GB1598483A

GB1598483A - Power supply circuit

Info

Publication number: GB1598483A
Application number: GB571/78A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: International Business Machines Corp
Current assignee: International Business Machines Corp
Priority date: 1977-02-28
Filing date: 1978-01-06
Publication date: 1981-09-23
Also published as: FR2382128B1; IT1112660B; JPS53107619A; DE2801141A1; FR2382128A1; IT7820145A0

Description

(54) POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT (71) We, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, a Corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York in the United States of America, of Armonk, New York 10504, United States of America do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to a power supply circuit.

Provision of an "uninterruptible power supply" is important in many computer installations, normally supplied from a public utility source. Typically, a bank of batteries is used and a diesel generator may be provided to keep the batteries charged if the public utility source is out of service for more than a few minutes but in any case the immediate source of energy during the public utility interruption is the batteries. In a system of this kind, a DC/AC inverter is provided to convert the battery DC to power line frequency AC.

However, most solid state inverter systems are incapable of powering a reactive and/or rapidly changing load efficiently and without distortion.

According to the present invention there is provided a power supply circuit having a pair of input d.c. supply terminals, a pair of switch circuits connected respectively to the supply terminals, a filter circuit connecting the switch circuits to an output load terminal, the switch circuits being switchable alternately to apply to the filter circuit the voltages of the pair of supply terminals, a reference circuit to generate an oscillating reference voltage, means to compare the reference voltage with the voltage of the load terminal and effective to generate a control signal from the comparison, and a bistable circuit connected to receive the control signal and effective to switch to a first stable state in response to variation of the control signal above a first threshold and to switch to a second stable state in response to variation of the control signal below a second threshold, the switch circuits being arranged to be switched whenever the bistable circuit switches states thereby to control deviation of the load terminal voltage from the reference voltage, each of the switch circuits having a circuit path to allow the passage of current from the filter circuit to the supply terminal thereof in opposition to the voltage of that supply terminal.

The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a DC/AC power supply circuit embodying the present invention, Figure 2 is a block diagram of a feedback circuit included in the power supply circuit of Figure 1, Figure 3 is illustrative of the voltage, current and power wave forms of a zero power factor load, Figure 4 is a diagram showing the relationship of current, voltage and power in a 60 lagging load and, Figure 5 is illustrative of the waveforms encountered in the power supply circuit of Figure 1.

The circuit arrangement of Figure 1 includes a pair of batteries +E and -E connected across (+) and (-) busses 10, 12. Input terminals 14, 16 are provided to charge batteries +E and -E from an external source such as a rectifier powered from a public utility, a motor-generator set or otherwise. A pair of switches 18, 20 connect busses 10, 12 to the input 22 of filter 24 which, in turn, feeds output terminals 26, 28 to which an AC load 30 may be connected.

When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a reactive load, there are times when the current flow to or from the load is opposite in polarity to the instantaneous voltage applied to the load. When these polarities are opposite, energy must flow from the load back to the source. If the inverter control did not provide for this mode of operation, the applied voltage and resulting load current would become severely distorted from the desired sinusoidal wave form.

A feed-back connection 32 provides a signal corresponding to the output, as one input to a control circuit 34. The other input to control 34 is supplied via line 36 as a voltage signal having the desired output wave form. For example, line 36 may be energized from an oscillator 38 providing a sinusoidal voltage wave shape on line 36.

Signals at outputs 40, 42 of control 34 represent function of the relationship of the actual output as sensed at feed-back 32 to the desired output as provided at 36 by oscillator 38.

These signals at outputs 40, 42 are utilized to control the switches 18, 20 in such fashion as to cause the output voltage to the load 30 at terminals 26, 28 to track the desired output voltage wave shape.

In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the switches 18, 20 each comprise a transistor 44, 46 in parallel with a respective diode 48, 50, each diode being poled oppositely with respect to its associated transistor. Accordingly each of the switches 18, 20 can conduct in either direction.

Switch 18 connects +E through transistor 44 to the input 22 of the filter 24 under the control of the base drive connection 40 to transistor 44. On the other hand, the associated diode 48 clamps filter input connection 22 against rising higher than +E. Similarly, switch 20 comprises transistor 46 which, under the control of its transistor base drive connection 42 connects filter input terminal 22 to the (-) buss 12, that is, to -E, and its associated diode 50 clamps terminal 22 against falling below -E.

Thus it will be seen that switches 18, 20 constrain input terminal 22 to a voltage swing within a diode drop (about one volt) of the boundaries of +E, -E and are operative to feed current to or accept current from terminal 22 as a result of that constraint and the control function supplied to base drives 40, 42 by the outputs of control 34. In the embodiment of Figure 1, the total battery capacity is divided into two parts to provide separate positive and negative sources. This permits the switching circuitry to be connected directly between the sources and the output filter, without need for an intervening push pull transformer or other additional elements to effect reversal of the applied source polarity.

Filter 24 comprises a series inductor 52 and a shunt capacitor 54. Capacitor 54 operates to smooth the output and inductor 52 operates as a series impedance to absorb the potential difference between its input terminal 22 and output terminal 26 of the supply, that is to say, the instantaneous potential difference between the +E, -E source/sink attached to terminal 22 and the voltage on filter capacitor 54. In the illustrated embodiment, impedance 52 is an inductor so as to be dissipationless except for its own inherent resistance.

The feedback control 34 of Figure 1 is adapted to operate switches 18, 20 in accordance with a function of the difference or error between the actual output voltage at output terminals 26, 28 of the supply and the reference signal on line 36. Preferably this function contains a term corresponding to the rate of change of this difference so that corrective action can include an element of anticipation whereby more accurate tracking of the reference signal is facilitated.

Figure 2 shows, in diagrammatic fashion, logic for providing this function. It will be evident that various control circuits can provide the desired high frequency switching capability for accurate, subcycle tracking of the reference. The showing of Figure 2 is an example of a suitable circuit arrangement.

In the illustrated control, the sense voltage on line 32 from the output terminal 26 of the supply is compared, by a differential amplifier 60, to the reference voltage on line 36 from oscillator 38. The resulting error signal on line 62 is fed to a differentiator circuit 64 and the resulting differential signal is passed through a scaling circuit 66, the output of which is added in a mixer 68 to the raw error signal on line 70. Typically, the maximum value of the sealed differential component K de/dt should be in the order of the maximum expected magnitude of the error signal e. The resulting signal e+K de/dt is fed to two comparators 72, 74 in which it is compared respectively to threshold potentials +A and -A. Potentials +A and -A may be supplied from any suitable bias source, not shown. For a 120 volt rms output supply +A and -A may be in the order of 1 volt. These thresholds provide a "dead band", the width of which operates, in conjunction with the other parameters of the supply, to control the subcycle frequency at which the inverter follows the reference wave shape.

Typically, this subcycle frequency may be of the order of fifty times the fundamental output frequency of the signal. The use of a "dead band" to control the subcycle frequency is given as an example; other means to limit this frequency could be substituted, such as a timing circuit setting a minimum "on" time for the transistors of switches 18, 20. The outputs of comparators 72 and 74 are passed to the set and reset inputs, respectively, of latch of flip-flop FF. When e+K de/dt is more postive than +A, latch FF is set. When it is more negative than -A , latch FF is reset. The "1" and "0" outputs of latch FF are connected respectively to isolator circuits 76, 78, the outputs of which are connected to the base drive lines 40, 42 of transistors 44, 46 of switches 18, 20. The isolator circuits 76, 78 may be, for example, LED/phototransistor DC decoupling devices which permit reference of the base drive signals on lines 40, 42 to the emitters of transistors 44, 46 via line 80 connected to terminal 22. Since, in the illustrated embodiment, transistors 44, 46 are of opposite conductivity types, the output of decoupling circuit 76 may be of an inverting type.

Alternatively, both of the base drives could be connected to one of the decoupling circuits such as decoupling circuit 76 in which case a "1" output of latch FF would serve to provide base drive to transistor 46 and off drive to transistor 44, and vice versa.

Operation of the illustrated supply will now be described with reference to the remaining Figures of the drawings. Figure 3 illustrates a problem presented to a solid state inverter by a highly reactive load, in the illustrated figure, a hypothetical purely inductive load powered by a sinusoidal AC potential. In this case, the load current 100 lags the applied potential 102 by 90". The corresponding power flow is the result of the instantaneous product of the voltage and current at the load. Thus, from zero to 90 , that product has a negative sign and energy flows from the load to the source as indicated at 104. From 90" to 1800, the product is positive and the energy flow is toward the load as indicated at 106. Similarly, the energy flow direction is toward the source in the third quadrant of the cycle as indicated at 108 and is toward the load in the fourth quadrant as shown at 110. In this example, the net power output is zero and the supply would be required to transfer energy back to the source substantially as much as it is to transfer energy from the source to the load.

In the more typical situation illustrated in Figure 4, the load current 120 lags the output voltage 122 by 60 ; thus the supply must act as an energy sink from zero to 600 and from 1800 to 2400 and as a source from 60 to 1800 and from 240 to 3600. In order for the output voltage 122 to rise as it does from 0 to 60 , capacitor 54 must charge. Accordingly, part of the current 20 which is accepted from the load during that period goes to charging capacitor 54 and the remainder must pass through inductor 52 and be accepted by the inverter circuitry connected to terminal 22 of the filter. From 60 to 900, current is required from the source to provide both the growing positive output current 120 and that current which is needed to additionally charge capacitor 54 to its peak positive voltage. Thereafter, from 90" to 1500 the charge on capacitor 54 decreases as shown by output voltage curve 122, yielding a net outward current from capacitor 54 which combines with current from the source through inductor 52 to support the rising load current 120. In other words, capacitor 54 has the effect of reducing the degree by which current to and from the inverter through inductor 52 lags the output voltage. This is taken care of automatically in the supply of Figure 1, since the current flow in inductor 52 is adjusted automatically to track the desired output voltage wave form.

Figure 5 is a fragmentary diagrammatic showing of wave form 130 of the current through inductor 52, and the voltage 131 at terminal 22 thereof as the switches 18, 20 operate to control the current. As shown, the current hunts about a smoothed or median value 132 required to support the parallel network of load 30 and filter capacitor 54. For clarity of illustration, the width of the "dead band" 134 set by threshold levels +A, -A (Figure 2), the period of oscillation about median value 132, and the amount by which median value 132 leads load current 120 are exagerated in Figure 5.

When the output voltage sensed at 30, Figure 1 exceeds the instantaneous value of the reference wave form on line 36, control 34 (after allowing for the effect of +A and K de/dt) operates to turn off transistor 44 and fully turn on transistor 46. The terminal 22, which had been connected to the voltage of positive bus 10 is now connected to the -E voltage of bus 12, as shown at 136. If, at the moment, (with transistor 46 on) the current in inductor 52 is negative, that is toward terminal 22, then this negative current will flow through transistor 46 and tend to increase. A situation of this kind is seen at 138, 136, Figure 5. With the capacitor voltage positive and the load current negative (compare Figure 4), this action will tend to decrease the charge on capacitor 54 until the output voltage sensed by feedback 32 is slightly below the reference 38 wave form whereupon the control 34 will reverse and transistor 46 will be turned off and transistor 44 will be turned on. The (negative) current through inductor 52 toward terminal 22 will cause the voltage at 22 to rise and will be diverted through clamping diode 48 to +E bus 10. This action will tend to reduce the magnitude of the negative inductor current and is seen for example at 140, 142, Figure 5.

Thus it will be seen that when the inductor current is negative, it is really transistor 46 which controls and diode 48 which clamps. When the current reverses and is positive, it is really transistor 44 which controls and diode 50 which clamps. In some switching networks, it may be desireable to signal this reversal of roles by a zero crossing detector for the inductor current. This is particularly desireable for a thyristor switch. However, in the illustrated transistor circuit the control is simpler and this function is purely automatic. The diodes conduct whenever forward biased, and no harm is done in supplying forward base drive to the switching transistors whenever the feedback circuit so dictates, assuming, of course, provision of sufficient impedance or other current limiting means in the base drive circuits to prevent excessive collector-base current.

When current flows from terminal 22 through diode 48 to bus 10, battery +E is charged.

Similarly when current flows through diode 50, battery -E is charged. Thus when the potential and current values at terminal 22 are opposite in sign, energy is stored back in the supply batteries (or in any other energy absorbing devices which are connected across terminals 14, 16. At other times, battery +E or -E and/or other supply devices connected across input terminals 14, 16 supply energy to the combination of capacitor 54 and load 30.

The operation of the switches 18, 20 is controlled by the feedback circuit to vary the +E, -E on time radio automatically to effect this energy flow. The values of +E and -E should exceed the peak AC output at terminals 26, 28 substantially, so that adequate potential difference is available across inductor 52 for fast responses. Typically +E and -E would be in the order of 250 volts for a 120 volt rms supply.

In the foregoing discussions, sinusoidal wave forms are assumed. This will result when reference 38 is sinusoidal and the load 30 is a constant state AC load. However, the circuit of Figure 1 can supply non-linear loads (loads with rapid, non-sinusoidal current pulses or steps) as well. The feedback circuit will force current into or draw current from capacitor 54 in the amounts required to track the reference voltage wave form. In the same manner, a non-sinusoidal wave form can be utilized as the reference 38, and in such case currents will be sup lied or drawn by the inverter to cause the output at terminals 26, 28 to track that wave forum as well.

The design for the inductance L in henries of the inductor 52 is based on the di/dt required.

The di/dt value is found by adding the maximum value of di/dt required by load 30 to the di/dt requirement of the filter capacitor 54 at the point in the wave form where the maximum di/dt of the load is required. Then, L = (E - Eout) di/dt at the time of the maximum di/dt of the load.

The design for the filter capacitor 54 is a function of the ripple voltage requirement. An approximate value for the capacity C in farads of capacitor 54, ignoring resistances in the filter 24, can be found as follows: T = Time of 1/2 cycle of output voltage P = The sum of plus E to minus E and minus E to plus E voltage switchovers per half-cycle, of output frequency, full load hE = Maximum peak to peak ripple voltage allowed = = Peak filter inductor current at full load.

Ip(T/P) C = Ip(T/P) AE Various substitutions and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, thyristor or even electro-mechanical switches could be substituted for the transistor-diode switches 18, 20. One example of a suitable thyristor switch is shown in the IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 9 (Feb. 1974), page 2926-2927. Also, while a purely AC output, based on a purely AC reference, has been illustrated, it will be understood that the reference and the output could have a DC component if desired. This is particularly facilitated by the direct coupling to the output without an intervening transformer. facilitated by the +E, -. E source and switching arrangement illustrated.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A power supply circuit having a pair of input d.c. supply terminals, a pair of switch circuits connected respectively to the supply terminals, a filter circuit connecting the switch circuits to an output load terminal, the switch circuits being switchable alternately to apply to the filter circuit the voltages of the pair of supply terminals, a reference circuit to generate an oscillating reference voltage, means to compare the reference voltage with the voltage of the load terminal and effective to generate a control signal from the comparison, and a bistable circuit connected to receive the control signal and effective to switch to a first stable stage in response to variation of the control signal above a first threshold and to switch to a second stable state in response to variation of the control signal below a second threshold. the switch circuits being arranged to be switched whenever the bistable circuit switches states thereby to control deviation of the load terminal voltage from the reference voltage. each of the switch circuits having a circuit path to allow the passage of current from the filter circuit to the supply terminal thereof in opposition to the voltage of that supply terminal.

2. A power supply circuit according to claim 1 wherein the filter circuit comprises a capacitive circuit element connected from the load terminal to a point of reference potential and an inductor connecting the switch circuits to the load terminal.

3. A power supply circuit according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the switch circuits each comprise a diode constituting the circuit path to allow the passage of current from the filter circuit to the supply terminal lllercol.

A. A power supply circuit according to claim 3 wherein the switch circuits each comprise a transistor connected in parallel to the diode thereof and having a base electrode of which the voltage is controlled by the bistable circuit.

5. A power supply circuit accoting to any one of the preceding claims wherein the reference circuit is so adapted that the reference voltage is an alternating voltage.

6. A power supply circuit according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising a pair of storage batteries connected respectively to the pair of input supply terminals and supplying voltages of opposite polarity to the supply terminals.

7. A power supply circuit substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 1 and ' of the accompanying drawings.

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 9 (Feb. 1974), page 2926-2927. Also, while a purely AC output, based on a purely AC reference, has been illustrated, it will be understood that the reference and the output could have a DC component if desired. This is particularly facilitated by the direct coupling to the output without an intervening transformer. facilitated by the +E, -. E source and switching arrangement illustrated. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A power supply circuit having a pair of input d.c. supply terminals, a pair of switch circuits connected respectively to the supply terminals, a filter circuit connecting the switch circuits to an output load terminal, the switch circuits being switchable alternately to apply to the filter circuit the voltages of the pair of supply terminals, a reference circuit to generate an oscillating reference voltage, means to compare the reference voltage with the voltage of the load terminal and effective to generate a control signal from the comparison, and a bistable circuit connected to receive the control signal and effective to switch to a first stable stage in response to variation of the control signal above a first threshold and to switch to a second stable state in response to variation of the control signal below a second threshold. the switch circuits being arranged to be switched whenever the bistable circuit switches states thereby to control deviation of the load terminal voltage from the reference voltage. each of the switch circuits having a circuit path to allow the passage of current from the filter circuit to the supply terminal thereof in opposition to the voltage of that supply terminal.