GB1588238A - Cement compositions - Google Patents

Description

(54) IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO CEMENT COMPOSITIONS (71) We, KAO SOAP CO. LTD., a Japanese Company, of l,l-chome, Nihonbashi-Kayabacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement::- The present invention relates to a method for increasing the strength, especially the flexural strength, of a fresh concrete, a cement paste, or a mortar (hereinafter referred to as "cement composition"), which comprises incorporating 5 to 30% by weight, based on the cement, of a water-soluble epoxy resin, 1.0 to 1.5 moles per epoxy equivalent of the water-soluble epoxy resin of an aliphatic amine curing catalyst for the epoxy resin, and 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the cement, of a cement dispersant into the cement composition before hardening of the composition. It also relates to a cement composition containing these substances, and to articles formed from such a composition.

Hardened products formed from hydraulic cements are generally poor in flexural strength and the flexural strength at the age of 7 and 28 days is only about 1/8 to 1/10 of the compression strength. Polymer-containing cement compositions have heretofore been investigated as products having an increased flexural strength, and know methods for production of these products may be roughly categorized into the following four types: (1) A method in which hardened concrete is impregnated with monomer: A molded structure is first prepared from a cement composition, and after the molded structure has been completely dried at 1600C., it is impregnated in vacuo with a polymerizable monomer such as methyl methacrylate, styrene or the like and a catalyst. Then, the monomer is polymerized by the action of radioactive rays, heat, light or the like.According to this method, good products having high compressive strength and flexural strength can be obtained, but this method is defective in that it is impossible to make the product easily on site.

(2) Method in which polymer fibers are mixed with fresh concrete: In this method, the operation of mixing polymer fibers in fresh concrete is very difficult, and a large quantity of water is required for mixing and the amount of entrained air increases accordingly. Further, the adhesion of the polymer fibers to the cement is low and therefore, both the compressive strength and the flexural strength of the products decrease.

(3) Method in which fresh concrete is mixed with a polymer emulsion: According to this method, the products having an improved flexural strength can be obtained, but in order to attain a substantial improvement effect, it is necessary to incorporate the polymer emulsion to the extent of at least 15% by weight of the cement. Accordingly, the amount of entrained air increases because the emulsifiers contained in the emulsion entrain air into the products, resulting in a reduction in the compressive strength. Therefore, this is not preferred from a practical point of view.

(4) Method in which a monomer is mixed with fresh concrete: This method is most preferred but it is not practically applicable because both the compressive strength and the flexural strength are lowered.

We have carried out investigations into methods of increasing the flexural strength of cement compositions by using monomers and polymers. As a result, it was found that unexpectedly good effects can be obtained when water-soluble epoxy resins are incorporated into cement compositions in combination with cement dispersants such as condensates of naphthalenesulfonate with formaldehyde. If a water-soluble epoxy resin is used alone cured at normal or elevated temperatures or cured with an aggregate without hydraulic cement, the hardened products readily collapse when dipped in water. However, when it is incorporated in cement composition and then cured, the hardened product does not collapse when dipped in water.

A composition comprising a water-soluble epoxy resin and hydraulic cement has a higher flexural strength than a cement composition which does not contain a water-soluble epoxy resin, but reduction of the compression strength cannot be avoided in case of water curing. However, this reduction of the compressive strength can be largely prevented by reducing the water content of the cement composition by using a cement dispersant such as a high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalenesulfonate in combination with the water-soluble epoxy resin. The hardened product thus obtained has excellent toughness and watertightness, and it is thought that this cement composition will be suitable for production not only of ordinary precast concrete products but also surfacing materials for airports, roads and the like.Moreover, because of the improved watertightness, the composition will be suitable for construction of underwater structures.

It has been found that when a hardened product is prepared from this cement composition by air curing, dissolution of a part of the water-soluble epoxy resin in the water, such as observed in the case of water curing, does not occur, and the synergistic effect of the combined use of the water-soluble epoxy resin and the cement dispersant such as a high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalene sulfonate remarkably improves both the compressive strength and the flexural strength.

As the water-soluble epoxy resins for the present invention, there is preferably employed a product obtained by epoxidizing a polyhydric alcohol such as glycerol, diglycerol, polyglycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol or polyethylene glycol while leaving a proportion of the hydroxyl groups unreacted to retain the water solubility.

As the aliphatic amine that is used as a catalyst for curing the resin in the present invention, there can be mentioned, for example, polyalkyl polyamine type polyvalent amines such as diethylene triamine and triethylene tetramine. When such polyalkyl polyamine type polyvalent amine is incorporated into cement without the water-soluble epoxy resin or cement dispersant no substantial effect of increasing the strength can be attained.

The aliphatic amine is incorporated in an amount of 1 to 1.5 moles per epoxy equivalent of the water-soluble epoxy resin.

The water-soluble epoxy resin is incorporated in the cement composition in an amount of 5 to 30% by weight, preferably 10 to 20% by weight of cement. In the case of mortar, it is most preferred that the water-soluble epoxy resin be incorporated in an amount of 8 to 8.5% of the total volume of the mortar.

As the cement dispersant, there can be used not only commerically available superplasticizers having a water reduction ratio of at least 20%, such as a high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalene sulfonate, formaldehyde condensate of melamine-sulfonate and condensate of creosote oil-sulfonate, but also commercially available ordinary cement dispersants having a water reduction rate of at least 5%, such as lignin-sulfonate and gluconate. Even if a cement dispersant of the latter type is used, it is possible to obtain a cement composition having good flexural strength and compression strength. The cement dispersant is incorporated in an amount of 0.1 to 10% by weight of cement.

Examples 1 to 7 described hereinafter were worked under the following experimental conditions: (1) Mixing and curing conditions: (a) Mixing: Cement was mixed with sand for 0.5 minutes, in the absence of water by means of a mixer, and water or water containing a cement dispersant was added and the composition was stirred at a low speed for I minute and subsequently at a high speed for 2 minutes. Then a monomer (prepolymer) was promptly added together with a catalyst and a necessary amount of water and stirring was conducted in the same manner as described above.

Just after mixing, the flow value was measured, and the mixed composition was charged into a mold by using a stamping rod.

(b) Curing: The sample-filled mold was wrapped with polyvinylidene chloride film. The wet curing was thus carried out in a substantially closed system overnight (for about 20 hours). The upper surface of the molded specimens were shaved to form a smooth surface, and the strength after one day was measured after demolding.

After that other specimens were cured in water (20 + 3"C) and the strength was measured after 7 and 28 days.

In the case of air curing in Examples 6 and 7, after one day the strength of the samples was measured as mentioned above, the specimens were allowed to stand in an atmosphere at a temperature of 20 t 5"C., and at a relative humidity of 70 + 10% and the strength measured after 7 and 28 days.

(2) Test items and conditions: (a) Flexural strength: The flexural strength was determined according to the JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) R 5201 "Physical Test Method for Cement" in the following manner.

At 1, 7 or 28 days after demolding, the measurement was conducted on 3 specimens and an average value was calculated. The distance between fulcra was set at 100 mm, and a load was imposed on the center of the side face of the specimen while increasing the load at a uniform rate of 5 Kg/sec, and the maximum load was determined. The flexural strength was calculated according to the following formula: b=wx 0.234 wherein b represents a flexural strength (Kg/cm2) and w designates the maximum load (Kg).

(b) Compressive strength: The compressive strength was determined according to JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) R 5201 in the following manner.

The measurement was conducted on broken pieces of each of the three specimens obtained as a result of the above-mentioned flexural strength test, and an average value was calculated. Both the side faces of the packed specimen were pressed at the central portions thereof by using loading press boards while elevating the load at a uniform rate of 80 Kg/sec. The maximum load was determined, and the compressive strength was calculated using the following formula: C=w/16 wherein C represents the compressive strength (Kg/cm2) and w denotes the maximum load (Kg).

(c) Flow value: The flow value was determined according to JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) R 5201 in the following manner.

A sample mortar in which mixing had been completed was charged into a flow cone, and the flow cone was placed on a flow table correctly at the center thereof.

Then, the flow cone was taken away correctly upwardly and a falling movement was given 15 times during 15 seconds. The diameter of the expanded mortar was measured both in the direction in which the expansion was deemed to be largest and in a direction rectangular thereto. The average value expressed in the unit of mm was adopted as the flow value. The above flow test was subsequently conducted two times, and an average value was calculated.

(d) Porosity: The density p, at the mixing step was calculated from the total weight and volume of the ingredients, and the density P2 of a specimen was calculated from the weight and volume of the molded specimen just after demolding. The porosity a was calculated according to the following formula:

(e) Water absorption: After the flexural strength test, the specimen was dried at 800C overnight (about 18 hours) and then kept at 1050C for 3 hours in an oven, and the specimen was then dipped in water (20 + 2"C). The water absorption was then measured.

In the Examples, which follow, all parts, percentages and ratios are by weight, unless otherwise stated.

Example l.

In a cement composition comprising 1000 parts of cement, 1000 parts of sand and 250 parts of water were incorporated 7.5 parts of a high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalenesulfonate and a monomer (prepolymer) (10% by weight of cement). The flexural strength and compressive strength after 7 days were shown in the following Table, from which it is seen that a water-soluble epoxy compound together with an aliphatic amine curing catalyst gives good results.

TABLE 1 Flexural Compressive Run Flow Strength Strength No. Monomer (Prepolymer) value (KgXcm2) (Kg/cm2) 1 none 100 126 556 2 none (dispersant incorporated) 133 144 730 3 styrene 159 118 500 4 styrene + 2-ethylhexylacrylate (1:1) 159 93 325 5 styrene 4 divinylbenzene (95:5) 155 108 548 6 hydroxymethyl methacrylate 174 not cured not cured 7 acylamide 179 ditto ditto 8 N-methylol acrylamide 146 13 32 9 epoxy emulsion 136 97 270 10 vinyl acetate 131 41 219 11 vinyl propionate 148 not cured not cured 12 acrylic'acid 112 17 41 13 acrylonitrile 145 98 413 14 polyvinyl chloride 146 89 254 15 polyethylene 100 103 381 16 sodium polyacrylate 107 25 53 17 urethane emulsion 100 51 186 18 water-insoluble epoxy resin 123 136 373 19 water-solubie epoxy resin 134 179 595 (glyceryl diglycidyl ether) Example 2.

A water-insoluble epoxy resin and a water-soluble epoxy resin were separately incorporated in a cement composition in an amount of 10% by weight of cement and the effects to two types the epoxy resins were tested in order to study an optimum amount of an amine used as a curing agent. Obtained results are shown in the following Table.

In each run, the water/cement ratio (W/C) was 25% and the fine sand/cement ratio (S/C) was 1.0. The dosage of the superplasticizer (same as used in Example l) was 0.75% by weight of cement. Data obtained at 7 days were shown.

TABLE 2 Elexural Compressive Water absorption Equivalent Flow Strength Strength (%) (after 3 hous' Epoxy Resin/Curing Agent Ratio Value (Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) dipping in water) resin/diethylene triamine 1.0 1.0 118 125 352 1.2 1.0 1.2 119 126 354 1.5 bisphenol type epoxy 1.0 1.2 117 124 333 2.3 resin/tristhylene tetramine polyethylene glycol diglycidyl 1.0 1.0 131 175 294 1.6 ether/triethylene tetramine 1.0 1.2 133 199 310 2.3 1.0 1.5 127 187 305 2.1 glycerin diglycidyl 1.0 1.0 129 151 381 2.4 ether/triethylene tetramine 1.0 1.2 131 211 476 2.9 1.0 1.5 125 221 508 2.8 diglycerin triglycidyl 1.0 1.0 134 147 434 3.1 ether/triethylene tetramine 1.0 1.2 136 222 582 2.6 1.0 1.5 135 163 487 3.8 plain (0.75% dispersant incorporated) 125 129 537 3.4 From the results shown above, it will readily be understood that in case of an ordinary bisphenol type epoxy resin, the flexural strength does not increase even with increasing amopunt of the curing agent. To the contrary, in case of a watersoluble epoxy resin, especially a glycerin type resin, both the flexural strength and the compressive strength increase with increasing amount of the curing agent, and reach to the maximum at the ratio of the curing agent vs the epoxy resin of about 1.0 to 1.2.

Example 3.

Six water-soluble epoxy resins were separately incorporated into a cament composition comprising 1000 parts of cement, 1000 parts of sand, 250 parts of water, and 7.5 parts of a superplasticizer (high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalenesulfonate.) and effects of these epoxy resins were compared withe one another. As the curing agent for the water-soluble epoxy resin, triethylene tetramine was used at a molar ratio of 1.2/1 to the epoxy equivalent. Results are shown in Table 3. In each run, the improvement of flexural strength was observed.

TABLE 3 Water absorption Flexural Strength Compressive Strength (%) (after 3 hous' (Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) dipping in water) Flow Water-Soluble Epoxy Resin Value 1 day 7 day 28 days 1 day 7 day 28 days 7 days 28 days none (0.75 % dispersant incorporated 125 93 129 152 376 537 619 3,4 2.5 glyceryl diglycidyl ether 127 100 194 215 312 516 529 1.6 2.0 diglyceryl triglycidyl ether 137 81 181 195 325 572 587 2.5 2.1 polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 134 80 155 200 191 333 500 2.1 1.5 trimethylolpropane polyglycidyl ether 124 76 173 189 238 429 592 2.2 2.2 spentacrythritol polyglycidyl ether 120 110 189 190 312 466 579 2.3 2.2 sorbitol polyglycidyl ether 134 81 171 176 259 418 484 2.5 2.4 Example 4.

The water/cement ratio was change in a broad range of form 20 to 50 and also the sand/cement (S/C) was simultaneously changed. Into the mortar compositions formulated in. such manner, glyceryl diglycidyl ether was incorporated in an amount of 10% by weight of cement, and triethylene tetramine was further incorporated in an amount of 1.2 moles per epoxy equivalent. The effect of increase in flexural strength was studied and the results shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Water absorption Flexural Strength Compressive Strength (%) (after 3 hours' (Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) dppiong in water) W/C Dispersant* Epoxy Flow (%) S/C /C (%) /C (%) Valne 1 day 7 days 28 days 1 day 7 days 28 days 28 days 50 2.0 0 0 150 31 80 103 82 349 492 6.3 50 2.0 0 10 176 34 105 140 53 265 418 4.0 40 1.5 0 0 150 42 102 108 233 489 584 5.2 40 1.5 0 10 180 57 135 168 103 386 497 3.5 30 1.5 3.0 0 157 64 125 130 233 537 608 3.3 30 1.5 3.0 10 138 76 151 175 211 417 522 2.2 25 1.0 0.75 0 125 92 129 152 376 537 619 2.5 25 1.0 0.75 10 130 94 188 192 310 508 571 1.8 20 1.0 0.75 0 100 92 156 155 426 567 683 2.7 20 1.0 0.75 10 104 128 226 231 373 569 624 2.1 * high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalene sulfonate.

From the results shown in the abve Table, it has been confirmed that the flexural strength is improved throughout the whole range of the water/cement ratio but the compressive strength is reduced by 10 to 20% on account of water curing of the specimens.

Example 5.

Into 4 kinds of compositions with different water/cement ratio, and into compositions which were formed by adding 0.75% of the superplasticizer by weight of cement (same as used in Example 1) to the above-mentioned compositions and reduced the water content so that the same slump vaiue was attained, a mixture of glyceryl diglycidyl ether and trietylene tetramine (equivalent ratio = 1.0 1.2) was added in an amount of 8.1 to 8.4% of the total volume. All specimens were cured in water and the strength was measured as shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Water absorption Flexural Strength Compressive Strength (%) (after 3 hours' (Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) dipping in water) W/C Dispersant Epoxy Flow (%) S/C /C (%) /C Value 1 day 7 days 28 days 1 day 7 days 28 days 28 days 25 1.0 0 not aded 104 79 127 126 352 559 579 2.8 25 1.0 0 added 127 80 161 155 283 421 455 1.9 25 1.0 0.75 not added 131 93 134 146 466 619 768 2.1 25 1.0 0.75 added 134 86 186 178 299 503 532 1.9 40 1.5 0 not added 152 38 89 97 164 421 540 4.3 40 1.5 0 added 189 62 120 160 154 318 487 2.8 33.5 1.5 0.75 not added 159 70 106 108 317 532 635 2.6 33.5 1.5 0.75 added 154 75 143 187 230 386 535 2.0 60 2.35 0 not added 160 19 58 74 48 235 307 7.6 60 2.35 0 added 203 44 82 108 66 188 297 3.2 54.5 2.35 0.75 not added 160 29 69 79 71 283 373 6.4 54.5 2.35 0.75 added 187 48 91 123 101 249 336 4.0 As shown in the above Table, the reduction of the compressive strength by addition of the water-soluble epoxy resin can be prevented by reducing the water content by the use of a superplasticizer.

Example 6.

Experiments were carried out in the same manner as described in Example 5 except that air curing was conducted, and the strength was measured as shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Water absorption, Flexural Strength Compressive Strength (%) (after 3 hours' (Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) dipping in water) W/C Dispersant Epoxy Flow (%) S/C /C (%) /C (%) Value 3 days 7 days 28 days 3 days 7 days 28 days 28 days 00 0.75 0 0 161 62 64 82 413 487 545 6.5 30 0.75 0 9.6 177 80 71 186 352 424 648 2.2 26.5 0.75 0.75 0 158 66 74 94 458 511 545 5.5 26.5 0.75 0.75 9.2 149 92 73 180 392 457 738 1.7 40 1.5 0 0 158 44 52 84 258 281 360 8.3 40 1.5 0 13.8 189 71 87 138 241 310 527 1.3 34 1.5 0.75 0 161 65 70 105 333 365 389 6.2 34 1.5 0.75 13.1 149 88 100 192 365 410 656 0.8 50 1.95 0 0 159 38 44 69 122 198 254 9.8 50 1.95 0 16.4 196 64 75 119 178 262 421 1.3 43.5 1.95 0.75 0 161 44 63 75 201 258 281 8.4 43.5 1.95 0.75 15.7 162 76 91 168 267 336 516 1.2 60 2.35 0 0 156 27 32 61 69 124 188 10.6 60 2.35 0 19.3 204 50 63 119 127 211 352 1.66 54.5 2.35 0.75 0 162 34 46 64 111 138 196 10.3 54.5 2.35 0.75 18.6 176 65 85 157 196 262 450 1.5 From the results shown in the above Table, it will readily be understood that when air curing is conducted, dissolution of the water-soluble epoxy resin into water, as observed in case of water curing, can be avoided and, therefore, the synergistic effect of the superplasticizer, water-soluble epoxy resin and aliphatic polyvalent amine can be demonstrated more prominently to improve both the flexural strength and compressive strength conspicuously.

Example 7.

Superplasticizers were compared with ordinary cement dispersants with respect to the effects attained by the combined use with a water-soluble epoxy resin and an aliphatic polyvalent amine under such conditions that the flow value was about 160. In each run, air curing was conducted.

