GB2067501A - Transfer apparatus - Google Patents
Transfer apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2067501A GB2067501A GB8101384A GB8101384A GB2067501A GB 2067501 A GB2067501 A GB 2067501A GB 8101384 A GB8101384 A GB 8101384A GB 8101384 A GB8101384 A GB 8101384A GB 2067501 A GB2067501 A GB 2067501A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- pins
- pin
- chucks
- containers
- axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
- B41F17/00—Printing apparatus or machines of special types or for particular purposes, not otherwise provided for
- B41F17/08—Printing apparatus or machines of special types or for particular purposes, not otherwise provided for for printing on filamentary or elongated articles, or on articles with cylindrical surfaces
- B41F17/14—Printing apparatus or machines of special types or for particular purposes, not otherwise provided for for printing on filamentary or elongated articles, or on articles with cylindrical surfaces on articles of finite length
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65G—TRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
- B65G47/00—Article or material-handling devices associated with conveyors; Methods employing such devices
- B65G47/74—Feeding, transfer, or discharging devices of particular kinds or types
- B65G47/84—Star-shaped wheels or devices having endless travelling belts or chains, the wheels or devices being equipped with article-engaging elements
- B65G47/846—Star-shaped wheels or wheels equipped with article-engaging elements
- B65G47/848—Star-shaped wheels or wheels equipped with article-engaging elements the article-engaging elements being suction or magnetic means
Abstract
Transfer apparatus is provided for transferring hollow containers 11 from the pins 7 of one pin chain conveyor part 1 to a processing station 12, 13 and thereafter to the pins 8 of another pin chain conveyor part 2. The pin conveyor parts 1, 2 are guided along circumferentially spaced arcs 3, 4 of, for example, a dial plate 5 which is rotated, in synchronism with the conveyor parts 1, 2, by a substantially horizontal shaft 14. A plurality of chucks are mounted for rotation with the shaft 14, the chucks having an angular spacing equal to that of the pins 7, 8 of the conveyor parts 1, 2 in the arcs 3, 4. Cam means is provided to move the chucks successively parallel to the shaft 14 between an advanced condition in which they can engage and grip a container 11 on a pin 7 or 8 and a retracted position clear of the pins. Further cam means serves to rotate the mounting tube of the chuck to move the latter in a direction transversely of the shaft 14. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Transfer apparatus
In the manufacture of decorated hollow containers, for example metallic collapsible tubes, it is common practice for them to be carried through the decorating equipment and between subsequent processing stages on pins extending substantially horizontally from and equally spaced along a conveyor (which will hereinafter be referred to as a "pin conveyor"). Typically, the pin conveyor may be an endless roller chain conveyor guided by sprockets and having the pins mounted on or formed by extensions of the bearing members between links of the chain. The pins are usually of very much smaller thickness than the transverse dimensions of the containers so that the containers when placed over the pins and released simply hang freely.
At certain processing stages it is necessary to remove the containers from the pins of a pin conveyor and move them to a position or positions at which processing operations are performed upon them and then either replace them on the pins or place them on the pins of another pin conveyor.
Transfer devices are known for performing such movements but in our experience they are not capable of operating at speeds which match the required speeds of travel of the pin conveyors if full use is to be made of the capabilities of equipment at preceding and subsequent processing stages. Thus they restrict the productivity of the manufacturing plant as a whole.
Examples of processing operations to be performed on the containers for which it is necessary to remove them from the pins of a pin conveyor are external printing, and internal lacquering. Forexter- nal printing the containers have to be placed on some kind of internal support, whilst for internal lacquering it is necessaryforthem to be held in a chuck or other external holding device so asto presentthe interior without obstruction to a lacquering device and to allow the iacquer coating to harden before the container is again placed on a pin of a pin conveyor.
Various kinds of external holding device are known which are capable of receiving and holding without crushing a hollow container and presenting its interior without obstruction to a processing operation. The construction of such holding devices forms no part of the present invention and for convenience such a holding device will be referred to herein, and in the claims which follow, as a "chuck".
Likewise, internal support devices are known which are capable of receiving and holding a hollow container so as to present its outer surface to a processing operation. Any such internal support device will be referred to herein, and in the claims which follow, as a "mandrel".
According to the invention transfer apparatus for transferring containers from the pins of a first pin conveyor part to a processing position and thereaf thereto the pins of a second pin conveyor part comprises guide means for guiding the pin conveyor parts at the same angular speed along arcs circumferentially spaced about a common substantially horizontal axis so that at least during traverse along said arcs the pins of the pin conveyor parts lie substantially parallel to the axis, a plurality of chucks having mountings equally spaced around the axis with angular spacing equal to the angular spacing of the pins of the pin conveyor parts in the said arcs and rotatable about the axis at the said angular speed and means for successively moving the chucks firstly parallel to the axis between an advanced condition in which they can engage and grip containers on the pins of the pin conveyor parts during their traverse along said arcs and a retracted condition for withdrawing containers gripped by them clear of the pins, and secondly transversely with respect to the axis and actuating means for causing the chucks individually to grip or release containers.
The transfer apparatus may include a plurality of mandrels equally spaced around the axis within said arcs with angular spacing equal to the said angular spacings and rotatable about the axis at the said angular speed for receiving containers gripped by the chucks and moving them to a processing position.
With this arrangement the chucks and mandrels are equal in number and the chucks can transfer containers between the pins of a pin conveyor part and the mandrels as desired.
Preferably the guide means and the chucks are parts of a single assembly arranged to rotate at the said angular speed about the axis. The assembly may include the mandrels.
Further according to the invention, transfer apparatus for transferring containers from the pins of a first pin conveyor part to a processing position and thereafter to the pins of a second pin conveyor part comprises a dial plate mounted on a rotatable shaft arranged to be driven in synchronism with the pin conveyor parts and guide means for guiding the pin conveyor parts along peripheral arcs of the dial plate, mandrels mounted on the dial plate parallel to its axis around a pitch circle within said arcs and with angular spacing equal to the angular spacing of the pins of the pin conveyor parts in said arcs, and a plurality of chucks confronting the mandrels and in equal angular spaced relation, the chucks being laterally movable and movable parallel to the axis successively between an advanced condition in which they can engage and grip containers on the pins of the pin conveyor parts during their traverse along said arcs or containers on the mandrels and a retracted condition for withdrawing containers gripped by them clear of the pins and the mandrels, whereby containers may be presented in a processing position whilst on the mandrels and whilst gripped by the chucks and withdrawn clear of the pins and mandrels.
The first and second pin conveyor parts may be parts of a single pin conveyor or parts of two different pin conveyors.
An embodiment of the invention is illustrated diagrammatically by way of example by the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic end view of a transfer apparatus showing the transfer of metallic collapsible tubes from a first pin conveyorto a printing sta tion and thereafter to a second pin conveyor, and
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view on the lines AOB of Figure 1.
In Figure 1,the pin chain conveyors 1 and 2 are shown guided so that parts of them engage arcs 3 and 4 of the periphery of a circular dial plate 5 having chain-engaging guides 6 (not shown in Figure 1) around its periphery. The dial plate 5 is rotatable about its central axis 0, which is substantially horizontal and the pins 7 and 8, respectively, of the pin chain conveyors 1 and 2 are parallel to that axis at least in the arcs 3 and 4. A plurality of mandrels 9 extend from the dial plate 5 parallel to its axis and are equally spaced around a pitch circle 10 of radius less than the chain-engaging guides 6 so that their angular spacing is equal to the angular spacing of the pins 7 and 8 in the arcs 3 and 4.
For clarity, only the centres of the mandrels 9 are shown in Figure 1 so as to avoid confusion with the metallic collapsible tubes 11 handied by the apparatus, but it will be understood that the mandrels are of diameter such as to be a close fit within the tubes 11, as shown in Figure 2.
In the transfer apparatus the metallic collapsible tubes 11 carried on the pins 7 of the first pin chain conveyor 1 are successively removed from the pins 7 and placed on the mandrels 9 by which they are carried to a printing station 12 where their outer surfaces are presented to the rotating drum 13 of a printing machine. The mandrels 9, being a close fit within the containers, support their walls against the pressure of the printing drum. Thereafter the containers are removed from the mandrels 9 and placed upon the pins 8 of the second pin chain conveyor 2 by which they are carried away for further processing.
Referring now to Figure 2, the dial plate 5 is mounted on and driven by a shaft 14 which also carries and drives a transfer drum 15 comprising mounting plates 16 connected together by tie rods (not shown). The shaft 14 is driven in synchronism with the pin chain conveyors 1 and 2, that is, at a rotational speed such that the peripheral speed of the chain guides 6 of the dial plate 5 coincides with the linear speed of the pin chain conveyors so that there is no relative movement between the pin chain conveyors and the dial plate around the respective arcs 3 and 4. Slidably and rotatably mounted on the
mounting plates 16 are a plurality of equally spaced
chuck mounting tubes 17 equal in number to and thus with the same angular spacing as the mandrels 9. Each mounting tube 17 has a cranked part 18 at its
end adjacent to the dial plate 5 on which is mounted
a chuck 19.The chucks 19 are designed to grip the
necks of tubes 11 when desired and are operated to
grip and release tubes by actuating rods (not shown)
within the mounting tubes 17 and follower members
20 extending laterally from the actuating rods to be
engaged by cam elements 21 suitably positioned
around the transfer drum 15.
For clarity onlytwo mounting tubes 17 and some
of their associated equipment are shown in Figure 2,
but itwill be understood that each chuck 19 is carried
by an identical mounting tube 17.
Each chuck mounting tube carries a collar 22 on its part between the mounting plates 16. The collars 22 are engaged by cam followers 23 suitably mounted on rods 24 secured between the mounting plates 16 and engaging a cam track 25 in a cam drum 26 fixed within the transfer drum 15 on a stationary shaft 27 coaxial with the shaft 14 and passing through the mounting plate 16 remote from the dial plate 5.
Each chuck mounting tube 17 also has at its end remote from the dial plate 5 a cam follower 28 for engagement by cam elements 29 arranged around the transferdrum 15 so as to rotate the tube 17 at certain positions in its travel to move the respective chuck 19 transversely with respect to the axis 14 of the dial plate 5.
kwasobserved earlierthatcontainers carried on a pin conveyor hang freely on the pins. To enable the chucks 19 to engage positively with and grip the necks of tubes 11 carried on the pins of the conveyor 1 it is necessary to locate them positively. Forthis purpose a drum 30 is mounted adjacent to the dial plate 5 with its axis on the line AO (see Figure 1) and has sprockets 31 (shown only in Figure 2) around its periphery for guiding the pin chain conveyor 1 around it. Around the periphery of the drum 30 are a number of part-cylindrical pockets 32 of radius such as to receive snugly the tubes 11 carried on the conveyor 1 and centralisethem with respect to the pins 7. To assist in locating the tubes, the pockets 32 each have a number of duct openings (not shown) to which suction is applied.
In operation of the apparatus, as each tube 11 carried on the pins of conveyor 1 is traversed around the drum 30 and reaches the point on the line AO at the commencement of the arc 3 at which the conveyor chain 1 is picked up on the guides 6 of the dial plate 5, it is accurately centralised with respect to its pin by a pocket 32 of the drum 30. At this point the corresponding chuck 19 has been aligned with the neck of the tube 11 by the cam element 29 and advanced by the cam drum 26 so that it engages the neck of the tube 11. The chuck 19 is caused to grip the neck of the tube by the cam element 21 and the chuck is then retracted by the cam drum as the respective pin 7 carrying the tube 11 traverses the arc 3 of the dial plate periphery until at the end of the arc 3, as the tube 11 passes the radial line CO, it is clear of the pin 7.The conveyor 1 then leaves the dial plate and passes round guide sprockets 33, 34 on its return path.
As soon as the chuck 19 reaches its retracted con ditionwiththetube 11 clear of the pin 7, as it passes the radial line CO defining the aforesaid end of the arc 3, the cam follower 28 at the end of its mounting tube 17 engages a cam element 29, causing the
mounting tube to rotate and move the chuck 19 transversely with respect to the axis of rotation of the dial plate 5 until, when the chuck reaches the line
BO, as shown in the lower part of Figure 2, it is
aligned with a mandrel 9 of the dial plate. It is then
advanced again by the cam drum 26 to place the tube 11 over the mandrel 9. This operation is com
pleted and the chuck is actuated to release the tube
and is retracted by the cam drum by the time the
mandrel 9 carrying the tube 11 reaches the printing
station 12 where the tube is engaged and printed by the printing drum 13.
As rotation of the dial plate 5 continues to move the mandrel 9 carrying the tube away from the printing station 12 the chuck 19 is again advanced and actuated to grip the neck of the tube and retracted to withdraw the tube from the mandrel. When the tube is clear of the mandrel, at the position indicated by radial line DO, the cam follower 28 engages a further cam element which rotates the tube and moves chuck 19 laterally outwardly until, when it reaches the radial line EO atthecommencementofthe arc 4, the tube is aligned with a pin 8 of the second pin chain conveyor 2 which engages the guides 6 of the dial plate 5 on that line.As the pin 8 traverses the arc 4 of the dial plate periphery the chuck is advanced to place the tube 11 over the pin 8, actuated to release the tube and retracted until, when the pin reaches the radial line FO defining the end of the arc 4 the chuck is clear of the tube 11. The conveyor 2, with the tube carried on its pin 8, then leaves the periphery of the dial plate 5 and is guided around sprockets 35, 36 to carry the tube to a further processing stage.
For transferring containers from a pin conveyor to an operation or operations for which internal support of the containers is not required, such as an internal lacquering operation, the mandrels 9 may be omitted and the operation(s) could be performed whilst the containers are held in the chucks as they traverse round the transfer drum between the two conveyors. Their operating elements could be located within or outside the cylinder defined by the chuck mounting tubes 17.
The assembly of the mounting tubes in the mounting plates is arranged so that any mounting tube can be removed quickly and easily from the mounting plates. With this arrangement, in the event of a fault occurring in a chuck or other part associated with a mounting tube which renders a chuck inoperative the sub-assembly of chuck and mounting tube can be removed and replaced by another with minimal stoppage of the apparatus. This is particularly important, for example, in a collapsibletube decorating line since the pin conveyors often cannot be stopped whilst loaded with tubes due to the nature of other processing stages through which they pass.
To provide for stoppage of the transfer apparatus without stopping the pin chain conveyors it should be noted that the conveyors can slide over the guides 6 of the dial plate 5 if the latter is not driven in the normal way in synchronism with the speed of the conveyors 1 and 2. When it is desired to stop the transfer apparatus, the conveyor sprockets 33 and 35 are respectively moved away from the dial plate 5 to positions such that the conveyors 1 and 2 touch the guides 6 only over very small arcs. The drive of the shaft 14 can then be disengaged and the dial plate 5 be stopped. The pin conveyors 1 and 2 continue to run, any containers on the pins of pin conveyor 1 remaining in position and pin conveyor 2 being unloaded.When it is desired to re-start the transfer apparatus the drive to the shaft 14 is re-engaged and the dial plate 5 is synchronised with the pin conveyors so that the mandrels 9 are correctly aligned with the pins 7 and 8 of the pin conveyors. The sprockets 33 and 35 are then moved back towards the dial plate 5 so that the pin conveyors 1 and 2 again traverse the arcs 3 and 4, and the apparatus will again commence removing containers from the pins 7 of the pin conveyor 1 and transferring them to the pins 8 of the pin conveyor 2.
If it should not be possible to repair or replace a fauly chuck or sub-assembly within a short time the apparatus can be operated without it, restarting the apparatus just as described above. Obviously periodic containers on the first pin conveyor 1 will not be removed and will be carried away by the conveyor, but this is likely to be preferable to stopping the loaded conveyor, and production can continue on a reduced scale.
Additional lateral movement of the chucks with respect to the shaft 14 may be required and forthis purpose the mounting of the chucks on their mounting tubes could be modified. For example they could be movable radially with respect to the shaft 14 instead of around arcs generated by rotation of the mounting tubes 17.
In the apparatus described the axes of the shafts 14 and 27 are horizontal and this is the arrangement we prefer. However, it is necessary only that the pins of the pin conveyors are not so inclined from the horizontal that containers are readily displaced from them, for example by vibration, and the expressions "substantially horizontal" used in relation to the common axis 0 of the arcs around which the pin conveyor parts are guided and "substantially parallel" used herein to describe the relationship of the pins of the pin conveyors to that axis 0 are intended to embrace the possibility of the pins and/or the shaft being inclined to the horizontal at a small but acceptable angle.
Claims (15)
1. Transfer apparatus for transferri ng containers from the pins of a first pin conveyor part to a processing position and thereafter to the pins of a second pin conveyor part comprising guide means for guiding the pin conveyor parts at the same angular speed along arcs circumferentially spaced about a common substantially horizontal axis so that at least during traverse along said arcs the pin conveyor parts lie substantially parallel to the axis, a plurality of chucks having mountings equally spaced around the axis with angular spacing equal to the angular spacing of the pins of the pin conveyor parts in the said arcs and rotatable about the axis at the said angular speed and means for successively moving the chucks firstly parallel to the axis between an advanced condition in which they can engage and grip containers on the pins of the pin conveyor parts during their traverse along said arcs and a retracted condition for withdrawing containers gripped by them clearofthe pins, and secondly transversely with respect to the axis and actuating means for causing the chucks individually to grip or release containers.
2. Transfer apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the guide means for guiding parts of the pin conveyors comprises a guide member rotatable aboutthe axis and carrying circular conveyorengaging means concentric with the axis which
defines the said arcs and means for rotating the
guide member in synchronism with the pin con
veyo rs.
3. Transfer apparatus as claimed in Claim 2 wherein the guide member carries a plurality of
mandrels extending from the guide member parallel to the axis and equally spaced around a pitch circle concentric with the axis and of radius less than the conveyor-engaging means so that their angular spacing is equal to the angular spacing of the pins of the conveyor parts in the respective arcs defined by the conveyor-engaging means whereby chucks in their retracted condition may be moved transversely and advanced to place containers on the mandrels.
4. Transfer apparatus as claimed in Claim 3 arranged to present containers on the mandrels to a processing position.
5. Transfer apparatus as claimed in Claim 4 arranged to present containers on the mandrels to a printing device between the said arcs along which the pin conveyors are guided, the mandrels being shaped to fit closely within and support the walls of the containers against printing pressure.
6. Transfer apparatus as claimed in any preceding Claim arranged to present containers to a processing position whilstthey are gripped by the chucks.
7. Transfer apparatus as claimed in any preceding Claim wherein the mountings of the chucks comprise elongate members extending parallel to the axis and longitudinally movable with respect thereto.
8. Transfer apparatus as claimed in Claim 7
including cam means for effecting longitudinal
movement of the elongate members.
