen content not greatly in excess of this figure, so that when such water is used for washing the starch it will improve, rather than spoil, the purity thereof.

Reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a water balance diagram of an example of a conventional process, expressed in tons per day on a throughput of 1000 tons of corn per day; Figure 2 is a water balance diagram on a comparable basis of an example of a process according to this invention; Figure 3 is a water balance diagram of an example of another process according to the present invention, expressed in tons per day on a throughput of 1000 tons of corn per day; Figure 4 is a diagram showing in more detail the materials balance during the primary separation and washing stages of a system similar to that of Figure 3.

Figure 5 and 6 relate to potatoes.

Figure 5 is a materials balance diagram of an example of a conventional process, expressed in tons per day on a throughput of 1000 tons of potatoes per day, and Figure 6 is a materials balance diagram on a comparable basis of an example of a process according to the present invention.

Figure 7 is a diagram of the process as applied to wheat.

Referring now to Figure 1 , the three staps of the conventional process, namely steeping, milling and washing, are shown as separate boxes. Water is introduced into the system at two points; 1 50 tons per day to the steeping step i) as moisture normally present in the corn; and 1 572 tons per day of fresh water to the last stage of the washing step iii). This water leaves the system as follows; 841 tons per day in the product starch siurry; 31 7 tons per day associated with the germ, fibres and gluten that are separated from the starch and from one another in the milling step ii); and 564 tons per day in the light steep water. If the amounts of water removed with the starch, gluten, fibres and germ are kept constant, then an increase in the amount of fresh washing water results in an increase in the amount of light steep water produced.

Referring now to Figure 2, the process of this invention is distinguished from the conventional process by the fact that the water passing from the washing step iii) to the milling step ii) is divided into two streams, one of which is separated by reverse osmosis into first and second fractions, each amounting to 284 tons per day. The first fraction is recycled and mixed with the supply of fresh water for introduction into the last stage of the washing step iii). The second fraction is passed with the remainder of the water from step iii) to the milling step ii).

By this means, although the total amount of washing water used in step iii) remains the same at 1 572 tons per day, the amount of fresh water supplied is reduced, in comparison to the conventional process, by 284 tons per day to 1288 tons per day. In the same way, the amount of water removed from the system as light steep water is reduced, from 564 tons per day in the conventional process of Figure 1, to 280 tons per day.

In the process of this invention shown in Figure 2, a rather smaller proportion of the soluble material is removed in the light steep water and a rather larger proportion with the germ, fibre and gluten fractions. If more water had been through the separation step (Figure 2) and recycled, this change in the location of the soluble material would have been more marked. It may be desired for various reasons to recover a substantial proportion of the soluble material from the light steep water, rather than with the germ, fibres and gluten fractions. This consideration may determine the proportion of the flow of water from the washing step iii) to the milling step ii) that should be subjected to reverse osmosis.

The separation step of Figure 2 is shown as dividing 568 tons per day of water into first and second fractions of equal weight. There is no reason however why the weights of the two fractions should not differ; the proportions of the two fractions are best determined according to the reverse osmosis technique used, and are not critical to this invention.

The separation is shown as being performed on water passing between washing step iii) and the milling step ii). However, the separating step could be performed on water between two stages of a multi-stage washing step iii); or water passing from the milling step ii) to the steeping step i); or on any stream within step i) or step ii).

As has been pointed out, the process of this invention enables the quantity of light steep water to be reduced without reducing the quality of the product starch; but it does this at the cost of an extra operation, namely the separation of water into two fractions. Nevertheless the energy savings resulting from the process can be very considerable. A typical efficient evaporation process for light steep water may require 240 kWh per ton of water evaporated. By contrast, the energy required to separate 2 m3 of wash water by reverse osmosis into two fractions of 1 m3 each is typically 8 kWh.

Referring now to Figure 3, the three steps of the conventional process, namely steeping, milling and washing are shown as separate boxes. However, this diagram differs from Figures 1 and 2 in that the primary separation of gluten from starch is shown in the "Primary Separation/Washing" box rather than in the "Milling" box.

Water enters the system at two points; 1 50 tons per day to the steeping step i) as moisture normally present in the corn; and 1 288 tons per day of fresh water to the last stage of the washing step iii). This water leaves the system as follows; 841 tons per day in the product starch slurry; 317 tons per day associated with the germ (68 tons), fibre (179 tons) and gluten (70 tons); and 280 tons per day in the light steep water.

The figures in the preceding paragraph are the same as those in the system of Figure 2. A major difference between the two systems is the amount of water that is recycled from the reverse osmosis to the washing step iii). In Figure 3, 1 712 tons per day of permeate is recycled, giving a total input of washing water of 3000 tons per day. As a result, the primary separation and washing step iii) are performed at high dilution.

Figure 4 is a materials balance diagram of the primary separation and starch washing stages of a system such as that shown in Figure 3. The system comprises two primary separation stages P, and P2, each consisting of a bank of hydroclones, which together effect separation of an overflow slurry of gluten and an underflow slurry of starch; and seven starch washing stages W1 to W7, of which only W1, W2 and W7 are shown for simplicity, each also consisting of a bank of hydroclones.

Mill starch enters the system at a rate of 172 m3/hr at a concentration of 80Be (160 g/l) containing 7.6% by weight protein with 4.2 m3 of water per ton of corn, and passes to the first and second primary separation stages P1 and P2. Starch is recovered as the underflow from the first primary separation stage P, as 411 m3/hr of a slurry at a concentration of 190 g/l (about 100Be) with 9.8 m3 of water per ton of corn, (the ratio underflow/supply at stage P, is 0.40), and is passed to the first washing stage W, .The underflow from each washing stage Wn passes to the next higher washing stage - Win+1. The overflow from each washing stage Wn passes to the next lower washing stage Win~1. The product starch is recovered as the underflow of washing stage 7 as 56.5 m3/hr of a slurry at a concentration of 485 g/l (230Be) containing 0.3% insoluble protein and 0.010% soluble protein.

Gluten is recovered as the overflow from the second primary separation stage P2 as 246.5 m3/hr of a slurry containing 12 g/l of insoluble matter of which 72% is protein, and 5.95 m3 of water per ton of corn, 143 t/hr of this stream is passed to a reverse osmosis stage RO, where it is separated into first and second fractions of equal volume. The first fraction, of relatively low solubles and insolubles content, is recycled to the starch washing stage W7. The second fraction, of relatively high solubles and insolubles content, is combined with the rest of the gluten slurry and passed to a gluten concentrator.

Fresh water enters the system at a rate of 53.5 m3,'hr (equivalent to 1.288 m3 per ton of corn ground). It is mixed with 71.5 m3/hr of water being the first fraction from the reverse osmosis stage, and the combined stream is mixed with the starch at washing stage W,.

The first fraction from the reverse osmosis stage is shown as entering the final washing stage W7.

However, it might alternativeiy have been directed so as to enter an intermediate washing stage, such as W6 or W5; this may indeed be preferable if the nitrogen content of the first fraction is somewhat higher than the desired nitrogen content of the final starch slurry. The reverse osmosis step may be designed to produce a first fraction (permeate) of purity appropriate for introduction to a desired stage of washing the starch.

The volume of each overflow and underflow, and the direction in which these are made to flow, are indicated in the diagram.

The embodiment of the invention described with reference to Figures 3 and 4 has a number of advantages over the conventional wet corn milling operation. These are: A The present invention permits the use of hydroclones, rather than centrifuges, for the primary separation and washing stages. This permits a reduction in capital expenditure, since hydroclones are cheaper than centrifuges.

The use of hydroclones for primary separation and starch washing is not new. Our U.S. Patent No.

4,144,087 relates to a method of separating mill starch into a starch-rich stream and a protein-rich stream, and is characterized by the use of a special series of stages under controlled conditions involving at least two protein-separation stages and a plurality of starch washing stages. An advantage of the method is that hydroclones are used rather than the more expensive centrifuges. It is stated that the process enables the operator to obtain at the same time gluten of acceptable protein content and starch of acceptable purity.

The present invention permits the operator to achieve these advantages, gluten of acceptable protein content together with starch of acceptable purity, in a more flexible manner and using a wider range of operating conditions than was previously possible.

B Direct comparison of the energy costs of operating the present invention and the conventional wet milling process are difficult because of the many different kinds of operation involved. However, even without taking into account the reduced volume of light steep water to be evaporated, the energy costs of operating the present invention are about equal to or rather less than the energy costs of conventional wet milling for equivalent product purity.

C Gluten can be used for animal feed, but at a purity greater than about 70% can be used also for industrial or food applications and so commands a premium price. Conventional wet milling typically produces gluten at a purity of 6870%.

The quality of the product starch depends to a large extent on its soluble and insoluble protein content. Depending on its intended use, the starch may typically be required to contain less than 0.4% insoluble protein and less than 0.02% soluble protein.

It is known that if a given system is modified to improve the purity of the gluten, a side effect is to increase the insoluble protein content of the starch. The system illustrated in Figure 4 is remarkable in achieving at the same time, both a high gluten purity of 72% and a starch having low concentration of soluble and insoluble protein (0.01% and 0.3% respectively).

D It is known that, at equal underflow density, the lower the density of the supply to the hydroclones, the higher is the proportion of insoluble protein that goes to the overflow in each stage. In systems of the kind illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the density of the supply to the first primary separation stage P1 would typically be less than 80by, while a typical density in conventional operation using a mill starch thickener at stage would be at least 80by. Similarly, in systems of the kind illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the density of the supply to the first washing stage W1 would typically be less than the typical density in a conventional washing operation.

E. It is known that the higher the amount of wash water to the last washing stage, the higher is the reduction of solubles in the underflow starch in each stage and therefore in the final stage. In systems of the kind illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the amount of wash water introduced at the last washing stage would typically be greater than the amount of wash water used in conventional wet milling.

F It is known that the higher the overflow/supply volume ratio of a hydroclone, the greater is the proportion of solubles that goes with the overflow at each hydroclone stage. In systems of the kind illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the overflow/supply volume ratios of the various hydroclones are typically greater than those used in conventional operation.

G In conventional corn wet milling, the amount of washing water used is kept to a minimum, in order to minimise the volume of light steep water that has to be evaporated. In order to adequately wash the starch without using much water, it has been necessary to increase the number of washing stages above 10 to 1 3 or even 1 5. This is expensive, both in terms of equipment and space. By using a large amount of washing water, systems of the present invention achieve a high standard of purity with as little as 7 washing steps, or even less, depending on the desired protein content of the gluten.

H In conventional corn wet milling, it is usual to position a mill starch concentrator upstream of the primary starch/gluten separation station with the purpose of reducing the solubles load to the starch washing process, and thereby minimise the number of starch washing stages needed.

In conventional corn wet milling, it is usual to position a middlings concentrator to treat water passing from the first starch washing stage to the primary starch/gluten separation station, in order to enhance the efficiency of the latter.

A disadvantage of mill starch concentrators and middlings concentrators is that they require separate controls. Systems according to the present invention do not require mill starch concentrators or middlings concentrators, and are accordingly cheaper to install and easier to control and operate.

1 The efficiency of gluten recovery is inversely dependent on the density of the supply to the primary starch/gluten separators. In conventional operation, it is possible to reduce the density of the supply, and so increase the efficiency of gluten recovery, but with the disadvantage that a larger gluten concentrator is required. Systems according to the present invention, where a reverse osmosis station is positioned upstream of the gluten concentrator, achieve the advantage of efficient gluten recovery without the disadvantage of needing a large gluten concentrator.

J As previously mentioned, one effect of the reverse osmosis and recycling which characterize this invention is that the volume of light steep water is reduced. In consequence a smaller proportion of the soluble material is removed in the light steep water, leaving a larger proportion to be removed with the germ, fibre and gluten or to contaminate the starch. In the system shown in Figure 2, this risk of contamination of the starch may set a limit on the reduction of the volume of light steep water.

By contrast, the systems shown in Figures 3 and 4 ensure that the starch is well washed, and remove the risk of contamination. Hence in such systems it is possible, and may well be advantageous, to recycle less water to the steeping stage, and so to reduce the volume of light steep water drawn off to zero.

K The first fraction of water recycled from the reverse osmosis station to the starch washing stages may be thought of as performing three functions:- a) reducing the amount of light steep water, b) reducing the density of supply to the hydroclones, and hence improving the efficiency of separation of starch from insoluble protein, c) increasing the total volume of wash water, and hence improving the efficiency of separation of starch from soluble material.

Systems of the present invention are very flexible, for the operator can, by adjusting flow rates, enhance or diminish any one of the above functions in relation to the others.

Referring now to Figure 5, the steps of the conventional process for recovering starch from potatoes, namely juice separation, fibre separation/starch concentration, and starch washing, are shown as separate boxes 1000 tons per day of ground potatoes enter the system at the juice separation step. Fresh water is introduced at two points, 800 ton per day at the fibre separation/starch concentration step, and 2700 ton per day at the last stage of the starch washing step. These materials leave the system as follows: 803 ton per day of fruit water; 33.5 ton per day with fibre; 337.5 tons per day waste water; and 290 ton per day of washed starch slurry. If other conditions are maintained constant, an increase in the amount of fresh water for washing the starch results in an increase in the amount of waste water.

Referring now to Figure 6, the process of this invention is distinguished from the conventional process by the fact that water leaving the first stage of the starch washing step is separated by reverse osmosis into two fractions of which the first is recycled to the starch washing step, and the second passes to the juice separation and fibre separation/starch concentration steps.

By this means, although the total amount of washing waster used remains the same at 2700 tons per day, the amount of fresh water supplied is halved, in comparison with the conventional process, to 1350 tons per day. In the same way, the amount of waste water removed is reduced from 3373.5 to 2023.5 tons per day.

Referring now to Figure 7, the operations involved in a process according to this invention for recovering starch from wheat flour are shown as separate boxes. Wheat flour is slurried and separated into a starch-rich stream ('A' starch) and a gluten-rich stream which passes to a gluten recovery station. The effluent from this station is divided into two streams, of which one is subjected to reverse osmosis and split into a first fraction (permeate) of low solubles and insolubles content, and a second fraction ('B' starch). The permeate is recycled and mixed with fresh water entering the system at the last stage of washing the 'A' starch.

This arrangement reduces fresh water requirements by an amount equal to the permeate from the reverse osmosis station, and correspondingly reduces the volume of effluent to be evaporated or otherwise treated. The size of the concentration equipment can also be reduced. The quality of the starch can be controlled by adjusting the quantity of permeate produced and recycled. As wheat contains high concentrations of enzymes and salts, the washing of starch from wheat requires careful control.

The following experiments are performed to determine suitable conditions for reverse osmosis. In each case 50 1 aliquots of supply were separated into 25 1 of permeate (first fraction) and 25 1 of concentrate (second fraction). The membranes employed were all supplied by Wafilin N. V., Hardenberg, The Netherlands.

Experiment I The membrane used had a retention on NaCI of 95% and a clean water flux of 44 litres per square metre per hour at 40 atm. pressure and 1400. The supply was middlings water, i.e. the effluent from the middlings concentrator supplied from step iii) of a corn wet-milling process. The supply, at 17 OC and 40 atm. pressure, was circulated in the system at a velocity of 2 metres per second. The results, including a comparison with city water, are set forth in Table I.

Table I

I Supp/y cbncentrate Permeate City Water Nitrogen, ppm 860''' 1710 6 0.5 Hardness, OF 26 1.25 26.8 CI-, ppm 35 67 < 3 39 Transmission % (600x.10~ 9M 4 cm) - - 3.7 3.8 2.7 - 7.5 dry substance, grams/litre 13.9 27.8 0.22 0.3-0.4.

solubles, g/l 13.4 22.6 0.22 0.5 (')Nitrogen analysis made on filtered samples.

Experiment II Three different semi-permeable membranes were used:- Clean Water Flux Retention (at 10 atm and 140C) on NaCI nitres per square {%) metre per hour) Membrane 1 92.8 50.3 Membrane 2 73.3 102.1 Membrane 3 59.8 126.9 The supply was the middlings effluent from step iii), supplying the middlings concentrator. The supply, at 1700 and 42 atm. pressure, was circulated at 1.6 metres per second. The results are tabulated in Table II.

Table II

Concentrate Permeate from with membrane No Membrane No.

Supply 1 2 3 1 2 3 .. ~ l .

N,, ppm 700"' 1 1394 1350 1385 6 1 10 15 Hardness, OF i 1.0 3.0 1.0 Cl-, ppm 35 67 61 - 56 3 9 14 Transmission - - - - 96.8 95.1 95.9 pH 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.1 3.1 d.s., g/í 44.3 - - - 0.10 0.14 0.19 I I '''Nitrogen analysis made on filtered samples.

Claims (11)

Claims

1. A process for recovering a starch slurry from a starch-bearing material comprising the steps of: i) forming an aqueous slurry of the comminuted starch bearing material, ii) separating a starch-rich fraction from the greatest part of the remaining components of the siurry, and iii) washing the starch rich fraction in at least one stage and recovering a product starch slurry of desired purity, fresh water for the process being introduced at step iii) and water for step i) and step ii) comprising that used in step iii), characterized in that at least part of the water that is being used in the process but has not yet exited therefrom is separated into first and second fractions of which the first fraction has lower contents of both soluble matter and insoluble matter than the second fraction, and recycling the said first fraction and using it together with the fresh water to increase the purity of the starch in the washing step iii).

2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the starch-bearing material is corn, and the first two steps involve i) steeping and ii) wet milling.

3. A process according to claim 2, wherein water leaving the washing step iii) and passing to step ii) is separated into the first and second fractions.

4. A process according to claim 2 wherein water carrying gluten in suspension which has left a station of primary separation of gluten from starch is separated into the first and second fractions.

5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the starch-bearing material is potatoes.

6. A process according to claim 5, wherein water from a first stage of starch washing is separated into the first and second fractions.

7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the starch-bearing material is wheat or wheat flour.

8. A process according to claim 7 wherein water from a gluten recovery station is separated into the first and second fractions.

9. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the separation of water into first and second fractions is performed by reverse osmosis.

1 0. A process according to claim 9, wherein the separation by reverse osmosis is performed by maintaining a continuous cyclic flow of liquid through a tube of a semipermeable membrane material, adding the solution to be separated into fractions to the circulating liquid, recovering a first fraction through the semipermeable membrane, and recovering a second fraction by bleeding it off from the circulating liquid.

11. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the first fraction is recycled and introduced, together with fresh water, into the last stage of a multi-stage starch washing station.

1 2. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the first fraction is recycled and introduced into an intermediate stage of a multi-stage starch washing station.