TABLE 7 Water absorption Flxural Strength Compressive Strength (%) (after 3 bours' (Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) dipping in water) W/C Dispersant Epoxy Flow (%) S/C /C (%) /C (%) Valve 1 day 7 days 28 days 1 day 7 days 28 days 28 days (1) 60 2.3 0 0 159 17 41 52 58 183 210 10.0 48.5 2.3 0 18.6 156 24 54 74 84 214 294 2.2 (2) naphthalene-sulfonic acid-formaldehyde high condensate salt 54.5 2.3 0.75 0 161 22 49 70 66 222 265 8.4 48.5 2.3 0.75 18.6 158 53 105 155 143 353 535 0.9 (3) creosote oil-sulfonic acid-formaldehyl condensate salt 54.5 2.3 0.45 0 159 20 43 54 65 182 211 9.3 48.5 2.3 0.45 18.6 157 47 97 145 137 348 529 0.6 (4) melamine-sulfonic acid-formaldehyde condensate salt 54.5 2.3 1.5 0 154 29 55 73 81 257 310 8.0 48.5 2.3 1.5 18.6 161 47 102 146 134 360 557 0.7 (5) lignin-sulfonic acid (25% CaC12#2H2O incorporated) 54.5 2.3 0.25 0 157 17 39 47 49 166 178 10.1 48.5 2.3 0.25 18.6 156 38 90 139 104 338 520 0.7 As shown in the above Table, when an ordinary cement dispersant (ligninsulfonate) is used as the cement dispersant, both the flexural strength and the compressive strength can be improved by the synergistic effect between a watersoluble epoxy resin and an aliphatic polyvalent amine. When superplasticizers (such as the high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalene sulfonate, formaldehyde condensate of creosote oil sulfonate, and formaldehyde condensate of melamine sulfonate) are used instead of the ordinary cement dispersant, a hardened cement product having excellent watertightness can be obtained.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: l. A method of increasing the flexural strength of a hydraulic cement composition after hardening, characterised by incorporating 5 to 3ŏ by weight, based on the cement, of a water-soluble epoxy resin, 1.0 to 1.5 moles per epoxy equivalent of the water-soluble epoxy resin, of an aliphatic amine curing catalyst for the epoxy resin, and 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the cement, of a cement dispersant into the cement composition before hardening of the composition.

2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the water-soluble epoxy resin is an epoxidized product of glycerol, diglycerol, polyglycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol or polyethylene glycol.

3. A method according to Claim l or Claim 2 wherein the aliphatic amine is a polyalkylene polyamine.

4. A method according to any preceding Claim wherein the water reduction ratio of the cement dispersant is at least 5%.

5. A hydraulic cement composition, including 5 to 30% by weight, based on the cement, of a water-soluble epoxy resin, 1.0 to 1.5 moles per epoxy equivalent of the water-soluble epoxy resin, of an aliphatic amine curing catalyst for the epoxy resin, and 1.0 to 10% by weight, based on the cement, of a cement dispersant.

6. An article formed from a hydraulic cement composition according to Claim 5.

7. A method according to claim 1 of increasing the flexural strength of a hydraulic cement composition substantially as herein described, with reference to the Examples.

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (7)

1. **WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **.

   As shown in the above Table, when an ordinary cement dispersant (ligninsulfonate) is used as the cement dispersant, both the flexural strength and the compressive strength can be improved by the synergistic effect between a watersoluble epoxy resin and an aliphatic polyvalent amine. When superplasticizers (such as the high formaldehyde condensate of naphthalene sulfonate, formaldehyde condensate of creosote oil sulfonate, and formaldehyde condensate of melamine sulfonate) are used instead of the ordinary cement dispersant, a hardened cement product having excellent watertightness can be obtained.

   WHAT WE CLAIM IS: l. A method of increasing the flexural strength of a hydraulic cement composition after hardening, characterised by incorporating 5 to 3ŏ by weight, based on the cement, of a water-soluble epoxy resin, 1.0 to 1.5 moles per epoxy equivalent of the water-soluble epoxy resin, of an aliphatic amine curing catalyst for the epoxy resin, and 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the cement, of a cement dispersant into the cement composition before hardening of the composition.
2. 2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the water-soluble epoxy resin is an epoxidized product of glycerol, diglycerol, polyglycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol or polyethylene glycol.
3. 3. A method according to Claim l or Claim 2 wherein the aliphatic amine is a polyalkylene polyamine.
4. 4. A method according to any preceding Claim wherein the water reduction ratio of the cement dispersant is at least 5%.
5. 5. A hydraulic cement composition, including 5 to 30% by weight, based on the cement, of a water-soluble epoxy resin, 1.0 to 1.5 moles per epoxy equivalent of the water-soluble epoxy resin, of an aliphatic amine curing catalyst for the epoxy resin, and 1.0 to 10% by weight, based on the cement, of a cement dispersant.
6. 6. An article formed from a hydraulic cement composition according to Claim 5.
7. 7. A method according to claim 1 of increasing the flexural strength of a hydraulic cement composition substantially as herein described, with reference to the Examples.