GB1597856A - Production of cephalosporin antibiotics - Google Patents

Description

(54) IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO THE PRODUCTION OF CEPHALOSPORIN ANTIBIOTICS (71) We, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, a Corporation organised and existing under the laws of the State of Massachusetts, United States of America, residing at 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to a cell-free process for producing a cephalosporin antibiotic.

Cephalosporins comprise a group of ,8 lactam penicillin-like antibiotic substances which are soluble in water and exhibit activity against certain penicillin resistant staphylococci.

Examples of cephalosporin antibiotics include desacetylcephalosporin C, deacetoxycephalosporin C, 7 methoxy cephalosporin C, cephamycin A and B, and cephalosporin C. The latter has the structural formula:

Penicillin N, an example of a related family of antibiotics, has the structure set forth below:

A review of the structural formulae of the above noted ss lactam compounds indicates that it would be theoretically possible to convert penicillins such as penicillin N to cephalosporins if the five membered thiazolidine ring of the penicillins could be expanded to the six membered dihydrothiazine ring characteristic of the cephalosporins. Indeed, in the Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 85, at pages 1896 and 1897, R.B. Morin et al. disclose a method of synthetically producing a cephalosporin from a penicillin.

It is also known that Cephalosporium acremonium (C. acremonium) can synthesize both penicillin N and cephalosporin C by fermentation. In this process, the amino acids L-a-aminoadipic acid, L-valine, and L-cysteine are formed by the culture and used as precursors. The antibiotic activity of both cephalosporin C and penicillin N can be destroyed if they are treated with cephalosporinase, an enzyme which is prepared from Enterobacter cloacae. Penicillinase, a commercially available enzyme, destroys the antibiotic activity of penicillin N but has no detectable effect on the cephalosporins.

As used throughout this specification and claims, the term "cephalosporin" will thus refer to a ss lactam antibiotic substance which loses its antibiotic activity when exposed to cephalosporinase but is not affected by penicillinase.

It is an object of the invention to provide a cell-free process for producing a cephalosporin antibiotic.

Another object of the invention is to produce cephalosporin without resorting to fermentation procedures or laboratory synthesis.

Another obJect of the invention is to produce cephalosporins in significant quantities by including an energy generating system comprising a phosphate donor and a phosphotransferase enzyme in the cell-free enzymatic process.

We have found that cephalosporins can be made in a cell-free process by exposing certain substances characterized by the five membred thiazolidine ring and the B lactam moiety of Penicillins to a cell-free extract of C. acremonium in the presence of adenosine triphosphate ATP) under conditions favoring high oxygen transfer. While the exact identity of the cephalosporin or cephalosporins produced has not as yet been determined, it appears that the product or products have antibiotic properties identical to those of known cephalosporins such as cephalosporin C.

The substances which are used as starting materials have the formula:

where R is a hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms terminally substituted with (a) -COOH (b) -NH2

(d) -COOH and -NH2 present in the D-form

The invention provides a process for producing a cephalosporin (as defined herein) antibiotic, said process comprising the steps of (a) providing a cell-free extract of Cephalosporium acremonium; (b) providing a source of starting material comprising a substance having the formula:

wherein R is a hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms terminally substituted with (i) -COOH (ii) -NH2

(iv) -COOH and -NH2 present in the D-form r

(c) contacting the extract and the starting material in a reaction zone while promoting oxygen transfer; (d) providing adenosine triphosphate as an energy source to said reaction zone; and (e) allowing the extract to react with the starting material to produce the cephalosporin antibiotic.

The preferred starting materials are those wherein R is:

As to (3), only the D-form, penicillin N, has been found to be active as a starting material.

Preferably an ATP regenerating system comprising a phosphate donor and a phosphotransferase enzyme is included with the starting material and the extract to optimize cephalosporin production. Preferably, the phosphate donor is phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the phosphotransferase enzyme is pyruvate kinase. The cell-free extract of C.

acremonium is preferably produced by enzymatic lysis of the cells with, for example, known enzyme preparations such as Cytophaga lytic enzyme L1 and Zymolyase from Arthrobacter lutes, and then homogenizing the resulting protoplasts.

Mannitol and trace concentrations of KCl and MgSO4 may be included in the reaction zone, and the reaction zone buffered to about pH 7.2.

The invention also provides a process for producing a cephalosporin (as defined herein) antibiotic, said process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a source of Cephalosporium acremonium mycelia; (b) treating said mycelia with endo B 13(1 3) glucanase, endo 13(1 4) glucanase and, from Arthrobacter luteus, zymolyase; (c) incubating the treated mycelia to produce a protoplast suspension and homogenizing the suspension to produce a cell free extract; (d) providing a source of starting material compnsing a substance having the formula:

wherein R is selected from - (CH2)3-COOH

and

present in the D-form (e) contacting the extract and the starting material in the presence of adenosine triphosphate in a reaction zone while promoting oxygen transfer; and (f) allowing the extract to react with the starting material to produce a cephalosporin antibiotic.

The reaction solution may be vigorously shaken or other steps taken to effect efficient oxygen transfer.

The invention also provides a cephalosporin antibiotic when produced by a process according to the invention.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a cephalosporin antibiotic according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

There now follows a description, to be read with reference to the accompanying drawing, of embodiments of the invention. This description, which is illustrative of process and product aspects of the invention, is given by way of example only, and not by way of limitation of the invention.

In the accompanying drawing, the single figure is a graph of ss lactam antibiotic produced in Zg/ml vs. incubation time and assayed in the presence of penicillinase or cephalosporinase.

In the embodiments of the invention, a precursor to cephalosporin is intimately contacted with a cell-free extract, made from C. acremonium, in the presence of ATP and is thereby transformed by one or more enzymes in the extract to a cephalosporin antibiotic. C.

acremonium is a well known microorganism, and several strains are available from the American Type Culture Collection such as ATCC 20339 (Cephalosporium sp. strain F.12) and ATCC 14553.

The preferred method of preparing the cell-free extract comprises lysing a protoplast pellet made from whole cells obtained from 52-56 hr. mycelia and treated with, e.g.

Cytophaga lytic enzyme L1 preparation and Zymolyase-5000. After treatment with the enzymes, the protoplast pellet suspension is centrifuged and gently homogenized. A second centrifugation enables separation of a supernatant liquid extract which may be used to produce the cephalosporins. Thus, if a suitable starting material is mixed with this cell-free extract, and the mixture is vigorously agitated, a cephalosporin rich solution results.

It has further been discovered that the addition of ATP, and preferably ATP plus an ATP regeneration system, increases the amount of cephalosporin produced. The ATP regenerating system comprises a phosphate donor and a phosphotransferase enzyme. The preferred phosphate donor is phosphoenolpyruvate and its corresponding phosphotransferase enzyme, pyruvate kinase. However, it will be appreciated that other phosphate donor-phosphotransferase enzymes may also be used. These include but are not limited to phosphotransferases such as creatine kinase, acetate kinase, carbamate kinase, phosphoramidate kinase, arginine kinase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, and aspartate kinase, and corresponding phosphate donors such as creatine phosphate, acetyl phosphate, carbamyl phosphate, phosphoramidate, arginine phosphate, 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, and aspartyl phosphate.

While the exact identity of the one or more cephalosporins produced in this reaction is presently unknown, the presence of a cephalosporin can be verified with the aid of three agents: a mutant of either Escherichia coli (designated ESS) or certain strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3080 (see Agr. Biol. Chem., 38(9), 1761-1762, 1974) which are supersensitive specifically to ss lactam antibiotics; penicillinase, an enzyme which destroys the antibiotic properties of penicillin N; and cephalosporinase, an enzyme which destroys the antibiotic properties of both cephalosporins and penicillin N. The cell-free system employed has been observed to produce antibiotics which are effective against ESS or the P. aeruginosa, and thus were determined to contain the ss lactam moeity. However, the antibiotic activity of the product was unaffected by the presence of penicillinase, but destroyed by cephalosporinase. Accordingly, we believe it is clear that a ss lactam cephalosporin antibiotic was being produced.

We believe the possibility that intact cells are responsible for the biosynthesis has been eliminated. It has been found that when agitation is low, cephalosporin production ceases, indicating that oxygen transfer is important to the synthesis. The addition of cycloheximide has been observed to have no effect on the procedure, indicating that protein synthesis is not required for the cephalosporin production. Addition of the precursors to the known fermentation production, L-a-amino-adipic acid, L-valine, and L-cysteine, had no observable effect on the cephalosporin production. While the presence of penicillins, particularly Penicillin N, enhances cephalosporin production, penicillin G or 6 aminopenicillanic acid showed no stimulatory activity. If penicillinase is added to the cell-free system during the course of the reaction, cephalosporin production is immediately terminated.

In view of the above, it appears that the cell-free extract contains one or more specific enzymes which require a precursor containing the five membered thiazolidine ring and the ss lactam moiety.

Example Cultures of C. acremonium were incubated at 250C in 250 ml flasks containing 40 ml samples of a medium consisting of the ingredients set forth below. The specific C.

acremonium used in this example was originally obtained from Eli Lilly and Co. and is available on an unrestricted basis under the designation of MIT-M4 on request directed to the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambndge, Massachusetts 02139.

Cephalosporium acremonium production medium Sucrose 36.0 g Glucose 27.0 g (NH4)2SO4 7.5 g Oleic acid 1.5 g Salt #1 7.5 ml Salt #2 135.0 ml Methionine 3.0 g These ingredients were solubilized in enough pH 7.3 buffer to make up 1 liter of solution.

Salt #1 comprised a 20 g/l solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate 6H20. Salt #2 comprised a mixture of the ingredients set forth below dissolved in enough water to make 1.8 liters of solution.

Salt #2 K2HPO4 208.0 g KH2PO4 204.0 g Na2SO4.10H2O 22.7 g MgSO4.7H2O 4.9 g ZnSO4.7H2O 0.4 g MnSO4.H2O 0.4 g CuSO4.5H2O 0.1 g CaCl2.2H2O 1.0 g The mycelium harvested at 52-56 hours was filtered and washed 3 times with 20 ml samples of distilled water. The damp-dry mycelium was resuspended in 10 ml of citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.3), McIlvaine's, (containing 0.01M dithiothreitol) and incubated for 1 hour at 280C with shaking. After filtering and washing, the mycelium was resuspended in the same buffer, this time containing 1.0 M NaCI, 0.02 M MgSO4 and 40 mg of the lysing preparation Cytophaga lytic enzyme L1 and 40 mg Zymolyase-5000 from Arthrobacter luteus. [Cytophaga lytic enzyme L1 was obtained from BDH chemicals, Poole, Dorset U.K. The preparation of this enzyme is described in British Patent Specification No.

1,048,887 and originally was isolated from the culture medium of a micro-organism temporarily designated L1. This organism has been deposited in the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria in Aberdeen, Scotland as N.C. I.B. 9497. The lytic enzyme L1 preparation has been described as having endo13 (1e3) and endow (1 < 4) glucanase activities. (Biochemical Journal, Vol. 135, p. 11 et seq.) (1973) (Manners, D.J. and Wilson, G.)] [Zymolyase-5000, herein referred to as Zymolyase, was obtained from Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Takasaki, Gumma Pref, Japan. Zymolyase-5000 is an enzyme preparation produced by a submerged culture of Arthrobacter luteus, which effectively lyses cell walls of viable yeast cells. As supplied by Kirin, Zymolyase-5000 contains the enzyme Zymolyase and may also contain ss -1,3 glucanase (EC3, 2, 1, 39), mannase, protease and acid phosphatase. The preparation of Zymolyase has been described in Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 153, p. 403 (1972) (Kitamura, K., and Yamamoto, Y.).] The suspension was incubated at 280C for 3 hours with shaking. The resulting protoplast suspension was centrifuged at 800 g for 10 minutes.

The pellet was washed twice with 20 ml of tris buffer (pH 7.2, 0.05 M) containing 0.65 M mannitol, 0.01 M MgSO4, and 0.01 M KCI. Next the protoplast pellet was gently homogenized in a Teflon (Registered Trade Mark) homogenizer at 4" C. After 2 ml Tris buffer had been added, the suspension was centrifuged at 1000g for 10 minutes.

Approximately, 2.5 ml of liquid, cell-free extract is obtained per flask.

Since this extract itself contains precursor to cephalosporin, the addition of 5 ,u moles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 10 11 moles of phosphoenolypyruvate (PEP), and 100 ij grams of pyruvate kinase, followed by a 5 hour incubation at 250C and pH 7.2 produces cephalosporin. During production, oxygen transfer was effeeted by shaking at 250 rpm on a rotary shaker having a two inch diameter orbit.

Various experiments resulted in findings that intact cells were not responsible for the reaction, that the reaction is energy dependent, and that no protein synthesis occurs during cephalosporin production.

Thus, the C. acremonium lysate, which contained some cell debris and oily particles which were not removed by the centrifugation at 1000g, was filtered through a size RA Millipore (Registered Trade Mark) filter. Since no significant decrease in activity was observed when the filtrate was used in place of the unfiltered lysate, it was concluded that intact cells could not be responsible for the reaction.

The addition of ATP to the system was observed to increase the amount of cephalosporin produced. An ATP regeneration system comprising PEP and pyruvate kinase also increased cephalosporin production.

Addition of 1 mM of KCN resulted in complete inhibition of the reaction despite the addition of ATP. Lowering the agitation speed from 250 to 120 rpm inhibited cephalosporin production indicating that a high degree of oxygen transfer promotes the biosynthesis.

The inclusion of cycloheximide in the cell free system had no effect on cephalosporin production. Furthermore, the addition of L-a-aminoadipic acid, L-valine, and L-cysteine did not stimulate production. These observations are consistent with the facts that protein synthesis is not required and something quite different from the fermentation biosynthesis is occurring.

When a crude preparation of penicillin N was added to the system, cephalosporin production was markedly increased. On the other hand, penicillin G or 6-aminopenicillanic acid did not stimulate production. Since the penicillin N sample used in this experiment was only about 20% pure, it was treated with penicillinase until its antibacterial activity was destroyed. The treated sample showed no stimulation of cephalosporin production whatsoever.

That a cephalosporin antibiotic was in fact being produced was verified as follows. A mutant of E. coli, designated ESS, which is super-sensitive to ss lactam antibiotics was seeded onto a plate of antibiotic medium No. 5 (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan) in the presence or absence of penicillinase or cephalosporinase. This mutant is about equally sensitive to known samples of cephalosporin C, deacetoxycephalosporin C, deacetylcephalosporin C, and penicillin N. After incubation at 370C for 18 hours, zones of incubation were measured. The amount of ss lactam antibiotic that had been produced by the cell-free system was estimated by the increase in zone size during the five hour incubation with cell free products of the invention using a known sample of cephalosporin C as a standard.

Cephalosporinase prepared from sonically-ruptured cells of Enterobacter cloacae was obtained from Dr. L. Fare of Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Penn.

This preparation attacks both the cephalosporins and penicillin N. Penicillinase (Difco Registered Trade Mark) does not affect the antibiotic activity of cephalosporins but destroys penicillin N.

The drawing is a graph of the number of Fg/ml of ss lactam antibiotic(s) produced versus the incubation time in hours when assayed in the presence of penicillinase or in the presence of cephalosporinase. The reaction mixture in a final volume of lml, in addition to the cell free extract, contained 5 11 moles of ATP, and an ATP regeneration system comprising 10 R moles of PEP and 100 mg pyruvate kinase. The reaction mixture also contained 0.01 M KCI, 0.01 M MgSO4, 0.64 M mannitol, and 0.05 M pH 7.2 tris buffer.

As shown in the drawing, the protoplast lysate synthesized one or more ss lactam antibiotics which were resistant to penicillinase, indicating that the antibiotic produced was not penicillin N, but sensitive to cephalosporinase, indicating that the antibiotic or antibiotics produced had the 6-membered dihydrothiazine ring characteristic of the cephalosporin antibiotics. As can be further seen from the drawing, production of the cephalosporin(s) was linear for 3 hours and reached its maximum level at about 5 hours.

Although ATP is necessary for the reaction, cephalosporin(s) are produced whether or not an ATP regeneration system is added to the cell-free extract. Furthermore, although phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate kinase are the preferred phosphate donor and phosphotransferase enzyme for use in regenerating the ATP which drives the cell-free synthesis, many other phosphate donors and transferase enzymes are operable and in fact that no ATP regeneration system at all be necessarily employed.

In addition to these modifications, methods of producing the cell-free extract other than by treating the cells as disclosed herein are possible. Specifically, other lysing enzymes may be used, and indeed, other non-enzymatic methods of lysing the cell walls to produce the extract. Also, it is contemplated that enzymatically active fractions of the extract may be isolated, which fractions will show increased activity and be more productive of cephalosporin antibiotic.

In order to provide high oxygen transfer, the foregoing exemplary procedures utilise vigorous shaking. However, other methods of providing high oxygen transfer will be usable. For example, the use of oxygen enrichment will alleviate the vigorous shaking procedure. Known methods may be employed to isolate the cephalosporin produced. The preferred isolation technique is disclosed in the Journal of Fermentation Technology, Vol.

54, No. 10, p. 683-695 (1976) (Kitano et al.). Briefly, the technique involves adsorbing cephalosporin from the culture filtrate on charcoal, elution with a 50% by weight acetone aqueous solution; elution from acetate type Amberlite (Registered Trade Mark) IRA-900 resin with 0.3N sodium acetate, and elution from charcoal with 50% acetone. If the eluate is then subjected to column chromatography on cellulose using 70% by volume n-propanol, substantially pure cephalosporins are refuted. If desired, the cephalosporin species, if more than one are present, may be fractioned by thin layer chromatography on cellulose with a 3:1:1 by volume mixture of n-butanol, acetic acid, and water, followed by electrophoresis on paper using 10% by weight acetic acid.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A process for producing a cephalosporin (as defined herein) antibiotic, said process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a cell-free extract of Cephalosporium acremonium; (b) providing a source of starting material comprising a substance having the formula:

wherein R is a hyrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms terminally substituted with (i) -COOH (ii) -NH2

(iv) -COOH and -NH2 present in the D-form or

(c) contacting the extract and the starting material in a reaction zone while promoting oxygen transfer; (d) providing adenosine triphosphate as an energy source to said reaction zone; and (e) allowing the extract to react with the starting material to produce the cephalosporin antibiotic.

2. A process according to Claim 1, wherein the adenosine triphosphate utilised in the cephalosporin antibiotic production is regenerated by a regenerating system comprising a phosphate donor and a phosphotransferase enzyme.

3. A process according to Claim 2, wherein the phosphate donor is phosphoenolpyruvate and the phosphotransferase enzyme is pyruvate kinase.

4. A process according to any one of Claims 1, 2 and 3, wherein said cell-free extract is made by treating Cephalosporium acremonium cells with a lysing enzyme.

5. A process according to any one of Claims 1, 2 and 3, wherein said cell-free extract is

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (14)

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. cephalosporin antibiotic. In order to provide high oxygen transfer, the foregoing exemplary procedures utilise vigorous shaking. However, other methods of providing high oxygen transfer will be usable. For example, the use of oxygen enrichment will alleviate the vigorous shaking procedure. Known methods may be employed to isolate the cephalosporin produced. The preferred isolation technique is disclosed in the Journal of Fermentation Technology, Vol. 54, No. 10, p. 683-695 (1976) (Kitano et al.). Briefly, the technique involves adsorbing cephalosporin from the culture filtrate on charcoal, elution with a 50% by weight acetone aqueous solution; elution from acetate type Amberlite (Registered Trade Mark) IRA-900 resin with 0.3N sodium acetate, and elution from charcoal with 50% acetone. If the eluate is then subjected to column chromatography on cellulose using 70% by volume n-propanol, substantially pure cephalosporins are refuted. If desired, the cephalosporin species, if more than one are present, may be fractioned by thin layer chromatography on cellulose with a 3:1:1 by volume mixture of n-butanol, acetic acid, and water, followed by electrophoresis on paper using 10% by weight acetic acid. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A process for producing a cephalosporin (as defined herein) antibiotic, said process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a cell-free extract of Cephalosporium acremonium; (b) providing a source of starting material comprising a substance having the formula:

wherein R is a hyrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms terminally substituted with (i) -COOH (ii) -NH2

(iv) -COOH and -NH2 present in the D-form or

(c) contacting the extract and the starting material in a reaction zone while promoting oxygen transfer; (d) providing adenosine triphosphate as an energy source to said reaction zone; and (e) allowing the extract to react with the starting material to produce the cephalosporin antibiotic.

2. A process according to Claim 1, wherein the adenosine triphosphate utilised in the cephalosporin antibiotic production is regenerated by a regenerating system comprising a phosphate donor and a phosphotransferase enzyme.

3. A process according to Claim 2, wherein the phosphate donor is phosphoenolpyruvate and the phosphotransferase enzyme is pyruvate kinase.

4. A process according to any one of Claims 1, 2 and 3, wherein said cell-free extract is made by treating Cephalosporium acremonium cells with a lysing enzyme.

5. A process according to any one of Claims 1, 2 and 3, wherein said cell-free extract is

made by treating Cephalosporium acremonium cells with endo 13 (1 < 3) glucanase and endo 13 (1o4) glucanase and zymolyase.

6. A process according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein oxygen transfer is promoted by vigorously shaking the reaction components in the reaction zone.

7. A process according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein mannitol and trace concentrations of KCI and MgSO4 are included in the reaction zone, and the reaction zone is buffered to about pH 7.2.

8. A process according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein R is: - (CH2)3-COOH, or

9. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein R is:

present in the D-form

10. A process for producing a cephalosporin (as defined herein) antibiotic, said process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a source of Cephalosporium acremonium mycelia; (b) treating said mycelia with endo ss (1 o 3) glucanase, endo ss (1 13(1 4) glucanase and, from Arthrobacter luteus, zymolyase; (c) incubating the treated mycelia to produce a protoplast suspension and homogenizing the suspension to produce a cell free extract; (d) providing a source of starting material comprising a substance having the formula:

wherein R is selected from - (CH2)3-COOH

and

present in the D-form (e) contacting the extract and the starting material in the presence of adenosine triphosphate in a reaction zone while promoting oxygen transfer; (f) allowing the extract to react with the starting material to produce a cephalosporin antibiotic.

11. A process for producing a cephalosporin antibiotic substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the Example.

12. A cephalosporin antibiotic when produced by a process according to any one of the preceding Claims.

13. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising a cephalosporin antibiotic according to Claim 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

14. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 11, comprising the additional step of isolating pure cephalosponn from the reaction culture.