GB2026431A

GB2026431A - Steel pallet construction

Info

Publication number: GB2026431A
Application number: GB7920340A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Extrados Co Ltd
Current assignee: Extrados Co Ltd
Priority date: 1978-06-20
Filing date: 1979-06-12
Publication date: 1980-02-06
Also published as: GB2026431B; EP0006366B1; NZ190748A; AU4812279A; MX148275A; EP0006366A1; BR7903870A

Description

1

GB 2 026 431 A

1

SPECIFICATION Steel pallet construction

5 Field of Invention

The present invention relates to pallets.

Background to the Invention Pallets constructed of steel have considerable 10 advantages in that they exhibit substantially constant dimension and substantially constant weight, rendering them of considerable utility in high rise storage systems and automated systems, and have considerable durability and weather resistance. 15 Steel pallets are non-combustible, in contrast to wood, and are lighter than wood for the same dimensions. Wood is also disadvantageous in that is absorbs moisture and is subject to degradation. Steel is also attractive as a material of construction, 20 in that it is relatively inexpensive when compared with aluminium and plastic.

Despite these inherent advantages, steel pallets have not come into common usage, and those steel pallets that have been marketed have been heavy, 25 cumbersome and time-consuming to produce, the elements being interconnected by welding.

Summary of the Invention The present invention is primarily concerned with 30 a steel pallet construction in which the elements are readily formed by suitable metal forming techniques, preferably roll forming, and may be rapidly interconnected using uniquely-constructed one-piece spring clips. The unique constructional fea-35 tures, however, may be used in other assemblies and with pallets formed of other materials of construction.

Brief Description of Drawings 40 Figure 1 is a perspective view of a single-deck 4-way steel pallet constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

Figure2\s a close-up exploded view of the interlocking of the stringer and deck elements of the 45 pallet structure of Figure 1 along with details of the structure of the interconnecting clips;

Figure 3 is a sectional view taken along line Ill-Ill of Figure 2 in a disassembled position;

Figure 4 is the same sectional view as Figure 3 but 50 in an assembled position;

» Figure 5 is a perspective view of a double-deck

4-way steel pallet constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention;

; Figure 6 is a close-up detail view of the interlock-

55 ing of the elements of the pallet structure of Figure 5 along with details of the structure of the interlocking clips;

Figure 7 is a partial sectional view of the assembled pallet taken along line VII-VII of Figure 5; and 60 Figures 8,9 and 10 are respectively perspective, elevation and end views of the clips used in the pallet structure of Figures 5 to 7.

Description of Preferred Embodiments 65 Referring first to the embodiment of Figures 1 to 4

of the drawings, a pallet 10 constructed of, preferably light gauge, steel, preferably corrosion resistant steel, for example, galvanized steel, includes three elongate hollow members or stringer elements 12 70 and a plurality of deck-forming elongate roll-formed elements 14 joined to the upper surface 16 of the stringer elements 12 at each intersection thereof and spaced apart in relation to each other and generally perpendicular to the stringer elements 12. The 75 deck-forming elements 14 cooperate to provide a load-carrying deck on the top side of the pallet 10. The stringer elements 12 may be formed by welding together roll-formed parts.

In the illustrated embodiment, a single-deckfour-80 way pallet is shown but it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the principles of construction and the interlocking arrangement may be applied to other pallet forms, including single-deck two-way, double-deck two-way, double-deck four-way and 85 semi-double-deck pallets, and/or to other types of assemblies.

The numbers of stringer elements 12 and deck-board elements 14 in the structure of Figures 1 to 4 is also illustrative and the numbers may be varied as 90 desired, depending on the overall dimensions of the pallet.

In addition, while the illustrated structure of Figures 1 to 4 is described particularly with reference to the pallet parts being constructed of light gauge 95 steel by roll-forming, the principles of construction outlined herein may be applied to pallet parts constructed of heavy gauge steel or any other convenient material of construction, such as, aluminum, and may be formed by any other convenient 100 fabrication technique, such as, extrusion.

At each intersection of the stringer elements 12 and a surface or panel of the deck-forming elements 14, the stringer elements 12 are provided with an elongate slot 18 or 20, formed in the upper surface 105 16 of the stringer element.

The deck-forming elements 14 have a generally castellated structure which includes first and second elongate parallel coplanar elements 22 and 24 which are joined by an integral member defining a channel 110 26 therebetween and including an elongate portion 28 situated in a plane parallel to the coplanar elements 22 and 24 and adapted to engage the upper surface 16 of the stringer element 12 and first and second upright elements 30 and 32 integrally joining 115 the elongate portion 28 and the coplanar elements 22 and 24.

The deck-forming elements 14 also include integral skirt portions 34 and 36 depending from the coplanar elements 22 and 24 respectively, generally 120 perpendicularly thereto at the sides of the deck-forming members 14for a distance substantially equal to the depth of the channel 26.

The castellated structure described and illustrated for the deck-forming elements 14 represents a 125 preferred structure for steel parts owing to the ease of roll-forming that structure. However, if desired, the deck-forming elements 14 may have a wholly planar top surface with one or more webs depending therefrom into engagement with the surface 16 of 130 the stringer element 12, such as is described in U.S.

2

GB 2 026 431 A

2

Patent No. 4,077,334.

At the lower end of each skirt portion 34 and 36 are integrally-formed flanges 38 and 40 respectively, the flanges extending the length of the skirt portions and 5 being inwardly-directed coplanarly with the elongate portion 28. The inwardly-directed flanges 38 and 40 define panels for engagement with the upper surface 16 of the stringer element 12.

At each intersection with a stringer element 12, the 10 panels defined by flanges 38 and 40 are provided with an elongate slot 42 and a parallel cut-away notch 44. As described in more detail below, the parallel cut-away notch 44 may be replaced by a second parallel elongate slot or the slot 42 may be 15 moved closer to the edge of the flange 38 or 40 and the cut-away notch 44 eliminated. The slot 42 and notch 44 are provided to receive portions of a unitary clip element 46 for the purpose of mounting the same on the deck-forming element 14.

20 As may be seen particularly from Figures 3 and 4, the clip element 46, constructed of suitable resilient material, preferably spring steel, has a generally U-shaped body 48 and a pair of oppositely-facing jaws 50 located at the upper extremities of the body 25 48 for gripping the elongate metal strip 52 between the slot 42 and the cut-away notch 44 to hold the clip element 46 to the flange element 38 or 40. The strip 52 is of a substantially constant width.

Arms 47 of the U-shaped body 48 converge 30 towards the upper end when the clip element is in its rest or non-deformed position as seen in Figure 2, but are generally parallel to each other when mounted to the flanges 38 and 40 to add to the resiliency of the grip mounting of the clip element 46 35 on the deck-forming element 14.

The arms of the U-shaped body 48 are each provided with a cantilevered wing element, or ramp element, 54 which diverges outwardly from the contour of the respective body arm 47 in the 40 direction away from the U-bend or bight portion of the body 48 and then turns inwardly from a shoulder 55 at an outer extremity towards the jaw flange 50.

The distance between the shoulder 55 of the ramp element 54 and the lower surface 56 of the lower 45 flange of the jaw element 50 is preferably somewhat greater than the thickness of the upper surface 16 of the stringer element 12. The distance the free end of the ramp element 54 and the surface 56 is somewhat less than the thickness of the upper surface 16 of the 50 stringer element 12.

As may be seen from comparison of Figures 3 and 4, assembly of the stringer element 12 and the deck-forming element 14 at each intersection of the pallet is achieved by inserting the lower U-bend or 55 bight portion of the body member 48 of the clip member 46 into the respective elongate opening 18 or 20 in the stringer element 12, and pushing the deck-forming element 14 down so that the side edges of the opening 18 or 20 engage the wing or 60 ramp elements 54 resiliently forcing them inwardly towards the remainder of the body member 48 until the side edges of the opening 18 or 20 clear the shoulder portion of the ramp element 54, which then resiliently snaps back towards its original position 65 (see Figure 4) preventing removal of the clip member 46 from the respective opening 18 or 20. The wing or ramp member 54 may be provided with a locking tab orthe like to permanently mount a stringer element to a deck member. 70 The interengagement of the clips 46 with the openings 18 and 20 not only results in a sturdy assembly but also prevents longitudinal movement of the deck-forming elements 14 transverse to the stringer elements 12. Further, the interengagement 75 of the clips 46 with the slots 18 and 20 allows a predetermined degree of resilient freedom of the deck element relative to the stringer element 12 in the direction of the axis of the stringer elements 12 but prevents such movement beyond the point when 80 the side walls of the slots 18 or 20 engage the body portion 48 of the clip 46.

This arrangement arises since, as may be seen in Figure 4, the transverse distance between the side walls 47 of the clip 46, when the clip 46 is assembled 85 to the deck member 14, is substantially fixed while the transverse distance between the shoulders 55 of the ramp elements 54 is relatively resilient. Preferably, the width of the slot 18 or 20 is greater than the distance between the side walls 47 but less than the 90 distance between the shoulders 55. The deck element 14 thereby is able to move transversely relative to stringer 12 with a certain degree of resilient freedom until the side edges of slot 18 or 20 engage the respective side wall 47 oftheclip46, at which 95 point further transverse movement is prevented. More preferably, the slot 18 or 20 is only marginally wider than the distance between the side walls 47 so that the side walls 47 engage the slot edges and thereby contribute to overall rigidity.

100 This assembly is superior to other assemblies in which panels are joined together since the deck elements 14 have a limited degree of resilient longitudinal freedom allowing them to resiliently absorb shock loads in that direction to prevent 105 fracturing and damage to the elements while still providing a relatively rigid assembly in both the longitudinal and transverse directions.

As may be seen in Figure 4, when the stringer element 12 is assembled to the deck element 14 110 utilizing the clip 46, the upper surface 16 of the stringer element 12 is retained between the inwardly-turned upper portion 58 of the ramp element 54 and the jaw elements of the clip 46.

The flexibility of the pallet structure of Figures 1 to 115 4 permits the pallet structure to absorb vibration and shoks and compensate for minor height and other dimensional variations within the pallet elements and the location of positioning of the pallets. These abilities contrast markedly with the very rigid struc-120 ture of welded units, which are notable readily to absorb vibration and compensate for the dimensional and positioning variations.

In addition, the use of the mechanical interlock arrangement between the deck elements 14 and the 125 stringer elements 14 utilizing the clips 46 permits ready replacement of damaged parts, which is not the case in welded structures.

Turning now to the embodiment of Figures 5 to 7, there is illustrated therein a steel pallet 110 of 130 modified construction with respect to the pallet 10 of

3

GB 2 026 431 A

3

Figures 1 to 4 and utilizing a modified form of clip 112 when compared with the clips 46. The structure of the clips 112 is illustrated in detail in Figures 8 to 10.

5 The pallet 110, constructed preferably of light gauge steel, more preferably corrosion resistant steel, for example, galvanized steel, includes three roll-formed elongate spaced stringer elements 114, a plurality of elongate roll-formed top deck-board 10 elements 116 located in spaced apart relation with each other and extending transversely of the stringer elements, three spaced roll-formed hollow leg elements 118 depending from the stringer elements 114 and three elongate roll-formed bottom deck-board 15 elements 120 connected to the lower ends of the leg elements 118.

The pallet construction 110 of Figures 5 to 7 differs from that of Figures 1 to 4 in that the welding operations and their time consuming character 20 required for construction of the stringer elements 12 of the pallet 10 are eliminated. In the pallet 110, the component parts are held together by clips 112.

In the illustrated embodiment, a double-deck four-way pallet is shown but it will be clear to those 25 skilled in the art that the principles of construction and the interlocking arrangement may be applied to other pallet forms, including single-deck four-way, single-deck two-way and double-deck two-way, as well as other types of assemblies.

30 The numbers of stringer elements 114, deck-board elements 116 and 120 and hollow leg elements 118 illustrated in Figures 5 to 7 are used to illustrate the principles of construction of the pallet 110. Any desired number of such elements may be used, 35 depending on the size and intended use of the pallet.

While the illustrated structure of Figures 5 to 7 is described particularly with reference to the pallet parts being constructed of light gauge steel by roll-formingm the principles of construction outlined 40 herein may be applied to pallet parts constructed of heavy gauge steel or other convenient material of construction, such as, aluminum, and may be formed by any other convenient fabrication technique, such as, extrusion.

45 The stringer elements 114 are elongate members having an elongate planar panel porsion 122 receiving the deck-boards 116 thereon and integral depending sidewall or skirt portions 124 defining with the underside of the panel portion 122 a leg receiv-50 ing channel 126. The side wall portions terminate in integral outwardly-directed perpendicular wall portions 128 which themselves terminate in integral upwardly-directed perpendicularwall portions 130 extending parallel to andforthe height of the skirt 55 portions 124, the wall portions 130 terminating in integral inwardly-directed flange portions 132 which provide additional bearing surfaces for the deck-forming elements 116. The arrangement of integral wall portions 124,128 and 130 and flange 132 define 60 generally rectangularly-shaped elongate channels at each side of the planar panel portion 122.

At each intersection of the stringer elements 114 and panel-like engaging portions of upper deck-forming elements 116, the stringer elements 114 are 65 provided with transverse elongate slots 134, formed through the panel portion 122. The slots 134 have a narrower portion 136 adjacent the longitudinal ends thereof and a wider portion 138 extending between the narrower portions 136. The purpose of this 70 construction will become apparent below.

Both the upper deck-board elements 116 and the lower deck:board elements 120 have the same structure although used in opposite orientations. The structure of these elements will be described 75 with respect to the upper deck-board elements 116. The upper deck-board elements 116 have a generally castellated cross-section which includes first and second elongate coplanar elements 140 and 142 which are joined by an integral member defining a 80 channel 144 and including an elongate portion 146 situated in a plane parallel to the coplanar elements 140 and 142 to engage the upper surface of the planar portion 122 and the flange portions 132 of the stringer 114.

85 The deck-board elements 116 further include first and second upright elements 148 and 150 integrally joining the elongate portion 146 and the coplanar portions 140 and 142. Integral skirt portions 152 and 154 depend from the coplanar elements 140 and 142 90 respectively, generally perpendicularly thereto at the sides of the boards 116, for a distance substantially equal to the depth of the channel 144. The skirt portions 152 and 154 are each provided with an indented elongate groove extending the length 95 thereof to impart strength to the deck-board elements 16.

At the lower end of the skirt portions 152 and 54 are integrally-formed inwardly-directed flanges 156 and 158, respectively, which extend the length of the 100 skirt portions and extend coplanarly with the elongate portion 146. The inwardly-directed flanges 156 and 158 define panels for engagement with the planar portions 122 andtheflanges 132 of the stringer elements 114.

105 At each intersection of an upper deck-board element or member 116 with a stringer element 114, the panels defined by the flanges 156 and 158 are provided with an elongate slot 160 and a parallel cut-away notch 162. The parallel cut-away notch 162 110 may be replaced by a second parallel elongate slot or the slot 160 may be moved closer to the edge of the flange 156 or 158 and the cut-away notch 162 eliminated. The slot 160 and notch 162 are provided to recieve portions of the unitary clip structure 112 115 for the purpose of mounting the same on the deck-forming element 116 (or 120).

Each leg element 118 consists of a generally rectangularly cross-sectioned member having its longer dimension vertical and is roll-formed from a 120 single metal piece so that the ends 164 of the metal piece are very closely located to each other, and preferably in abutting relationship. The side wails of the leg element 118 are waisted to impart structural strength thereto. The leg elements 118 are recieved 125 in abutting interference fit relationship with the channel 126 formed by the stringer elements 114, with the ends 164 being prevented from opening by entrapment in the channel 126.

Slots 166 of the same shape and form as and 130 aligned with slots 134 are provided in the portion of

4

GB 2 026 431 A

4

the leg element 118 abutting the underside of the panel portion 122 to receive the clips 112 therethrough. Slots 168 are provided in the lower surface of the leg element 118 of the same shape and form 5 as slots 166 to receive therethrough the clips 112 mounted on lower deck-board elements 120 to assemble the lower deck-board elements 120 with the remainder of the pallet.

Where a single deck pallet is required, the latter 10 slots may be omitted. Where a two-way pallet is required, the spaced leg elements 118 may be provided as a continuous leg element extending from one extremity of the stringer element 114to the other.

15 As may be particularly seen, particularly from Figures 8 to 10, each clip 112, constructed of suitable resilient material, preferably spring steel, has a generally U-shaped body 170 and a pair of oppositely facing jaws 172 located at the upper extremities of 20 the body 170 for gripping the elongate metal strip 174 of substantially constant width located between the slot 160 and the cut-away notch 162 to hold the clip element 112 to the flange 156 or 158.

The jaw elements 172 also include integral diverg-25 ing wing members 176 to facilitate assembly of the clip element 112 to the deck board elements 116 or 120. The arms 178 of the U-shaped body 170 converge slightly towards the jaw element end thereof when the clip element 112 is in its rest or 30 non-deformed position (see Figure 10) but are generally parallel to each other when mounted to the flanges 156 and 158 to add to the resiliency of the grip mounting of the clip element 112 on the deck-board 116 or 120, as may be in Figure 7. 35 The arms 178 of the U-shaped body 170 are each provided with a cantilevered wing element, or ramp element 180 a transverse dimension substantially the length of the wider portion 138 of the slot 134. The ramp element 180 diverges outwardly from the 40 contour of the respective body arm 178 in the direction away from the U-bend or bight portion of the body 170 and then has an inwardly turned portion 182 extending from a shoulder 184 towards the adjacent jar 172 to terminate in planar alignment 45 with the lower su rface of the jaw 172, as may be seen from Figures 8 and 10. The shoulders 184arespeced apart a distance greater than the transverse dimension of the slot 134. A locking tab 186 is provided extending oppositely from the portion 182 for a short 50 distance towards the adjacent jaw 172.

The body portion 170 has cut-aways 188 at each longitudinal extremity adjacent the bight portion thereof to assist in location and assembly of the pallet elements. Such cut-aways may be omitted, if 55 desired.

The clip 112 is mounted to the deck-board member 116 or 120 by engaging the wing members 176 with the slot 160 and notch 162 and pushing the clip 122 towards the flange element 156 or 158 to spread the 60 jaw elements 172 apart until the sides of the mefal strip 174 pass the shoulder defined by the jaw elements 172 and the wing elements 176, whereupon the jaws 172 of the clip 112 snap into resilient engagement with the opposite sides of the metal 65 strip 174.

Assembly of the deck-board members 116 and 120 with clips 112 attached thereto with the remainder of the pallet is initiated by locating, with the assistance of the cut-aways 188, the U-bend or bight portion of 70 the clip 112 in the respective aligned elongate slot 134 and 166 of the stringer element 114 and the leg element 118 respectively, for the upper deck-board members 116 or into the respective openings 168 in the leg elements 118 for the lower deck-board 75 members 120. The deck-board member 116 or 120 is then pushed towards the respective slots, so that the side edges of the wider portions 138 of the respective slots engage the wing or ramp elements 180 resiliently forcing them inwardly towards the re-80 mainder of the body member 170 until the side edges of the openings clear the shoulders 184. The ramp elements 180 then resiliently snap back towards the original position to prevent removal of the clip member 112 from the respective slot. In this 85 assembled position, the inwardly-turned portions 182 extend into engagement with the side edges of the wider portion 138 of the slots while the remainder of the transverse length of the body portion 178 engages the narrow portion 136 of the slots. The 90 locking tabs 186 result in a substantially permanent assembly.

As seen in Figure 7, the clips 112 assemble the upper deck-board member 116 with the stringer element 114 and the leg member 118. The clips 112 95 also assemble the lower deck-boards 120 with the leg member 118. The clips 112 used in the pallet structure of Figures 5 to 7, impart rigidity and limited resiliency characteristics to the pallet 110 similar to those imparted by the clips 46 in the pallet 10 of 100 Figures 1 to 4 and discussed in more detail above with respect thereto.

The clips 112 differ from clips 46, however, in important and beneficial respects. Thus, the clips 112 have divergent wing flanges or elements 176 to 105 permit more ready and rapid mounting of the clips 112 on the deck-board members 116 and 120 than is the case with the clips 46. Further, the inwardly-directed portions 182 of the ramp elements 180 extend further inwardly than is the case for clips 46 110 so as to engage the slot walls. This ramp element structure permits both the multiple metal thicknesses associated with assembly of the upper deck-boards 116 with the stringer elements 114 and the leg elements 118 and the lesser metal thickness 115 associated with assembly of the lower deck-boards 120 with the leg elements 118 to be accommodated, which is not the case with clip 46.

Summary of Invention 120 In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides steel pallet structures, clip structures for utilization therewith, and assemblies of parts applicable in other devices. Modifications are possible within the scope of the invention.

125

Claims

1. A pallet constituted by parallel spaced-apart stringer elements, deck-forming elements extending 130 transverse to the stringer elements, and clips con

5

GB 2 026 431 A

5

necting the stringer elements and deck-forming elements at each intersection thereof, each clip being mounted to one of the elements and extending in non-releasing manner through a slot formed 5 in the other of the elements.

2. A pallet as claimed in claim 1, in which the stringer elements and deck-forming elements are formed from steel and the clips are of one-piece construction and formed from spring steel.

10 3. A pallet as claimed in claim 2, in which the stringer elements and the deck-forming elements are formed by roll-forming.

4. A pallet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, in which each stringer element includes a con-

15 tinuous elongate planar portion extending the length thereof and three hollow portions of generally rectangular cross-section with the longer dimension thereof positioned upright and located one at each end of the continuous portion and the other approxi-

20 mately at the mid-point in the length thereof.

5. A pallet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, in which the clips are mounted to inwardly-directed flanges of the deck-forming element and the slots are formed in the upper surface of the stringer

25 elements.

6. A pallet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, in which each clip includes opposed jaws for mounting the clip to the deck-forming member, a U-shaped body for extending through the slots in the stringer

30 elements, and resilient ramp elements cantilevered outwardly and upwardly from the side wails of the U-shaped body and including inwardly-extending portions for inhibiting removal of the U-shaped body through the slots.

35 7. A pallet as claimed in claim 6, in which each slot incudes a wider portion between narrower end portions and the inwardly-extending portions engage the edges of the widened portions of the slot.

8. A pallet substantially as hereinbefore de-

40 scribed with reference to, and as illustrated in.

Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

9. A pallet substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in. Figures 5 to 7 of the accompanying drawings.

45 10. A one-piece sheet metal clip for attaching two panels in overlying relation, comprising a generally U-shaped body, a pair of inwardly facing jaws at the ends of the body side walls, and a cantilevered ramp member formed from each of the

50 walls and extending outwardly of the walls, each ramp member having a shoulder and an inwardly-directed portion extending towards the jaws.

11. A clip as claimed in claim 10, in which the inwardly-directed portion terminates in the plane of

55 the adjacent flange of the jaw.

12. A clip as claimed in either claim 10 or 11, in which the jaws include outwardly divergent wing elements.

13. A clip as claimed in any one of claims 10 to

60 12, in which the U-shaped body includes cut-aways adjacent the bight portion thereof.

14. A clip as claimed in any one of claims 10 to 13, in which the ramp elements include outwardly-directed locking tabs.

65 15. A one-piece sheet metal clip substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in, Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

16. A one-piece sheet metal clip substantially as 70 hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in. Figures 8 to 10 of the accompanying drawings.

17. An assembly of elements, comprising a first panel having an elongate slot formed therein having

75 a first width adjacent the ends thereof and a second width at least equal to the first between the ends thereof, a second panel having a second slot formed therein and defining a short strip with a spaced edge, the slots being of equal length, and a one-piece 80 spring metal clip assembling the first and second panels in overlying relation, the metal clip having a generally U-shaped body portion of a length substantially equal to the length of the slots extending through the first slot, the metal clip having a pair of 85 inwardly-facing jaw members at the free ends of the body walls resiliently gripping the short strip therebetween, the metal clip also having a cantilevered ramp member formed from each side wall including a first portion extending outwardly from the bight 90 portion to a shoulder and a second portion extending inwardly from the shoulder towards the side wall to retain the first panel between the second portion and the lower flange of the adjacent jaw element.

18. An assembly as claimed in claim 17, in which 95 the first slot has a first width adjacent the ends thereof substantially the width of the clip body and a wider width between the ends less than the distance between the shoulders and of a length substantially equal to the length of the ramp members, and the 100 second portion of each ramp member of the clip extends to terminate in the plane of the lower flange of the jaw element in engagement with the edges of the wider width portion.

19. An assembly as claimed in either claim 17 or 105 18, in which the spaced edge of the short strip is defined by a notch formed in second panel.

20. An assembly of element substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in, either Figures 1 to 4 or Figures 5 to 8 of

110 the accompanying drawings.

Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office by Croydon Printing Company Limited, Croydon Surrey, 1980.

Published by the Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC2A t AY, from which copies may be obtained.