GB1595295A

GB1595295A - Heatrecoverable article

Info

Publication number: GB1595295A
Application number: GB4647376A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Raychem NV SA
Current assignee: Commscope Connectivity Belgium BVBA
Priority date: 1976-11-08
Filing date: 1976-11-08
Publication date: 1981-08-12
Also published as: CA1102079A; BE860618A

Description

(54) HEAT-RECOVERABLE ARTICLE (71) We, N.V. RAYCHEM S.A., a Belgian Company of Diestsesteenweg 692, 3200 Kessel-lO, Belgium, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to heat-recoverable articles.

Heat-recoverable articles, especially heat-shrinkable articles, are now widely used in many areas where insulation, sealing and encapsulation are required. Usually these articles recover, on heating, towards an original shape from which they have been previously deformed, but the term "heat-recoverable article" as used herein includes any article which, on heating, adopts a new configuration, even if it has not been previously deformed, but does not include articles which are capable of changing shape solely by normal thermal expansion and contraction.

Heat-recoverable articles are typically made from polymeric materials exhibiting the property of plastic or elastic memory as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,027,962, 3,086,242 and 3,957,382. In other articles, as described, for example, in British Patent No.

1,440,542, an elastomeric member such as an outer tubular member is held in a stretched state by a second member, such as an inner tubular member, which, upon heating, weakens and thus allows the elastomeric member to recover.

Such heat-recoverable articles are frequently in the form of heat-shrinkable tubes, caps or boots or other articles having a closed cross-section and one or more open ends. One widely used method of making such articles is to mould a molten, crystalline, thermoplastic polymer into a shape which approximates to the shape of the final covering required; cross-link the shaped polymer; heat the cross-linked, shaped polymer to a temperature above its crystalline melting point; expand the hot, cross-linked, shaped polymer, e.g. by a mandrel or internal.pressure; and cool the polymer in its expanded shape. The resent invention especially relates to such heat-shrinkable articles, including in particular (but not limited to) those made by the process described above.

One serious limitation of such heat-shrinkable articles has been that if too high an expansion ratio (i.e. the ratio of the dimension of the article after expansion to the corresponding dimension before expansion) is used in making the article, the article tends to split on expansion or during shrinkage, and we have observed that this problem is particularly noticeable at the open ends of such articles. The problem is especially acute if the article has been cut so as to leave a notch or nick which may propagate on recovery and/or when the article is caused to recover about a large substrate leaving a high degree of unresolved recovery. In accordance'with the present invention, we have discovered that it is advantageous if the or each open end of the article is formed by a section such that, when the article is fully shrunk, the open end is larger than the adjacent portion of the article. In particular we have found that the adjacent portion can then be given a higher expansion ratio than would otherwise be possible without danger of splitting.

The present invention provides a hollow heat-recoverable article (as hereinbefore defined) having one or more open ends, characterised in that the amount of available recovery in a first region at an open end is substantially less than the amount of available recovery in a in a second region adjacent said first region and remote from said open end, the difference between expansion ratios of the first region and the adjacent second region being at least 0.5.

As mentioned above, the present invention is especially applicable to heat-shrinkable articles made from materials, especially plastics materials, possessing the property of elastic or plastic memory (although it can also be usefully applied to other forms of heat-recoverable articles, including heat-expandable articles), and, for convenience, it will from now on be described with reference to such heat-shrinkable articles. In said articles the "available recovery" which, as used herein, means the recovery which can be obtained in the absence of external restraint, will be approximately equal to the applied expansion (although, because of stress relaxation, the expansion may be up to about 5% higher).

Amongst such heat-shrinkable articles there may especially be mentioned those with a closed cross-section, although, in some instances, the invention may usefully be applied to so called wrap-around devices of the sort described in, for example, U.S. Patents 3,243,211; 3,297,819 and 3,379,218 and British Patents Nos. 1,155,470; 1,211,988 and 1,346,479. The articles are commonly tubular, having one or more open ends, the term "tubular" including both hollow cylindrical members and members of irregular and/or varying cross-section as well as those of more complex configuration such as Y-shaped, T-shaped and X-shaped members having 3 or 4 ends.

In most embodiments of the article of the present invention the first end section will have a larger cross-section after recovery than the adjacent second section which has a substantially greater degree of recovery. The first end section may have a finite length, for example, it may extend over a length of from 1 to 10 cm., but, in some cases the article may be given a differential expansion so as to produce an increasing expansion ratio along its length away from the open end and the present invention is, therefore, not limited to heat-recoverable articles having a discrete end region.

It will be appreciated that the first end region may be non-recoverable, i.e. it may have an expansion ratio of 1, but, in many applications, it will be advantageous for it to exhibit a small degree of heat-recovery. However, in such cases the recovery is preferably less than 100%, more preferably less than 25% (corresponding to expansion ratios of 2 and 1.25, respectively).

On the other hand, in order fully to utilise the advantages of the present invention, the second region generally exhibits a high degree of available recovery. The expansion ratios which will, in the absence of end sections as required by the present invention lead to splitting on shrinkage are dependent inter alia on the polymer employed and the thickness.

There is seldom a problem with expansion ratios below 2.5, and usually expansion ratios of up to 3.0 can safely be used. However, at expansion ratios of 3.5 or higher splitting is usually a problem and this applies more so at ratios of 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0. Thus the present invention is especially applicable at ratios of from 4 to 6 and above, for example up to 10, i.e. where the amount of available recovery is from 400% to 1000%, usually from 400% to 600%, especially when the percentage of unresolved recovery after shrinkage is high.

Another factor which is relevant to the problem is the difference between the expansion ratios of the first end region and the second adjacent region. Generally speaking, the higher the expansion ratios, the greater should this difference be, but, in most cases, a difference of at least 1.0 and, most preferably, at least 1.5, will be desirable. The difference should preferably be at least 0.4 times, especially at least 0.5 times, the expansion'ratio of the second adjacent region.

It will be appreciated that the heat-recoverable articles of the present invention may have two or more open ends in which case the invention may advantageously be applied to.each open end. Furthermore, the articles may have one or more ends which are closed but which are intended to be opened, for example, buy cutting, at a later stage.

The preferred articles of the present invention may be prepared from any of the polymers and mixtures of polymers known from the prior art to be useful for the production of heat-shrinkable articles. Generally the articles will be monolithic and of constant composition throughout; however, laminates of two heat-shrinkable polymers can be used, and the articles can be constructed by joining together, e.g. with adhesive, two or more different parts. Suitable polymers include polyolefins, especially polyethylene; copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, (which are particularly valuable when flexibility is required), copolymers of ethylene and ethyl acrylate; chlorinated or fluorinated polymers, especially polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride and polymers incorporating units derived from polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluorethylene and chlorotrifluorethylene; and rubbers such as ethylenepropylene rubber, chlorinated rubbers (Neoprene) and silicone rubbers which may be used in a blend with a crystalline or glassy polymer such as an olefin polymer.

The internal surface of the articles may be provided with a sealant such as a hot-melt adhesive or a mastic. Especially suitable hot-melt adhesives include for example polyamide materials, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and terpolymers (with or without incorporated waxes) and polyesters. Such materials are described, for example, in British Patent No.

1,440,810 and German OS 2,709.717. Also suitable are curable adhesives which also melt and flow upon heating, but which will not afterwards be hot-meltable. There may also be mentioned epoxy resins and conventional mastics such as, for example, those based on butyl and isobutylene rubbers modified with suitable materials known in the art. Obviously the type of sealant employed and the method of its application will depend on the particular requirements in any given case.

Bearing in mind the above discussion it will be appreciated that the shape and design characteristics of the heat-recoverable articles of the present invention will depend on the use intended for them. In some cases, it may be preferable for the open end regions to be thicker than the adjacent high-recovery regions in which case it may be convenient to prepare a moulded article which has (prior to expansion) the same wall thickness throughout so that the ratio of the thickness of the open end section(s) to the thickness of the adjacent section(s) after expansion will be substantially the same as the inverse ratio of their expansion ratios.

Similarly, the shape, after shrinkage, of the open end region and the adjacent region will be dependent of the relative sizes of the article and of the substrate as well as the expansion ratios of the two regions. Thus both regions may shrink into contact with the substrate along their entire length. More usually, however, the open end section will spontaneously recover on heating to a size larger than the substrate and will, therefore, form a collar at the end of the article which flares out of contact with the substrate. Depending upon the application concerned, this collar may be left in place or may be subsequently cut off.

In general, the heat-recoverable articles will be in the form of a tubular sleeve having two open ends of a tubular cap having one open end and one closed end the sleeve or cap is preferably of circular cross-section, although it may have another cross-section, and it is often preferable that it should have a substantially constant cross-section.

The articles are preferably monolithic, i.e. are moulded or otherwise formed as one part, but they may be made from two or more parts bonded together, for example with an adhesive, or otherwise attached one to the other.

The heat-recoverable articles of the present invention are especially useful when the degree of recovery required in a given application is, or may be, very high because the articles are capable of providing a high degree of recovery or accommodating a high degree of unrecovered strain without splitting. Amongst suitable applications there may be mentioned the following.

One preferred embodiment of the invention is a tubular cap which comprises a first open end section having a first expansion ratio, a second intermediate section having a second expansion ratio and a third closed end section having a third expansion ratio, the second expansion ratio being greater than the first and third expansion ratios, which may be substantially the same or different. Such a cap can be used to seal the end of a hollow conduit, for example of the kind placed underground or in buildings, so that supply lines, telephone cables etc. can later be passed through them. The open end section only of the article is placed over the end of the conduit, and is then heated to cause shrinkage thereof into contact with the conduit while preventing substantial shrinkage of the remainder of the article. One way of preventing shrinkage of the remainder of the article is for the article to have an open end section whose internal circumference is slightly larger than the external circumference of the intermediate section and the closed end section, and a flexible intermediate section, so that by pushing along the axis of the tube, the intermediate section and closed end section can be telescoped through the open end section and into the interior of the conduit, where they are protected from heat applied to the open end section. The intermediate region is, for this purpose, preferably made from a flexible polymeric composition such, for example as one based on an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer.

Preferably the end section has a protruberance on the outside thereof which can be gripped to pull it and the intermediate section out of the conduit after the open end section has been shrunk onto the conduit.

The great advantage of sealing a conduit in this way is that the conduit is now sealed by a cap which can be used to seal the junction between the conduit and a cable (or supply line or other elongate substrate) which is subsequently fed through the conduit. At that time, the end of the closed end section is cut off to create a new open end section having an expansion ratio greater than the expansion ratio of the intermediate section; the elongate substrate is passed through the hollow conduit and the second open end section; and the intermediate section and new open end section are heated to cause shrinkage of the intermediate section into contact with the elongate substrate. It is to be noted that the presence of the new open end section means that the intermediate section can be given a higher expansion ratio, and can therefore seal to substrates of a wider range of sizes, than would otherwise be possible.

The dimensions and expansion ratios of a cap according to this embodiment of the invention will of course be dependent on the conduit to be sealed and the elongate substrate, but typically the open end section is 2 to 10 cm. long, the intermediate section is 2 to 15 cm. long and the closed end section is 1 to 5 cm. long, and the cap has an internal diameter of 2 to 15 cm.

A variation of this preferred embodiment is a cap which has an open end section which is not heat-shrinkable but is sized to be a push fit on the conduit. Such a cap is not initially a heat-shrinkable article according to the invention, but such an article is produced in the course of installation when the end of the closed end section is cut off.

A second preferred embodiment of the invention is a tubular cap which comprises a first open end section having a first expansion ratio, a second intermediate section having a second expansion ratio and a third unexpanded closed end section, the second expansion ratio being greater than the first expansion ratio. Such a cap is particularly useful for providing a sealed end cap over an elongate substrate having a terminal portion of size greater than the main part of the substrates, especially a telephone cable comprising 9 plurality of wires to which connectors have been attached. To an ever increasing extent, connectors are being installed on telephone cables in the factory, in order to avoid some of the expense and inconvenience of working at the installation site, and it is vitally important to protect the end section, having the connectors attached thereto, while the cable is taken from factory to site. To install the cap, it is placed over the substrate so that the closed end section extends over the terminal portion as far as the main part of the substrate, and the intermediate section of the article is then heated to cause shrinkage thereof into contact with the main part of the cable, but not into contact with the terminal portion of the substrate. It is to be noted that the presence of the open end section of lower expansion ratio means that the intermediate section can be given a higher expansion ratio, and can therefore pass over a larger terminal portion, than would otherwise be the case. This improvement is of particular importance in the case of telephone cables as described above, since the multitude of connectors which must be attached to the individual wires (often 400 or more in number) occupy a considerable space, whose circumference is often at least 4 times, for example about 6 times, the circumference of the main part of the cable, to which the intermediate section of the cap must shrink and seal.

The dimensions and expansion ratios of a cap according to this second embodiment of the invention will of course be dependent on the substrate, but typically the open end section is 1 to 7.5 cm., preferably 1 to 5 cm. long, the intermediate section is 2 to 15 cm., preferably 7 to 12 cm., long and the closed end section is 20 to 100 cm. long, and the cap has diameter of 10 to 25 cm.

It will be appreciated that the heat-recoverable articles of the invention may be made by various methods and that the invention is not limited to any particular method for their manufacture. However, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention also provides a method of making a heat shrinkable article which comprises in accordance with the invention (1) moulding a molten, thermoplastic, crystalline polymer into a shaped article having a closed cross-section and at least one open end, the or each of said open ends being defined by an end section whose internal circumference is greater than the internal circumference of the section of the article adjacent thereto; (2) cross-linking the moulded article; (3) heating the cross-linked moulded article above the crystalline melting point of the polymer; 4 expanding the heated article; and In cooling the article while maintaining it in the expanded condition.

In its third aspect the invention provides a method of covering a part of an elongate substrate which comprises placing around said part of the substrate at least part of a heat-shrinkable article as described above and heating at least part of the article to cause shrinkage thereof into contact with the substrate.

Various embodiments in accordance with the present invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which; Figure 1 is a side elevation, partly in section, of an article in its dimensionally heat stable form; Figure 2 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the heat-recoverable article of Figure 1 in its heat-recoverable form and positioned about the end of a conduit; Figure 3 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the heat-recoverable article of Figures 1 and 2 after it has been inverted within the conduit; Figure 4 is a further side elevation, partly in section, of the heat-recoverable article of Figures 1 to 3 after it has been pulled out from within the conduit; Figure 5 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the heat-recoverable article of Figures 1 to 4 after it has been recovered about a supply line positioned within the conduit; Figure 6 is a side elevation, partly in section, of a second article of the invention in its dimensionally heat stable form; Figure 7 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the article of Figure 6 in its heat-recoverable form; Figure 8 is a cross-section through a heat-recoverable article according to the present invention formed as an end cap; and Figure 9 is a cross-section showing the end cap of Figure 8 installed about a telephone cable having connectors attached to the individual wires thereof.

Referring now to the drawings, Figures 1 to 5 illustrate the use of a heat-recoverable article according to the invention as a sealing means for a conduit. As shown in Figure 1, the sealing means comprises a hollow member, designated generally by reference numeral 1, in its dimensionally heat stable configuration, having an open end region 2, an intermediate region 3 and a closed end region 4. A gripping protuberance 5 is located at 6 on the closed end 4 of the hollow member 1. In this embodiment the diameter of the open end region 2 and that of the closed end region 4 are considerably larger than the diameter of the intermediate region 3.

Referring to Figure 2, the hollow member 1 is shown in its dimensionally heat unstable configuration wherein the internal diameter of the intermediate region 3 and that of the closed end region 4 are substantially the same. The open end region 2 is shown in position about an open end 7 of a conduit 8 (partly shown). Regions 2 and 3 are joined by a frustoconical region 9 and the hollow member 1 is internally coated with a hot melt adhesive 10.

In Figure 3 the open end region 2 of the hollow member 1 is shown heat recovered about the open end 7 of the conduit 8. The intermediate region 3 and the closed end region 4 have been inverted and telescoped within the conduit 8 so that the internal surface 11 of the intermediate region 3 is adjacent to the internal surface 12 of the conduit 8. The conduit 8 with the hollow member 1 attached has been pushed into a hole 13 in a manhole wall 14 until its open end 7 is substantially flush with the wall surfaced 15. An O-ring 16 is provided for sealing the gap between the outer surface of the conduit 8 and the hole 13 in the manhole 14. Of course, it is possible, if desired, for the O-ring 16 to seal the gap between the hole 13 and the outer surface of the open end region 2 of the hollow member 1. When it is required to insert a cable through conduit 8 the intermediate region 3 and the closed end region 4 can be removed from the inside of conduit 8 by pulling on the gripping protuberance 5.

As shown in Figure 4 the intermediate region 3 and the closed end region 4 have been pulled from inside the conduit 8 so that they protrude from the hole 13 in the manhole 14.

The hollow member 1 has been slit at 17 in the second end region 4 and the cap-shaped remainder 18 having protuberance 5 is discarded. The open-ended hollow member positioned about the conduit 8 is now ready to receive cable 19. The intermediate region 3 is subjected to sufficient heat to shrink it onto the cable 19 as shown in Figure 5. The remaining portion of the end region 4 is not capable of recovering onto the cable 19 and is puckered but does not split.

Figures 6 and 7 show a further heat-recoverable article suitable for us as a sealing means.

The sealing means, in its dimensionally heat stable configuration, is composed of two separate portions shown generally at 20 and 21 respectively. Both portions have been expanded radially to render them heat shrinkable and are assembled together as shown in Figure 7. Portion 20 which is an open ended sleeve-like member comprises a first open end 22 and a second open end 30 of greater internal diameter than tubular portion 23 which is intermediate of said open ends. Portion 21 is a cap-like member having an open end 24 joined to a closed end 25 by tubular section 26 and provided at 28 which a gripping protuberance 27. The tubular section 26 of portion 21, the internal diameter of which is similar to that of open end 22 of portion 20, is coated internally with a hot melt adhesive 29.

As shown in Figure 7, the cross-section of tubular section 26 of portion 21 is marginally larger than that of tubular section 23 of portion 20. Section 30 is inserted into tubular section 26 while held on a mandrel (not shown). Tubular section 26 has been recovered onto tubular section 30, the hot melt adhesive 29 providing a seal between the two. When the sealing means thus formed has cooled the mandrel is removed.

Figures 8 and 9 illustrate a second preferred use of the present invention.

As shown in Figure 8 the heat-recoverable article is formed as an end cap 31 which has an open end section 32 having an expansion ratio of about 2 at the open end ;thereof, an intermediate section 33 which has an expansion ratio of about 5, and a closed end portion 34 which is not heat-shrinkable. The cap is made from high density polyethylene. The dotted lines in Figure 1 show sections 32' and 33' of the article prior to expansion which become sections 32 and 33. Typical dimensions, in inches, of three such end caps are as follows: a b c d e f g h 1st 0.80 4.0 0.075 2.80 0.15 1 3 4 2nd 1.50 6.0 0.105 3.50 0.15 1 3 4 3rd 2.50 8.0 0.135 4.50 0.15 1 3 4 All three caps have a total length of 34 inches and the cap of Figure 8 is shown in truncated form for convenience.

Referring now to Figure 9, telephone cable 40 comprises a plurality of wires 41 encased by a protective sheath 42 which has been removed from the end of the cable. Connectors have been attached to the ends of the wires 41, and the mass of wires and connectors is designated generally by 43. An end cap 31 as shown in Figure 8 has been passed over the mass of wires and connectors 43 and the sections 32 and 33 have been heated so that they shrink to provide shrunken sections 32a and 33a respectively. Section 33a is in contact with the cable while section 32a, having a lower expansion ratio, forms a flared collar.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A hollow heat-recoverable article (as hereinbefore defined) having one or more open ends, characterised in that the amount of available recovery in a first region at an open end is substantially less than the amount of available recovery in a second region adjacent said first region and remote from said open end, the difference between the expansion ratios of the first region and the adjacent second region being at least 0.5.

2. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 1, which is a heat-shrinkable article.

3. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 2, wherein the article has a closed cross-section.

4. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the difference between the expansion ratios of the first region and the adjacent second region is at least 1.0.

5. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 4, wherein said difference is at least 1.5.

6. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the difference between the expansion ratios of the first and second regions is at least 0.4 of the second expansion ratio.

7. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 6, wherein the difference between the expansion ratios of the first and second regions is at least 0.5 of the second expansion ratio.

8. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 7, wherein the expansion ratio of the second region is at least 2.5.

9. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 8, wherein the expansion ratio of the second region is at least 3.0.

10. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 9, wherein the expansion ratio of the second region is at least 3.5.

11. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 10, wherein the expansion ratio of the second region is at least 4.0.

12. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 11, wherein the expansion ratio of the second region is at least 5.0.

13. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 12 wherein the expansion ratio of the first region is less than 2.

14. A heat recoverable article as claimed in claim 13, wherein the expansion ratio of the first region is less than 1.25.

15. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 14, which is made from an organic polymer having the property of plastic or elastic memory.

16. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 15, provided with a coating of a hot-melt adhesive on at least part of the interior surface thereof.

17. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 16, wherein after unrestrained recovery of the article the circumference of the first region is greater than that of the second region.

18. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 17, which has the form of a tube having two open ends.

19. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 17, in the form of a tubular cap having one open end and one closed end.

20. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 19, having a substantially constant cross-section except at the closed end.

21. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 19 or claim 20, which comprises an open end section having a first expansion ratio, an intermediate section having a second expansion ratio and a closed end section having a third expansion ratio, the second

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. a b c d e f g h 1st 0.80 4.0 0.075 2.80 0.15 1 3 4 2nd 1.50 6.0 0.105 3.50 0.15 1 3 4 3rd 2.50 8.0 0.135 4.50 0.15 1 3 4 All three caps have a total length of 34 inches and the cap of Figure 8 is shown in truncated form for convenience. Referring now to Figure 9, telephone cable 40 comprises a plurality of wires 41 encased by a protective sheath 42 which has been removed from the end of the cable. Connectors have been attached to the ends of the wires 41, and the mass of wires and connectors is designated generally by 43. An end cap 31 as shown in Figure 8 has been passed over the mass of wires and connectors 43 and the sections 32 and 33 have been heated so that they shrink to provide shrunken sections 32a and 33a respectively. Section 33a is in contact with the cable while section 32a, having a lower expansion ratio, forms a flared collar. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A hollow heat-recoverable article (as hereinbefore defined) having one or more open ends, characterised in that the amount of available recovery in a first region at an open end is substantially less than the amount of available recovery in a second region adjacent said first region and remote from said open end, the difference between the expansion ratios of the first region and the adjacent second region being at least 0.5.

expansion ratio being greater than the first and third expansion ratios.

22. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first and third expansion ratios are substantially the same.

23. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 21, wherein the internal circumference of the open end -section is slightly larger than the external circumferences of the intermediate section and the closed end section, and the intermediate section is composed of flexible material, so that the closed end section and intermediate section can be telescoped through the open end section by pushing along the axis of the tube.

24. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 23, having a gripping protuberance on the outside of the closed end section.

25. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the open end section is 2 to 10 cm. long, the intermediate section is 2 to 15 cm. long and the closed end section is 1 to 5 cm. long, and which has a diameter of 2 to 15 cm.

26. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 19 or claim 20, which comprises an open end section having a first expansion ratio, an intermediate section having a second expansion ratio and an unexpanded closed end section, the second expansion ratio being greater than the first expansion ratio.

27. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 26, wherein the open end section is 1 to 7.5 cm. long, the intermediate section is 2 to 15 cm. long and the closed end section is 20 to 100 cm. 1ong, and which has a diameter of 10 to 25 cm.

28. A method of covering a part of an elongate substrate which comprises placing around said part of the substrate at least part of a heat-shrinkable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 27, and heating at least part of the article to cause shrinkage thereof into contact with the substrate.

29. A method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the open end section only of an article as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 26 is placed over the end of a hollow conduit, and said open end section is heated to cause shrinkage thereof into contact with the conduit without causing substantial shrinkage of the remainder of the article.

30. A method as claimed in claim 29, wherein the article is as claimed in claim 23 or claim 24 and the intermediate section and the closed end section are placed inside the conduit prior to the heating of the open end section.

31. A method as claimed in claim 29 or claim 30, wherein, after shrinkage of said open end section, the end of the closed end section is cut off to create a new open end section having an expansion ratio which is less than the expansion ratio of the intermediate section; an elongate substrate is passed through the hollow conduit and the new open end section; and the intermediate section and new open end section of the article are heated to cause shrinkage of the intermediate section into contact with the elongate substrate.

32. A method as claimed in claim 29, wherein an article as claimed in any one of claims 19, 20, 26 and 27 is placed over an elongate substrate having a terminal portion of size greater than the main part of the substrate; and heating the open end section and the intermediate section to cause shrinkage of the intermediate section into contact with the main part of the substrate but not into contact with the terminal portion of the substrate.

33. A method as claimed in claim 32, wherein said elongate substrate is a cable.

34. A method as claimed in claim 33, wherein the cable is a telephone cable containing a plurality of wires to which connectors have been attached.

35. An elongate substrate having a part thereof convered by a heat-shrunk covering by a method as claimed in any one of claims 29 to 34.

36. A method of making a heat-shrinkable article as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 27 which comprises (1) moulding a molten, thermoplastic, crystalline polymer into a shaped article having a closed cross-section and at least one open end, the or each of said open ends being defined bv an end section whose internal circumference is greater than the internal circumference of the section of the article adjacent thereto; (2) cross-linking the moulded article; (3) heating the cross-linked moulded article above the crystalline melting point of the polymer; 4 expanding the heated article; and (5) cooling the article while maintaining it in the expanded condition.

37. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 2, which comprises an open end section having a first expansion ratio, an intermediate section having a second expansion ratio and a closed end section having a third expansion ratio, the second expansion ratio being greater than the first and third expansion ratios.

38. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 37, wherein the expansion ratio of the intermediate section is 4 to 6, the expansion ratio of the intermediate section is 4 to 6, the expansion ratio of the open end section is less than 2 and the expansion ratio of the open end section is less than 2.

39. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 1, substantially as described herein with reference to, and as illustrated in, Figures 1 to 7 of the accompanying drawings.

40. A heat-recoverable article as claimed in claim 1 substantially as described herein with reference to, and as illustrated in Figures 8 and 9 of the accompanying drawings.