9. Transfer apparatus as claimed in Claim 7 or
Claim 8 wherein the elongate members are rotatable about their own axes and their respective chucks are offset from those axes whereby rotation of the elongate members effects transverse movement of the respective chucks relative to the said axis.
10. Transfer apparatus as claimed in claim 9 including further cam means for effecting rotational movement of the elongate members.
11. Transfer apparatus as claimed in any preceding Claim wherein the mountings of the chucks are independently removable without affecting the operability of the apparatus.
12. Transfer apparatus as claimed in any preceding Claim wherein the chuck mountings and the means for moving the chucks are so arranged that their second movement, transversely with respect to the axis, is radial thereto.
13. Transfer apparatus fortransferring containers from the pins of a first pin conveyor part to a
processing position and thereafter to the pins of a
second pin conveyor part, comprising a dial plate
mounted on a rotatable shaft arranged to be driven
in synchronism with the pin conveyor parts and
guide means for guiding the pin conveyor parts
along peripheral arcs of the dial plate, mandrels
mounted on the dial plate parallel to its axis around a
pitch circle within said arcs and with angular spacing
equal to the angular spacing of the pins of the pin
conveyor parts in said arcs, and a plurality of chucks confronting the mandrels and in equal angular spaced relation, the chucks being laterally movable and movable successively parallel to the axis between an advanced condition in which they can engage and grip containers on the pins of the pin conveyor parts during their traverse along said arcs or containers on the mandrels and a retracted condition for withdrawing containers gripped by them clearofthe pins and the mandrels, whereby containers may be presented in a processing position whilst on the mandrels and whilst gripped by the chucks and withdrawn clearofthe pins and mandrels.
14. Transfer apparatus as claimed in any preceding Claim wherein the first and second pin conveyor parts are parts of a single pin conveyor.
15. Transfer apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8101384A GB2067501A (en) | 1980-01-17 | 1981-01-16 | Transfer apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8001609 | 1980-01-17 | ||
| GB8101384A GB2067501A (en) | 1980-01-17 | 1981-01-16 | Transfer apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2067501A true GB2067501A (en) | 1981-07-30 |
Family
ID=26274174
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8101384A Withdrawn GB2067501A (en) | 1980-01-17 | 1981-01-16 | Transfer apparatus |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2067501A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2660295A1 (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1991-10-04 | Herlan & Co Maschf | DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING, IN PARTICULAR, HOLLOW BODIES LIKE TUBES OR BOXES, FROM A MEANS OF TRANSPORT TO ANOTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOVING AT A DIFFERENT SPEED. |
| FR2748454A1 (en) * | 1996-05-09 | 1997-11-14 | Fabre Rene | Marking machine for plastics cosmetic containers |
| US11155420B2 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2021-10-26 | Hinterkopf Gmbh | Transfer system, transport system and method for removing sleeve-shaped workpieces from a first conveyor and for pushing the sleeve-shaped workpieces onto a second conveyor |
| CN113697460A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-11-26 | 哇一(广州)智能机器人科技有限责任公司 | Flexible soft ball collecting device and ball collecting method thereof |
-
1981
- 1981-01-16 GB GB8101384A patent/GB2067501A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2660295A1 (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1991-10-04 | Herlan & Co Maschf | DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING, IN PARTICULAR, HOLLOW BODIES LIKE TUBES OR BOXES, FROM A MEANS OF TRANSPORT TO ANOTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOVING AT A DIFFERENT SPEED. |
| FR2748454A1 (en) * | 1996-05-09 | 1997-11-14 | Fabre Rene | Marking machine for plastics cosmetic containers |
| US11155420B2 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2021-10-26 | Hinterkopf Gmbh | Transfer system, transport system and method for removing sleeve-shaped workpieces from a first conveyor and for pushing the sleeve-shaped workpieces onto a second conveyor |
| CN113697460A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-11-26 | 哇一(广州)智能机器人科技有限责任公司 | Flexible soft ball collecting device and ball collecting method thereof |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |