GB1579747A - Galvanic cell - Google Patents
Galvanic cell Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1579747A GB1579747A GB976877A GB976877A GB1579747A GB 1579747 A GB1579747 A GB 1579747A GB 976877 A GB976877 A GB 976877A GB 976877 A GB976877 A GB 976877A GB 1579747 A GB1579747 A GB 1579747A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- cells
- cell
- anode
- solution
- peroxydisulphate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L peroxydisulfate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 13
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000005505 Measles Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- PQEGXTONHQWLFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;sulfonatooxy sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O PQEGXTONHQWLFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960001760 dimethyl sulfoxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011664 nicotinic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000001968 nicotinic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001174 sulfone group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 5
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009429 distress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 persulphate anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101150094949 APRT gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 241000282461 Canis lupus Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical group Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004159 Potassium persulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007084 catalytic combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VFNGKCDDZUSWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)OS(O)(=O)=O VFNGKCDDZUSWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydrogensulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940101532 meted Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001841 potassium permanganate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019394 potassium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/30—Deferred-action cells
- H01M6/32—Deferred-action cells activated through external addition of electrolyte or of electrolyte components
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19762612712 DE2612712C3 (de) | 1976-03-25 | 1976-03-25 | Galvanisches Füllelement |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1579747A true GB1579747A (en) | 1980-11-26 |
Family
ID=5973421
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB976877A Expired GB1579747A (en) | 1976-03-25 | 1977-03-08 | Galvanic cell |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE2612712C3 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2345821A1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1579747A (enExample) |
| IT (1) | IT1076334B (enExample) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20230076928A1 (en) * | 2017-03-13 | 2023-03-09 | Ifbattery Inc. | Electrochemical Cells |
| US11952672B2 (en) | 2018-09-12 | 2024-04-09 | Ifbattery Inc. | Series of cells for use in an electrochemical device |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007059589A1 (en) * | 2005-11-25 | 2007-05-31 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | A water activated system including a flexible substrate |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1771190A (en) * | 1926-07-30 | 1930-07-22 | Polcich Guenther | Primary cell |
| FR663785A (fr) * | 1928-03-03 | 1929-08-26 | élément voltaïque | |
| GB356259A (en) * | 1930-06-05 | 1931-09-07 | Arthur Mortimer Codd | Improvements in or relating to electric cells |
| US2534403A (en) * | 1949-01-19 | 1950-12-19 | Burgess Battery Co | Primary cell |
| US2921110A (en) * | 1953-05-01 | 1960-01-12 | Graham Savage And Associates I | Battery cells |
| US3532552A (en) * | 1968-11-25 | 1970-10-06 | Fmc Corp | Cell with peroxydisulfate depolarizer |
| FR2048108A5 (en) * | 1969-06-02 | 1971-03-19 | Laffaille Jean | Electric battery activated by addition of - electrolyte |
| US3840405A (en) * | 1970-04-08 | 1974-10-08 | Equipment Electr De Vehicles S | Circulating fuel cell with crenellated electrode |
| US3920474A (en) * | 1972-05-25 | 1975-11-18 | Gen Engineering Lab Inc | Method of operating a fuel cell using sulfide fuel |
| FR2340663A1 (fr) * | 1976-02-06 | 1977-09-02 | Accumulateurs Fixes | Element chauffant |
-
1976
- 1976-03-25 DE DE19762612712 patent/DE2612712C3/de not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-01-27 IT IT1971077A patent/IT1076334B/it active
- 1977-03-08 GB GB976877A patent/GB1579747A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-03-11 FR FR7708097A patent/FR2345821A1/fr active Granted
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20230076928A1 (en) * | 2017-03-13 | 2023-03-09 | Ifbattery Inc. | Electrochemical Cells |
| US11894591B2 (en) * | 2017-03-13 | 2024-02-06 | Ifbattery Inc. | Electrochemical cells |
| US11952672B2 (en) | 2018-09-12 | 2024-04-09 | Ifbattery Inc. | Series of cells for use in an electrochemical device |
| US12467150B2 (en) | 2018-09-12 | 2025-11-11 | Ifbattery Inc. | Electrochemical cells |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2345821B1 (enExample) | 1982-10-22 |
| IT1076334B (it) | 1985-04-27 |
| DE2612712B2 (de) | 1979-05-10 |
| DE2612712A1 (de) | 1977-10-06 |
| DE2612712C3 (de) | 1980-02-21 |
| FR2345821A1 (fr) | 1977-10-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5549991A (en) | Aluminum permanganate battery | |
| US4198475A (en) | Methods and apparatus for generating heat and electrical energy from aluminum | |
| EP1413001B1 (en) | Method and product for improving performance of batteries/fuel cells | |
| US6849356B2 (en) | Separated flow liquid catholyte aluminum hydrogen peroxide seawater semi fuel cell | |
| CA2152624A1 (en) | Aluminum and sulfur electrochemical batteries and cells | |
| AU2002317082A1 (en) | Method and product for improving performance of batteries/fuel cells | |
| KR20080025170A (ko) | 수소 생성 시스템 | |
| CA2301464A1 (en) | Ecologically clean mechanically rechargeable air-metal current source | |
| EP0518407A2 (en) | Metal suspension half-cell for an accumulator, method for operating such a half-cell and metal suspension accumulator comprising such a half-cell | |
| KR102131094B1 (ko) | 담수 생산 이차전지 | |
| EP3229309B1 (en) | Rechargeable aluminum-air electrochemical cell | |
| US8304121B2 (en) | Primary aluminum hydride battery | |
| EP0086174A1 (en) | Bronze suppression in an alkali metal/sulphur ammoniate battery | |
| JPH02501125A (ja) | 液状媒体を搬送するためにガスを電気化学的に発生させる装置 | |
| KR830001226B1 (ko) | 감극제 제조방법 | |
| GB1579747A (en) | Galvanic cell | |
| US4430393A (en) | Metal amalgams for sodium-sulfur battery systems | |
| US3218195A (en) | Electricity generating cell | |
| EP4398383A1 (en) | Air battery in which metallic copper or alloy thereof serves as oxygen reducing air electrode | |
| WO1999052162A1 (en) | Water-activated storage battery | |
| KR20240027580A (ko) | 과산화 수소를 포함하는 전기 이중층을 구비하는 공기극 및 그것을 이용하는 금속 공기 전지 | |
| WO1988001103A1 (en) | Batteries having an aqueous alkaline electrolyte | |
| US20240413368A1 (en) | Rechargeable metal battery | |
| JP2024034270A (ja) | 金属銅又はその合金を酸素還元空気極とする空気電池 | |
| KR20030059030A (ko) | 소금물(바닷물)을 사용하여 전기를 생산하는 방법 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Patent sealed | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |