GB2053876A - Process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2053876A GB2053876A GB8020086A GB8020086A GB2053876A GB 2053876 A GB2053876 A GB 2053876A GB 8020086 A GB8020086 A GB 8020086A GB 8020086 A GB8020086 A GB 8020086A GB 2053876 A GB2053876 A GB 2053876A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- pellets
- sintering
- lightweight aggregate
- water
- binder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 shale Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/02—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
- C04B18/027—Lightweight materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
A process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate pellets comprises sintering finely divided industrial waste, such as fly ash or enrichment and flotation waste, as basic material in a rotary kiln together with water-saturated binders in the form of sludge or liquid, sprayed onto the basic material before the formation of the green pellets prior to sintering. The spraying is carried out intermittently or continuously by means of, e.g., nozzles.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate out of industrial waste
The present invention concerns a process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate pellets out of finely divided industrial waste, such as fly ash, enrichment and flotation waste, and dust; as basic material accordina to which process - at least one binder is brought into contact with the basic material to form green pellets, and - the green pellets are sintered in a rotary kiln to form the final pellets.
In the field of concrete construction work, in certain cases, a material is required that has
properties that cannot be obtained by using concrete types based on conventional aggregate. Such
special cases may be, e.g., poor ground conditions, the desire to achieve high carrying capacities as
compared with the own weight of the construction, or the requirement of better heat-insulating capacit as compared with the conventional concrete materials. Occasionally these requirements can be met
technically by means of concrete of normal composition, but the solutions then beForile correspondinglss heavier economically.Thus, within the construction industry, there is a general tendency towards
constructions of concrete of lower weight and higher porosity, without loss of the favourable properties
that have been achieved earlier. One method is to replace the aggregate made of natural stone by an
aggregate material that has been produced artificially and has lower weight and higher porosity, a so
called lightweight aggregate. Concrete made of such an aggregate is analogically callediligptweight concrete.
The preparation of lightweight aggregate with clay, shale, perlite, and other natural raw-materials as starting material is generally known. Likewise, it is known to use as starting material industrial waste, such as fly ash from coal-burning power plants, enrichment and flotation waste, waste from coal mines, slag, etc.
The known processes briefly involve that the starting material together with additives is, with the
aid of water, worked into a soft mix. This mix is, in machines designed for the purpose, formed into
granules, so-called green pellets, which are thereupon sintered, In the sintering process, the organic
components are burnt away, whereby pores remain in the pellets. At the same time, water and other
volatile substances escape in gaseous form, which results in expansion and increased volume in certain
materials. The final result is solid porous pellets with considerably lower density than the density of
natural rock.
According to a known process for the manufacture of lightweight aggregate out of industrial waste, an
appropriately moist mix is prepared out of the waste, e.g., fly ash, and water, possibly together with
other additives. After pre-mixing and homogenization in an activator, the mix is fed onto an inclined rotary granulating plate. During spraying of water at appropriate quantities, green pellets of spherical form are hereby formed on the plate. After the green pellets have received a desired size, they are passed from the plate and carried forward to a sintering process.
The difficulties in the manufacture of an acceptable lightweight aggregate on the basis of finely divided waste are, however, still great. Below, the greatest difficulties in the implementation of the processes known to-day will be given:
1. The green pellets cannot be given the mechanical strength that is requirea tor the further transporation and heat treatment.
2. Owing to the poor strength of the green pellets, such sintering methods must be selected in
which the green pellets are at rest during the sintering process. Generally known and most
commonly used are the so-called sinter-belt plants. Here the green pellets rest in the form of a
bed of a thickness of about 20 to 30 cm on an endless belt running slowly through the
sintering furnace.
In the thick immobile bed any expansion of the green pellets becomes impossible, at the same
time as the pellets are sintered to each other. The result is a more or less firmly sintered
together mix which must be crushed and results in sharp-corned aggregate pellets. The
methods differ from each other only in respect of operations intended to reduce this sintering
together. At the same time, sinter-belt processes, however, require that the sintered mix is
crushed after the sintering.
The pellets obtained in this way yield an aggregate of heavy type. The pellets have sharp edges
and open pores, and when mixed into concrete, they require a higher addition of water (or pre
watering)-than an aggregate of natural rock requires. The water-to-cement ratio of the
concrete thereby becomes higher and, consequently, the strength becomes correspondingly
lower.
3. In most industrial wastes, no expansion takes place during the sintering process. A lower
volumetric weight of the aggregate is then achieved only by the effect of the pores and cavities
that are produced in the pellets when the combustible and volatile components, usually carbon
powder and water, escape. Even the pores in these pellets are open, which involves an
unsatisfactory water-to-cement ratio in the manufacture of concrete.
4. Many industrial wastes have such a high sintering temperature or they are sintered within such
a narrow range of temperatures that the control of the sintering process becomes expensive
and difficult to manage, or even totally impossible.
For example, when fly ash from coal-burning power plants is used, it is necessary to select the
fraction or fractions that have the most favourable chemical and physical properties from the
ash collected fro the electrofilters of the plants. The rest of the ash is unusable for this purpose.
5. The chemical and mineralogical composition of the industrial varies to a great extent. In
unfavourable cases the sintering may take place at entirely unacceptable temperatures.
If, for example, iron is present in the ferri form (as trivalent) and the atmosphere in the sintering
furnace is oxydating, the sintering takes place only at a high temperature, which is
economically unfavourable. The core of the pellets, which is in a reducing environment because
of remaining carbon particles, is, on the contrary, sintered, expands and swells, and is rigidified
into a mass resembling lava. Sintering is a reducing atmosphere cannot be justified
economically in respect of such inexpensive materials.
Thus, the requirement of economically and construction-technically acceptable lightweight
aggregate made of industrial waste involves the following: - The green pellets must be given such a strength that they stand the mechanical strain that
is involved in the most favourable sintering process.
- The sintering must take place in a rotary kiln in order to permit and to facilitate a free
expansion of the pellets and to restrict the sintering-together.
- Expansion of the pellets during the sintering must be stimulated by means of additives
suitable for this purpose.
The additives and the methods for their introduction must be selected such that both the
green pelletizing and the sintering processes can be supervised and controiled.
- A sintering of the surface layer must take place at an early stage of the sintering process so
that an impermeable film is formed that prevents the escape of the gases that cause the
expansion.
The composition of the surface layer of the pellets must be such that, under the prevailing
conditions, the sintering begins in this layer before the sintering of the material in the core
starts. An elastic film must be produced around the core, which film, owing to its density
and elasticity, permits a homogeneous expansion of the core without uncontrolled escape
of gases. The pellets hereby obtain a substantially spherical form and, above all, a structure
with closed pores. These pellets do not adsorb water in the same way as lightweight
aggregate sintered on a belt does, which circumstance, together with the spherical form,
has a favourable effect on the requirement of water of the concrete with a predetermined
consistency.
According to the invention, green pellets with such a physical and chemical composition are 3achieved that the nodules can be carried, without disturbing breaking, into the furnace, which may be a rotary kiln in the present case, and burnt therein with expansion. This expansion can be controlled by means of the properties of the sludge that is used when the green pellets are formed, on one hand, and by means of the burning time and temperature in the furnace, on the other hand.
The lightweight aggregate granules that are obtained by means of the generally known processes do not meet the requirements imposed.
The object of the present invention is to eliminate the drawbacks involved in the previously known processes for manufacturing lightweight aggregate.
The process in accordance with the present invention is mainly characterized in that
- the binder is a water-saturated binder, and - the binder is sprayed in the form of sludge or liquid onto the basic material in connection
with the formation of the green pellets.
According to the invention, the unmoistened finely divided material (fly ash, flotation waste, etc.)
may be fed onto an inclined granulating plate, where a sludge is sprayed onto the material, which
sludge consists of clay and/or of high-molecular organic substances functioning as a "size" (e.g. sulphite
waste liquor, various cellulose derivatives, and equivalent).
The purpose of this sludge is to give the green pellets the mechanical strength required for the
subsequent mechanical treatment, on one hand, and to give the green pellets such a chemical and
mineralogical composition that the sintering becomes easier and is started in the surface layer of the
green pellets before the generation of gas inside the pellets starts, on the other hand.
It is also possible to use non-expanding raw-materials for this purpose by using, in the green
pelletizing phase, expanding clay and/or organic additives of the type mentioned above.
By means of the quantity and type of the sludge used in the green pelletizing phase, it is possible
to modify the properties of the raw-material in a direction favourable for the sintering process, which is
of great importance, e.g. when fly ashes of different kinds are pelletized. By means of the organic
material, an oxydation of the ion compounds in the surface layer is prevented, which oxydation would
result in a retarded sintering of the surface layer in relation to the interior of the pellets, as well as in
cracking and deformation of the pellets.
The sintering, which is preferably performed in a multi-compartment rotary kiln in order to more
easily supervise and control the drying-sintering process and the expansion process, results in a dense surface layer which prevents the gases formed inside the pellets from escaping. Hereby a lightweight aggregate with closed pores is obtained, which closed pores are, from the concrete technology point of view, to be preferred to open pores. By selecting an appropriate combustion temperature and time, it is possible to prepare an aggregate of desired size, weight and strength out of one and the same starting material.
It is important that the clay sludge that is used in the green pelletizing process is saturated with water, i.e. that the clay does not absorb water from the clay sludge after the beginning of the process.
This may happen if dried clay is used without a sufficiently long period of water-saturation.
The heat economy can also be improved as compared with the known processes, owing to the fact that the said additives result in reactions that produce expansive gases even at lower temperatures.
In sintering experiments in a rotary kiln it has been ascertained that the best pellets are achieved if the process is divided into several heat-treatment phases, i.e.
a) heating, elimination of moisture,
b) surface sintering, expansion in one or several steps, and
c) cooling.
In view of the possibility of supervision and control, these phases should be performed in several separate kiln compartments whose speed of rotation can be varied independently from each other.
Below, in the form of examples, the properties of pellets obtained by means of the process in accordance with the invention are indicated as compared with corresponding properties of pellets prepared by means of prior art processes.
EXAMPLE 1
Strength of green pellets
Green pellets were prepared on one and the same granulating plate by means of a known process out of fly ash alone and by spraying only water, on one hand, and in accordance with the invention out of the same fly ash and by spraying a clay sludge consisting of water-saturated clay and water, the invariable proportion of clay being 6 per cent of weight of the green pellet, on the other hand. The moisture content in both cases was 25 per cent by weight.
The green pellets were allowed to fall repeatedly from the height of 1 1 metre onto a concrete floor, and the number of falls until the appearance of the first visible crack was noted down.
The following average values were obtained:
Fly ash + water alone: 20 falls
Fly ash + clay sludge: 39 falls
All the green pellets had spherical form and the same diameter.
EXAMPLE 2
By means of the described process it is possible to obtain lightweight aggregate pellets of different
degrees of expansion, In Table 1 some results are given that were obtained by burning in a muffle
furnace.
TABLE 1
Expansion of nodules with a burning of 10 min. in a muffle furnace
Increase in volume Raw Material + % of Weight of Binder of Total Dry Matter 20% 100% A Fly ash + 6% clay 1202"C 1214 C B Fly ash + 15% clay 1180"C 1203"C C Fly ash + 57% clay 1161'C 11740C D Fly ash + 5% sulfite waste liquor 1196-C 1210-C E Flotation waste + 18% clay 1152-C 1164'C EXAMPLE 3
A number of mould boxes of 4 cm x 4 cm x 16 cm = 256 cm3 were filled with equal volumes of sintered pellets of the type available on the market, on one hand, and of pellets in accordance with the invention, on the other hand. Subjected to vibration, the moulds were filled with one and the same cement paste having-the water-to-cement ratio = 0.33. Removal of the mould took place after one day and test pressing after 3 days. The diameter of the pellets was 10 to 12 mm.
The following results were obtained:
TABLE 2
Properties of lightweight aggregates
Water absorption Volumetric Pressure weight 5 mm 1 h Resistance Material (girl) (%) (%) Porosity (MN/mq A 1538 1.3 1.4 43.2 35.2 8 1350 1.5 1.9 49.6 31.5 C 1577 0.6 0.9 39.3 32.2 D 1633 1.8 3.8 45.4 - 35.0 E 2000 0.6 ~ 0.9 32.8 34.1 F (clay based) 600 24 26 12.8 G (Fly ash-based) 1 1530 12 X 15 X 41.9 1 21.1 A to e: Lightweight aggregate types prepared in accordance with the invention.
F and Ef: Commercial lightweight aggregate types.
Pressure resistance was measured on 10 to 12 mm aggregate in cement mortar.
The pellets prepared in accordance with the invention were heavier, but the proportionally higher strength places them in a class that is profitable from the point of view of concrete economy.
Claims (7)
1. A process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate pellets out of finely divided industrial waste, such as fly ash, enrichment and flotation waste, and dust, as basic material according to which process:
(a) at least one water-saturated binder in fluid form is sprayed onto the basic material;
(b) green pellets are manufactured in a way known per se out of the basic material and the
binder; and
(c) the green pellets are sintered in a rotary kiln to form the final lightweight aggregate pellets.
2. A process as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the spraying is carried out by means of nozzles.
3. A process as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the spraying is carried out intermittently.
4. A process as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the spraying is carried out continuously.
5. A process as claimed in Claim 1, wherein water-saturated clay is used as a binder.
6. A process as claimed in Claim 1, wherein organic materials having high molecular weight, such as sulphite waste liquor or similar, are used as binder.
7. A process as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the industrial waste is fly ash, and the proportion of clay is 5 to 1 5 per cent of weight of the total dry matter.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI792077A FI72506C (en) | 1979-07-02 | 1979-07-02 | Ways to make lightweight ballast of industrial waste. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2053876A true GB2053876A (en) | 1981-02-11 |
| GB2053876B GB2053876B (en) | 1983-06-29 |
Family
ID=8512762
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8020086A Expired GB2053876B (en) | 1979-07-02 | 1980-06-19 | Process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5622670A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE884104A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3023665A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI72506C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2464239A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2053876B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT8049115A0 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2117747A (en) * | 1982-03-17 | 1983-10-19 | Gattys Ingenieurburo Fur Chem | A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal- like structure |
| NL8302221A (en) * | 1981-12-23 | 1985-01-16 | Zueblin Ag | METHOD FOR REMOVING FINE-GRANULAR SEDIMENTS FROM FLOWING AND STANDING WATER. |
| EP0188371A2 (en) * | 1985-01-14 | 1986-07-23 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Artificial lightweight aggregate |
| EP1392614A1 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2004-03-03 | Unisearch Limited | Aggregate for concrete and construction |
| WO2005033040A1 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2005-04-14 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Ltd | Manufacture of articles from fly ash |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60180769A (en) * | 1984-02-25 | 1985-09-14 | Okuma Mach Works Ltd | Controlling method of machining by internal grinder |
| DE3430731C2 (en) * | 1984-08-21 | 1994-11-24 | Handelskontor Ludbert Graf Zu | Production process for ceramic pellets |
| DE3525111A1 (en) * | 1985-07-13 | 1987-01-15 | Hubert Eirich | METHOD FOR PRODUCING LEAK-OUT AGGLOMERATES |
| DE3812705A1 (en) * | 1988-04-02 | 1989-10-26 | Cpm Ceramic Patent Management | Process for the treatment or preparation of clay or clay-containing compositions, process for the disposal of pollutants by means of clay or clay-containing compositions, and sealing or lining of landfills by means of clay or clay-containing compositions |
| DE4339156A1 (en) * | 1993-11-16 | 1995-05-18 | Friedrich Teufert | Processing garbage, refuse, etc. |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2987411A (en) * | 1957-11-19 | 1961-06-06 | Corson G & W H | Light weight aggregate and method of making same |
| US3030222A (en) * | 1958-12-02 | 1962-04-17 | American Cement Corp | Process for manufacture of aggregate material and product obtained thereby |
| GB1031352A (en) * | 1962-02-01 | 1966-06-02 | Nat Res Dev | Improvements in pelleting of pulverised products |
| GB1165897A (en) * | 1965-10-05 | 1969-10-01 | John Mchenry | Pellet-Hardening Method |
| US4120738A (en) * | 1977-10-11 | 1978-10-17 | Champion International Corporation | Light weight aggregate and method for making same |
-
1979
- 1979-07-02 FI FI792077A patent/FI72506C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1980
- 1980-06-19 GB GB8020086A patent/GB2053876B/en not_active Expired
- 1980-06-25 DE DE19803023665 patent/DE3023665A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-06-30 JP JP8798380A patent/JPS5622670A/en active Pending
- 1980-06-30 IT IT8049115A patent/IT8049115A0/en unknown
- 1980-07-01 FR FR8014668A patent/FR2464239A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-07-01 BE BE0/201255A patent/BE884104A/en unknown
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL8302221A (en) * | 1981-12-23 | 1985-01-16 | Zueblin Ag | METHOD FOR REMOVING FINE-GRANULAR SEDIMENTS FROM FLOWING AND STANDING WATER. |
| GB2117747A (en) * | 1982-03-17 | 1983-10-19 | Gattys Ingenieurburo Fur Chem | A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal- like structure |
| EP0188371A2 (en) * | 1985-01-14 | 1986-07-23 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Artificial lightweight aggregate |
| EP0188371A3 (en) * | 1985-01-14 | 1988-06-01 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Artificial lightweight aggregate |
| EP1392614A1 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2004-03-03 | Unisearch Limited | Aggregate for concrete and construction |
| EP1392614A4 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2006-05-10 | Unisearch Ltd | Aggregate for concrete and construction |
| AU2002252841B2 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2007-10-18 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Limited | Aggregate for concrete and construction |
| US7264673B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2007-09-04 | Unisearch Limited | Manufacture of articles from fly ash |
| US9150456B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2015-10-06 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Limited | Manufacture of articles from fly ash |
| WO2005033040A1 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2005-04-14 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Ltd | Manufacture of articles from fly ash |
| AU2003280223B2 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2011-05-12 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Ltd | Manufacture of articles from fly ash |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5622670A (en) | 1981-03-03 |
| FI72506B (en) | 1987-02-27 |
| BE884104A (en) | 1980-11-03 |
| FI72506C (en) | 1987-06-08 |
| FI792077A (en) | 1981-01-03 |
| DE3023665A1 (en) | 1981-01-15 |
| GB2053876B (en) | 1983-06-29 |
| IT8049115A0 (en) | 1980-06-30 |
| FR2464239A1 (en) | 1981-03-06 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |