GB1588928A - Substrate having a thermoplastic binder coating for use in fabricating abrasive sheets and abrasive sheets manufactured therewith - Google Patents

Description

(54) A SUBSTRATE HAVING A THERMOPLASTIC BINDER COATING FOR USE IN FABRICATING ABRASIVE SHEETS AND ABRASIVE SHEETS MANUFACTURED THEREWITH (71) We, KIMBERLY-CLARK COR PORATION, a corporation organised and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Neenah, Wisconsin, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to abrasive sheet material and in particular to backing material therefor.

Coated abrasive sheet materials, including one type known in the trade as waterproof sandpaper, and another type known as dry finishing paper, have been used for metal and wood finishing for many years. The substrate used for the backing of the waterproof sandpaper is customarily a very porous, flexible paper impregnated with from about 15% to 40% of a synthetic resin or elastomer to provide toughness and durability, especially when wetted. Current production techniques require that this very porous paper be coated with a synthetic resin barrier coating to seal the surface before applying the adhesive or "make coat" which bonds the abrasive grains or grit to the substrate.

The substrate employed for dry finishing paper is much stiffer and non-porous and in such products the bonding adhesive coat is usually applied directly to the paper without first applying a barrier coating.

Adhesives used for bonding the grit to water-proof sandpaper include epoxy resins, epoxy esters, phenolic resins, and alkyd resins in suitable solvents. Bonding adhesives for dry finishing paper on the other hand are usually animal glues and water based synthetic resins.

In the conventional production of both kinds of papers, the bonding adhesive is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent or carrier and the mixture is then applied by a pressure coating nip to the continuous web substrate. The abrasive grit particles are then deposited on the moving web before the solvent or carrier is driven off, and while the adhesive is still fluid. The grit particles are usually oriented or aligned by electrostatic means to maximize abrasive or cutting properties. No external pressure is applied to the particles after deposition, as this tends to destroy the alignment of particles, while burying the particles in the backing, both of which are undesirable.After the solvent or carrier is driven off, the web carrying the adhesive and grit is passed through an oven which heats the material for times ranging from several minutes to several hours to cure the thermosetting resins usually employed as adhesives and to firmly bond the grit therein.

Dry finishing paper adhesives usually do not require heat curing, although heat may be employed to drive off the fluid carrier.

After the grit is firmly bound to the backing, a "grain size" coating is applied over the layer of abrasive particles to complete the fabrication step. The grain size coating is usually a hard, thermosetting resin or animal glue which anchors the particles more firmly so that they remain aligned for maximum cutting ability.

It should be appreciated that as indicated above the making of abrasive paper is a slow, continuous process. Because the adhesive coating, particle deposition, drying and curing are carried out in a continuous process, many variables such as the solution viscosity, coating weight, grit deposition weight, web tension, drying rate and curing temperature must be controlled simultaneously. If not properly controlled, problems often arise such as curling and breaking of the moving web, excessive penetration of adhesive into the web, or too little bonding strength. Also, if the backing is pre-coated with a barrier coat prior to applying the grit bonding adhesive, poor adhesion between the barrier coating and adhesive coating is often encountered unless the two coatings are carefully formulated and tested.It is virtually impossible to supply an abrasive backing with a single barrier coating which is compatible with all the many types and variations of adhesives currently being employed by abrasive paper manufacturers.

Thus barrier coatings are individually tailored to meet the individual requirements of the many abrasive manufacturing facilities in the world.

The recent emphasis on control of air pollution has complicated the situation further.

Many abrasive manufacturers who in the past relied on solvent-based resins for making wet or dry abrasive paper are now being forced to use water-based systems to reduce such air pollution. This change neccessitates extensive testing of new adhesive systems and the development of new barrier coatings.

Accordingly the present invention provides a backing material for use in the manufacture of flexible abrasive sheets, comprising a flexible web substrate having on one surface a thermoplastic adhesive coating comprising at least in part a polymeric latex which coating is in a non-tacky solidified condition at ambient temperatures and which coating, when heated to a temperature of 1500C to 2200C, is softened to a viscous fluid condition, the fluid condition being characterised by the fact that when abrasive grit particles are deposited on the softened coating and electrostatically aligned, gravity forces alone permit the grit particles to sink into said softened coating to the extent that the particles will become embedded therein while the coating is in the heat softened condition and remain firmly bonded therein when the heat is removed and the coating resolidified.

The coated backing material of the invention may be wound into rolls for storage and shipping without blocking.

In the manufacture of abrasive paper in accordance with the invention and using such a coated substrate or backing, the backing material is heated above the softening point of the adhesive to a point where the viscosity of the adhesive is reduced to a condition whereby when particles of abrasive grit are deposited on the backing and electrostatically aligned the particles will penetrate into the softened coating by their own weight and become bound therein and to the backing. No pressure other than the force of gravity on the particles is employed or desired.

Depending on the operating speed, it may be necessary to maintain heat on the backing material at a temperature above the softening point of the adhesive for about 30 seconds after deposition and electrostatic alignment to obtain suitable penetration of the grit particles.

After deposition and embedment when the backing is cooled or the source of heat removed, the adhesive hardens to its original state, and the abrasive particles are thus bound firmly therein. A final step in the fabrication of the finished abrasive sheet product is to apply a conventional resin coating, or grain size over the abrasive particles as is done with conven- tional abrasive papers, The substrate to which the adhesive is applied is a flexible sheet material, preferably a resin or latex-impregnated paper, which must not soften or degrade at the temperatures employed to soften the adhesive. The amount of adhesive applied to the backing is adjusted so that abrasive particles of the desired size will become only partially embedded in the.

adhesive but not be buried in it.

The process for manufacturing abrasive products using the coated backing material of this invention is easily adapted to the con tinuous processes currently being used. For example, the adhesive coating equipment in the conventional process is replaced by a means for heating the moving web of coated backing material. An infrared heat source, banks of electric elements, gas panels or a heated metal cylinder may be employed as the heating means. Preferably, a second heating means for heating the web for several seconds after the grit has been deposited in the softened coat ing is also provided. Another option is to heat the grit particles before they are deposited.

This speeds up the embedment process and requires a lesser amount of heat to maintain the viscous condition of the adhesive during and after application of the grit.

Such a backing with a heat-activatable adhesive pre-applied, provides an economical and efficient system whereby abrasive manu facturers can eliminate or minimize many of the problems outline above.

There is no need for the abrasive paper manufacturer to apply a separate adhesive prior to depositing the grit and hence the manufacturing operation is considerably simplified.

A simple means for heating the precoated .backing material may replace the more com plicated adhesive coating equipment. Problems such as curling and wrinkling of the moving web are thereby minimized. Air poilution which accompanies the use of solvent-based adhesives is also eliminated as well as current problems with respect to poor adhesion between the adhesive coating and barrier coating. Since, in accordance with the invention these two coatings are replaced by a single heat activatable adhesive coating pre-applied by the backing paper supplier.

The cost of raw materials used in preparing the backing material of this invention is increased slightly as compared with conventional backing material, because the preferred waterbased, heat-activatable adhesives of this invention are more expensive than the barrier coatings currently used, and because the coating weights are in most instances greater than the barrier coating weights of current products.

However the other advantages discussed above, including the use of a single coat rather than double coat system contribute to make this invention attractive to abrasive paper manufacturers.

Two types of base paper or substrate for the backing are preferred. The first, which is commonly employed for waterproof sandpapers, is a highly porous kraft paper containing from 15 to 40% nitrile rubber or an acrylic elastomer. Pigments may also be added. The preferred basis weight of the paper is from about 70 to about 200 grams per square meter and the preferred Gurley porosity is less than 10 seconds per 100cc of air for a single sheet.

The second type of paper which is commonly employed for dry finishing papers is a more highly refined kraft paper containing filler and dyes or pigments if desired and from 0 to 15% of a nitrile rubber or an acrylic elastomer. The basis weight of the latter paper is from about 65 to about 200 grams per square meter and the single sheet Gurley porosity is greater than 10 seconds per 100cc of air. Functional additives which may be useful in this type of paper include sizing agents and starch. It is understood that the base papers used in wet finishing have the impregnant cured or thermoset to the extent that the impregnant will impart sufficient wet strength for such uses.

For the adhesive coating, a variety of waterbased, heat-sensitive adhesive systems have been tested and many of these have been found suitable. A number of others have not been found suitable and are specifically excluded. Examples of adhesives which are not suitable are: (1) Polyvinyl chloride latexes blended with various softer polymers such as acrylic elastomers or with conventional plasticizers. These do not soften sufficiently below 2200C to permit abrasive particles to sink therein by gravity alone and thus require too high a temperature to be practical. (2) SBR, ABS, polyvinyl-acetate, and most acrylic latexes are not suitable for the same reason.

(3) Wax, polyethylene, and low molecular weight ethylene-organic acid copolymer dispersions or latexes adhere poorly to the paper and/or the silicon caorbide grits commonly employed in the preferred abrasive papers and are unsuitable for those reasons.

Among the useful adhesives, several of the ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer latexes and ionomer resin dispersions such as ELVAX D manufactured by DuPont and described in DuPont Technical Bulletin A-86826 have been found suitable. (The word "ELVAX" is a Registered Trade Mark). These adhesives may also be blended with nitrile rubber or acrylic latexes to give coatings which have improved flexibility and provide improved adhesion to the paper substrates especially when the latter are impregnated with the same latexes. Blending these ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer latexes or ionomer latexes with polyterpene emulsions provides such blends with very low softening temperatures which are desirable, and while these blends are useful the adhesion to the paper is not as good as with the blends with acrylic or nitrile rubber latexes.Relatively high molecular weight ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer dispersions such as PCX 300, an alkali dispersible ethylene copolymer manufactured by Union Carbide and described in their Technical Bulletin F-42938-A, when blended with acrylic, nitrile rubber, or polyterpene latexes also are suitable. Blends of a novalac resin such as DUREZ by Hooker Chemical with ACRYSOL WS-32, a Rohm & Haas polymeric acrylic resin in aqueous dispersion, also are suitable. (The words "ACRYSOL" and "DUREZ" are Registered Trade Marks).

Other useful polymers include polyvinyl butyral, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers and linear aliphatic polyamides and polyesters.

Many other types of polymers or blends with properties similar to those given above are, of course, possible. The required characteristic is that the selected adhesive be a non-tacky solid at ambient temperature, and when heated to a temperature low enough so as not to de grade cellulose substrates are softened sufficiently to permit abrasive particles to embed themselves therein by gravity alone.

The following Examples illustrate various embodiments of the invention: Example I.

The paper substrate in this example was a very porous kraft paper impregnated with 33% nitrile rubber by weight and weighing about 80 grams per square meter. The im pregnated paper was coated with a blend con taining 33% dry weight of the above mentioned ACRYSOL' WS-32 polymeric acrylic latex and 67% dry weight of the above mentioned ionomer resin dispersion known as ELVAXX D-1265. The total percent solids of the coating mixture was 47%. The applied coating was metered to a dry coating weight of 22 grams per square meter by using a wire-wound "Mayer" rod as is common in the trade. The coating was then dried and a sample 8-1/2 x 11" sheet was placed coated side down against an uncoated sheet of the same type of paper.The sheets were then placed together at ambient temperature in a hydraulic press and the pressure was increased to 12 Ibis. per square inch. It was found that the sheets were not bound together after 16 hours and could be separated with very little sticking after removal from the press.

A sample sheet of the coated paper was then placed coated side up on a hotplate until the surface temperature of the paper was between 150 and 220"C. Then #200 silicon carbide grit which was pre-heated to 250"C was poured in a line at one edge of the sheet.

The sheet was then raised quickly on the same edge to distribute the silicon carbide on the sample. As is well known in the trade, this method of grit application is employed to simulate the continuous application used in abrasive paper manufacture and is commonly used to make hand samples. After shaking the excess grit particles off, a uniform deposit of silicon carbide weighing 70 grams per square meter remained bonded to the sample.

Although the particles could be removed by scraping with a sharp instrument, they were bound firmly enough to allow further processing with a size coating without causing any significant loss of silicon carbide.

The size coating, which comprised a thermosetting phenolic resin solution, was applied to the sample over the silicon carbide; again using a wire-wound Mayer rod to apply a dry size coating of about 33 grams per square meter. The sample was then placed in an oven at 107"C for six hours to cure the phenolic resin. It was then cut into two 5 x 6" pieces for testing. One sample was soaked in water for one hour for wet testing and the other was tested dry. Adhesion and peel resistance were tested by rolling the corners of the samples ten times between the thumb and forefinger. There was no peeling or loss of silicon carbide from either sample. A steel rod 1/4" in diameter was abraded with the wet sample until the surface of the sample became smooth due to loading with steel and corrosion.

The deposit of steel was washed from the sample with water and there was no evidence of any loss of silicon carbide particles. The process of abrading the steel rod and washing the sample was repeated 10 times, until a 2-foot section of the rod was free of corrosion, and there still was no evidence of peeling of adhesive or loss of silicon carbide from the sample.

Example II.

In this example the substrate for the backing was a kraft paper impregnated with inorganic filler and 10% by weight of a polymeric acrylic elastomer. The paper was coated with a blend containing DUREZX 12686 novalac resin, a phenolic resin supplied by Hooker Chemical and emulsified in water and methyl ethyl ketone, and the previously mentioned AeCRYSOLX WS-32 acrylic latex.

The ratio of phenolic resin to acrylic polymer in the blend was 1:0.9 and the total percent solids of the blend was 35%. The coating was applied with a Mayer rod to give a dry coating weight of 15 grams per square meter.

Three hundred twenty mesh silicon carbide was heated to 250"C and applied to the paper, which was placed coated side upon a hotplate at a temperature between 150 and 200"C.

The silicon carbide was distributed evenly on the backing by lifting one edge quickly as in the previous example and the sample was then placed in an oven set at 165"C for 30 seconds. After removing the excess, the weight of silicon carbide deposited was found to be 33 grams per square meter. The sample was then size coated with a blend of the same composition used . for the adhesive coating.

After drying the size coating, the sample was placed in an oven at 165"C for five minutes to cure the coatings. The silicon carbide was found to be very strongly bound to the backing and there was no significant loss of particles when the sample was used to abrade metal or wood.

While in the above examples the abrasive grit was pre-heated before being applied in order to accelerate embedment, further tests found this preheating was not necessary to obtain satisfactory results. However, in the latter event the coating with the grit applied is preferably held at an elevated temperature for a somewhat longer period to insure satisfactory embedment and bonding of the particles.

While latex-impregnated paper is the preferred substrate for the abrasive backing material of this invention, other flexible substrates may be used. The requirements of the substrate itself are not too stringent. Paper made primarily from chemical wood pulp fibers is preferred because of ready availability and low cost. Highly porous kraft paper containing a nitrile rubber or an acrylic elastomer similar to the waterproof sandpaper backings currently used has given the best results in laboratory tests. More highly refined, much less porous paper similar to the dry finishing paper in current use has also given satisfactory results for use in fabricating dry finishing papers. Other cellulosic fibers such as cotton or rayon may be used alone or in admixture with wood pulp fiber, as well as synthetic and glass fibers.When wood pulp or other cellulosic fibers are used in the substrate, the selected adhesive must soften sufficiently at temperatures below 2200C since at this temperature the fibers in such paper begin to char rapidly. Adhesive coatings requiring higher temperatures to bond the grit particles could be employed in combination with more heat resistant backings. In general the substrate should be flexible enough to be capable of being wound into rolls for storage and shipping. The substrate should have enough thermal stability to support the adhesive coating while the rolls are unwound and while the material is heated above the softening point of the adhesive. The substrate should also have a relatively closed surface so that the abrasive grit particles will penetrate only through the softened adhesive coating and not enter the substrate itself.

The heat-activatable adhesive may be applied in various weights to accommodate various size grit particles. In general, it is preferred that the adhesive have the following characteristics: 1. For application to the substrate it may be in the form of a solution in a suitable solvent, as an emulsion or latex in water, or as a molten plastic material.

2. The adhesive coating in its applied state after the solvent or carrier has been driven off, or after the molten coating has cooled and solidified should be non-tacky so that the backing material may be wound into rolls and stored without blocking or sticking together in order that the rolls may be unwound without damaging the material. It should remain nontacky through. the normal range of ambient temperatures encountered in normal handling, i.e., at least up to about 35 C.

3. When heated to a temperature high enough to soften the adhesive, but low enough so as not to degrade or soften the backing material, the adhesive coating should become a viscous liquid which will permit particles deposited thereon to embed themselves by gravity alone. External pressure to insure embedment bonding of the particles to the backing is to be avoided. In some cases the coated backing may be maintained above the softening point of the adhesive for approximately 30 seconds or so to insure adequate wetting and embedment of the particles by the softened adhesive.

4. The softened adhesive should be capable of hardening to its original state while the abrasive particles remain bonded to the backing at least well enough to permit application of a conventional size coating without removing any significant amount of the embedded grit particles from the backing.

5. The adhesive coating should be a tough, flexible, polar material which adheres well to the backing and the abrasive particles and does not peel away from the backing when the finished abrasive product is bent and deformed in use. Those mentioned earlier in the specification as suitable meet this requirement.

6. An optional feature of the adhesive coating is that it may be one which polymerizes further or cross-links upon extended aging or at elevated temperatures, while retaining the essential characteristics given above. The additional polymerization or crosslinking strengthens and hardens the adhesive.

While the specific Examples were prepared by a batch process, it has been demonstrated that substrates of the type defined herein are readily adaptable to the apparatus now employed for the continuous production of abrasive papers now commonly used by leading manufacturers. All that needs to be done to adapt this paper to existing abrasive manufacturing systems is to replace the present adhesive coating sections with a heating section and after application of the grit to provide for additional heat to permit full embedment, followed by a conventional or accelerated cooling run.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A backing material for use in the manufacture of flexible abrasive sheets comprising a flexible web substrate having on one surface a thermoplastic adhesive coating comprising at least in part a polymeric latex which coating is in a non-tacky solidified condition at ambient temperatures and which coating, when heated to a temperature of 1500C to 2200C, is softened to a viscous fluid condition, the fluid condition being characterised by the fact that when abrasive grit particles are deposited on the softened coating and electrostatically aligned, gravity forces alone permit the grit particles to sink into said softened coating to the extent that the particles will become embedded therein while the coating is in the heat softened condition, and remain firmly bonded therein when the heat is removed and the coating resolidified.

2. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the substrate is a paper web impregnated with a synthetic resin.

3. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the substrate is highly porous kraft paper impregnated with a synthetic elastomer in the amount of from about 15% to 40% by weight, has a basis weight of from about 70 to about 200 grams per square meter and has a Gurley porosity of less than 10 seconds per 100cc of air.

4. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said substrate is a highly refined kraft paper having a basis weight of from about 65 to about 200 grams per square meter and a Gurley porosity greater than 10 seconds per 100 cc of air.

5. Backing material as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the paper contains up to about 15% of a synthetic elastomer.

6. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the substrate is a paper sheet comprised primarily of cellulosic fibers.

7. Backing material as claimed in any of the preceding claims wherein the coating is a blend of a polymeric acrylic latex and an ionomer resin dispersion.

8. Backing material as claimed in Claim 7 wherein the acrylic latex comprises 33% by weight and the ionomer resin 67% by weight.

of said blend.

9. Backing material as claimed in Claim 8 wherein said substrate is a porous kraft paper impregnated with about 33% nitrile rubber by weight, has a basis weight of about 80 grams per square meter and has a Gurley porosity of less than 10 seconds per 100 cc of air.

10. Backing material as claimed in any of claims 1-6 wherein the coating is a blend of phenolic resin and a polymeric acrylic latex.

11. Backing material as claimed in Claim 10 wherein the ratio of phenolic resin to acrylic latex is 1 to 0.9.

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (15)

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. 1. For application to the substrate it may be in the form of a solution in a suitable solvent, as an emulsion or latex in water, or as a molten plastic material. 2. The adhesive coating in its applied state after the solvent or carrier has been driven off, or after the molten coating has cooled and solidified should be non-tacky so that the backing material may be wound into rolls and stored without blocking or sticking together in order that the rolls may be unwound without damaging the material. It should remain nontacky through. the normal range of ambient temperatures encountered in normal handling, i.e., at least up to about 35 C. 3. When heated to a temperature high enough to soften the adhesive, but low enough so as not to degrade or soften the backing material, the adhesive coating should become a viscous liquid which will permit particles deposited thereon to embed themselves by gravity alone. External pressure to insure embedment bonding of the particles to the backing is to be avoided. In some cases the coated backing may be maintained above the softening point of the adhesive for approximately 30 seconds or so to insure adequate wetting and embedment of the particles by the softened adhesive. 4. The softened adhesive should be capable of hardening to its original state while the abrasive particles remain bonded to the backing at least well enough to permit application of a conventional size coating without removing any significant amount of the embedded grit particles from the backing. 5. The adhesive coating should be a tough, flexible, polar material which adheres well to the backing and the abrasive particles and does not peel away from the backing when the finished abrasive product is bent and deformed in use. Those mentioned earlier in the specification as suitable meet this requirement. 6. An optional feature of the adhesive coating is that it may be one which polymerizes further or cross-links upon extended aging or at elevated temperatures, while retaining the essential characteristics given above. The additional polymerization or crosslinking strengthens and hardens the adhesive. While the specific Examples were prepared by a batch process, it has been demonstrated that substrates of the type defined herein are readily adaptable to the apparatus now employed for the continuous production of abrasive papers now commonly used by leading manufacturers. All that needs to be done to adapt this paper to existing abrasive manufacturing systems is to replace the present adhesive coating sections with a heating section and after application of the grit to provide for additional heat to permit full embedment, followed by a conventional or accelerated cooling run. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A backing material for use in the manufacture of flexible abrasive sheets comprising a flexible web substrate having on one surface a thermoplastic adhesive coating comprising at least in part a polymeric latex which coating is in a non-tacky solidified condition at ambient temperatures and which coating, when heated to a temperature of 1500C to 2200C, is softened to a viscous fluid condition, the fluid condition being characterised by the fact that when abrasive grit particles are deposited on the softened coating and electrostatically aligned, gravity forces alone permit the grit particles to sink into said softened coating to the extent that the particles will become embedded therein while the coating is in the heat softened condition, and remain firmly bonded therein when the heat is removed and the coating resolidified.

2. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the substrate is a paper web impregnated with a synthetic resin.

3. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the substrate is highly porous kraft paper impregnated with a synthetic elastomer in the amount of from about 15% to 40% by weight, has a basis weight of from about 70 to about 200 grams per square meter and has a Gurley porosity of less than 10 seconds per 100cc of air.

4. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said substrate is a highly refined kraft paper having a basis weight of from about 65 to about 200 grams per square meter and a Gurley porosity greater than 10 seconds per 100 cc of air.

5. Backing material as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the paper contains up to about 15% of a synthetic elastomer.

6. Backing material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the substrate is a paper sheet comprised primarily of cellulosic fibers.

7. Backing material as claimed in any of the preceding claims wherein the coating is a blend of a polymeric acrylic latex and an ionomer resin dispersion.

8. Backing material as claimed in Claim 7 wherein the acrylic latex comprises 33% by weight and the ionomer resin 67% by weight.

of said blend.

9. Backing material as claimed in Claim 8 wherein said substrate is a porous kraft paper impregnated with about 33% nitrile rubber by weight, has a basis weight of about 80 grams per square meter and has a Gurley porosity of less than 10 seconds per 100 cc of air.

10. Backing material as claimed in any of claims 1-6 wherein the coating is a blend of phenolic resin and a polymeric acrylic latex.

11. Backing material as claimed in Claim 10 wherein the ratio of phenolic resin to acrylic latex is 1 to 0.9.

12. A flexible abrasive sheet comprising the

backing material as claimed in any of the preceding claims wherein said coating has embedded in its surface a layer of uniformly distributed abrasive grit particles, and the layer has a grain size coating applied thereover.

13. A method of manufacturing a flexible abrasive sheet as claimed in Claim 12 comprising the steps of heating backing material as claimed in Claim 1 above the softening point of the adhesive depositing and electrostatically aligning particles of abrasive grit on the backing whilst retaining the heat for a sufficient time to allow the particles to sink into the softened coating by their own weight and then allowing the adhesive to cool and set.

14. A method as claimed in Claim 12 in which the adhesive is heated above its softening point for about 30 seconds after deposition and alignment of the particles.

15. A method as claimed in either Claim 13 or 14 in which a conventional resin coating or grain size is applied over the abrasive particles.