GB1579427A - Electrodes for electrolytic cells - Google Patents
Electrodes for electrolytic cells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1579427A GB1579427A GB32486/76A GB3248676A GB1579427A GB 1579427 A GB1579427 A GB 1579427A GB 32486/76 A GB32486/76 A GB 32486/76A GB 3248676 A GB3248676 A GB 3248676A GB 1579427 A GB1579427 A GB 1579427A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- cell
- anodes
- titanium
- cathode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
Description
(54) IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRODES FOR
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS
(71) We, IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUS TRIES LIMITED, Imperial Chemical House,
Millbank, London S,WllP 3JF a British company do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following state
ment:
This invention relates to improvements
in electrolytic diaphragm cells.
More particularly, it relates to electrolytic
diaphragm cells having anodes made from
a film-forming metal and which carry an
electrocatalytically-active coating. It especi
ally relates to diaphragm cells for the
electrolysis of aqueous solutions of alkali
metal halides.
A wide variety of diaphragm cells are
known which consist in principle of a series
of anodes and a series of cathodes disposed
in a parallel alternating manner and separ
ated from each other by a substantially
vertical diaphragm. In cells of recent design,
the anodes are suitably in the form of
plates of a film-forming metal (usually
titanium) and carry an electrocatalytically
active coating (for example a platinum
group metal oxide); the cathodes are
suitably in the form of a perforated plate
or gauze of metal (usually mild !steel); and
the diaphragms. which are usually deposit
ed on or fitted to the surface of the
cathodes, are suitably made of asbestos or
a synthetic organic polymeric material, for
example polytetrafluoroethylene or poly
vinylidene fluoride.
In operating a diaphragm cell, it is
advantageous to operate with as small a
distance as possible between the anode and
the cathode (the anode/cathode gap) in
order to keep the ohmic losses (and hence
the cell voltage)- to a minimum. At the
same time it is desirable to operate at an
economic current density, for example 2 kA/m2.
The use of high current densities results in a high rate of evolution of gas (for example chlorine) during electrolysis and if this evolution takes place in a narrow anode/cathode gap it can in turn cause a foam of gas and elecrolyte. This foam can partially fill the anode/cathode gap in the anolyte compartment, thus driving the electrolyte out of the gap and increasing the resistance to further electrolysis. This problem has been mitigated by using metal anodes provided with a plurality of vertically disposed elongated members (e.g.
blades, rods, channel-shaped members) to facilitate the removal of gas from the
surface, for example as described in our
UK patent Specification No. 1479444. Such
metal anodes, when made of a film-forming metal, for example titanium, are relatively expensive to make as compared with solidplate anodes. On the other hand, solid-plate anodes have a further disadvantage in that the relatively low electrical conductivity of a film-forming metal can lead to poor current efficiency in the cell. In certain diaphragm cells, the current is led into the bottom of the anode, and because of the relatively low electrical conductivity of titanium, there is a considerable voltage drop from bottom to top of the anode. This voltage drop can lead to reduction in current efficiency by causing a mal-distribution of current in the anodes cathode gap.
We have now devised an anode which aims to obviate or mitigate this disadvantage associated with the aforesaid anodes.
According to the present invention we provide an anode comprising two groups of substantially parallel elongated members made of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof carrying on at least part of their surfaces an electrocatalytically active coating, the members in each group lying in separate planes and being electrically conductively connected to each other and extending lengthwise from the point of connection, the planes facing each other and diverging from each other with increase in distance from the point of connection.
According to a further aspect of the present invention we provide a electrolytic cell comprising a plurality of anodes, a plurality of cathodes and diaphragms separating the anodes and the cathodes wherein each anode is according to the invention and wherein the anode/cathode gap of adjacent anodes and cathodes decreases from the bottom of the anodes, where the elongated members comprising the anodes are connected, to the top of the anodes.
The planes of the anodes may be substantially rectangular or square, with the elongated members defining an edge of one plane electrically conductively connected to the members defining an edge of the other plane so that the two planes diverge from the edges that are connected.
The elongated members may suitably be in the form of blades, rods, wires or channel members of U-shape or hemicylindrical shape, or slotted plates. It is preferred that the elongated members are in the form of wires, or as slotted plates, especially louvred plates. The louvres are conveniently produced from a single sheet of film-forming metal by pressing with a slitting and forming tool.
The louvres so obtained my suitably be turned at right angles to the original plane of the film-forming metal sheet, but they may be inclined to the plane if desired or they may be rolled round to form a series of approximately hemicylindrical members which alternate with the slots from which the metal forming them has been pressed out. The louvres are preferably inclined at 60 to the plane of the sheet.
The planes of elongated members comprising the anodes are preferably connected together by mounting on a support, for example by mounting on a bridgepiece of a film-forming metal, for example titanium.
The bridgepiece is conveniently in the form of a rectangular block which may be connected to the planes of elongated members by any convenient means, for example resistance seam welding.
The anode may be mechanically and electrically connected to the baseplate of the cell, for example a plate of a filmforming metal such as titanium, by any convenient method, for example by capacitor discharge stud welding or argon arc welding. The anodes may be mounted directly on the baseplate, but are more conveniently mounted on a studs of a filmforming metal (for example titanium) which are already mounted on the baseplate, the studs being arranged in parallel rows on the baseplate and spaced apart from one another in each row. Such studs are convenienty mounted on the baseplate by means of capacitor discharge stud welding.
In an especially preferred form, the anodes are mounted on a bridgepiece as described above, and the bridgepiece is then mounted, for example by argon arc welding on the studs which have already been pre-mounted on the baseplate.
The film-forming metal baseplate may in turn be conductively bonded to a plate of iron or steel, for example a mild steel plate which serves as a conductor providing a low resistance electrical flow path between the anodes and copper connectors bolted to 2 side edge of the plate of iron or steel.
In this specification, by 'a film-forming meta!' we mean one of the metals titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum or tungsten or an alloy consisting principally of one of these metals and having anodic polarisation properties which are comparable to those of the pure metal. It is preferred to use titanium alone or an alloy based on titanium and having polarisation properties comparable to those of titanium. Examples of such al!oys are titanium-zirconium alloys containing up to 14% of zirconium, alloys of titanium with up to 5% of a platinum group metal such as platinum, rhodium or iridium and alloys of titanium with niobium or tantalum containing up to 10% of the alloying constituent.
The electrocatalytically active coating is a conductive coating which is resistant to electrochemical attack but is active in transferring electrons between electrolyte and the anode.
The electrocatalytically active material may suitably consist of one or more platinum group metals, i.e. platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium and palladium, and alloys of the said metals, and/or the oxides thereof, or another metal or a compound which will function as an
anode and which is resistant to electrochemical dissolution in the cell, for instance rhenium, rhenium trioxide, magnetite, titanium nitride and the borides, phosphides and silicides of the platinum group metals.
The coating may consist of one or more of the said platinum group metals and/or oxides thereof in admixture with one or more non-noble metal oxides. Alternatively, it may consist of one or more nonnoble metal oxides alone or a mixture of one or
more non-noble metal oxides and a nonnoble metal chloride discharge catalyst.
Suitable non-noble metal oxides are, for example, oxides of the film-forming metals (titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum or tungsten), tin dioxide, germanium dioxide and oxides of antimony. Suitable chlorinedischarge catalysts include the difluorides of manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and mixtures thereof.
Especially suitable electrocatalytically active coatings according to the invention include platinum itself and those based on ruthenium dioxide/titanium dioxide and ruthenium dioxide/tin dioxide/titanium dioxide.
Other suitable coatings include those described in our UK Patent Specification
No 1402414 and UK Patent Specification
No 1484015 in which a non-conducting particulate or fibrous refractory material is embedded in a matrix of electrocatalytically active material (of the type described above). Suitable non-conducting particulate or fibrous materials include oxides, carbides, fluorides, nitrides and sulphides. Suitable oxides (including complex oxides) include zirconia, alumina, silica, thorium oxide, titanium dioxide, ceric oxide, hafnium oxide, ditantalum pentoxide, magnesium oluminate (e.g. !spinel MgO.Al203) aluminosilicates e.g.
mullite (Al203) Ski02)2), zirconium silicate, glass, calcium silicate (e.g. bellite (Ca0)2SiO), calcium aluminate, calcium titanate (e.g. perovskite CaTiO3), attapulgite, kaolinite, asbestos, mica, codierite and bentonite; suitable sulphides include dicerium trisulphide, suitable nitrides include boron nitride and silicon nitride; and suitable fluorides include calcium fluoride.
A preferred non-conducting refractory material is a mixture of zirconium silicate and zirconia, for example zirconium silicate particles and zirconia fibres.
The anodes may be prepared by the painting and firing technique, wherein a coating of metal and/or metal oxide is formed on the anode surface by applying a layer of a paint composition comprising thermally-decomposable compounds of each of the metals that are to feature in the finished coating in a liquid vehicle to the surface of the anode, drying the paint layer by evaporating the liquid vehicle and then firing the paint layer by heating the coated anode, suitably at 250 C to 800 C, to decompose the metal compounds of the paint and form the desired coating. When refractory particles or fibres are to be embedded in the metal and/or metal oxide of the coating, the refractory particles or fibres may be mixed into the aforesaid paint composition before it is applied to the anode.Alternatively, the refractory particles or fibres may be applied on to a layer of the aforesaid paint composition while this is still in the fluid state on the surface of the anode, the paint layer then being dried by evaporation of the liquid vehicle and fired in the usual manner.
The coated electrodes are preferably built up by applying a plurality of paint layers on the anode, each layer being dried and fired before applying the next layer.
The cathode may suitably be in the form of a perforated metal sheet or gauze.
The cathode is preferably of mild steel.
The anode may be used in conjunction with any conventional diaphragm. Suitable diaphragms include those made of asbestos or a synthetic organic polymeric material, for example polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
The anode/cathode gap is suitably in the range 3 to 10 mm, at the bottom of the anodes, and from 0 to 6 mm at the top of the anodes, provided the gap at the bottom is greater than at the top.
The invention is especially applicable to diaphragm celis used for the manufacture of chlorine and alkali metal hydroxides by electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal chloride solutions, for example in diaphragm cells manufacturing chlorine and sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride solutions.
By way of example, embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of an inclined louvred anode, according to the invention:
Figure 2 is an end elevation of the louvred anode of Figure 1 in combination with a spacer.
Figure 3 is a section along the line A-A of Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a sectional end elevation of an inclined wire anode according to the invention in combination with a spacer when mounted on the baseplate of a cell.
Figure 5 is a sectional elevation of an inclined wire anode according to the invention in combination with a spacer when mounted indirectly on the baseplate of a cell.
Referring to Figures 1-3 of the drawings, the anode comprises a pair of anode plates fabricated of titanium and each having a plurality of vertical louvres 2. The louvres 2 are formed by pressing out with a slitting and forming tool from a single sheet of titanium (of a size corresponding to the overall dimensions of the anode).
The louvred anode plates are coated on both sides with an electrocatalytically active material, for example a coating comprising ruthenium oxide and titanium dioxide.
The plates 1 are inclined (as shown in
Figure 2) so that the separation of the plates increases from the bottom of the anode to the top. The cell comprises a plurality of such anodes in parallel array not shown) so that the anode/cathode gaps of adjacent anodes and cathodes decrease from the bottom of the anodes to the top of the anodes in accordance with the invention.
This advantageously reduces the electrolytic resistance in the vicinity of the upper half of the anodes, thereby leading to a more even distribution of current. Each pair of anode plates 1 is resistance seam welded at their lower ends to titanium bridge pieces 3. The titanium bridge pieces 31 are argon-arc welded to titanium studs 4 which have been previously mounted, for example by capacitor discharge stud welding to a titanium sheet 5 which serves as
the base plate of the cell. The titanium base
plate 5 is in turn conductively bonded to a mild steel slab (not shown) which serves as a conductor providing a low-resistance electrical flow path between the anodes 1
and copper connectors (not shown) bolted
to a side edge of the mild steel slab.
The anode plates 1 are held in position
during assembly by means of a cover strip,
preferably of plastics material, which fits
over the upper ends of said plates. This
serves to prevent outward movement of
plates 1 whilst assembling the anodes into
the cell and reduces the risk of damage to
the diaphragms. After assembling the
anodes in the cell, the cover strip may be
removed and replaced, if desired, by a
spacer 6, conveniently of a plastics material,
such as polyvinylidene fluoride, which
serves to maintain pairs of anode plates 1
at the required inclination to produce the desired anode/cathode gaps.
Referring to Figures 4 and 5, the anode
comprises two rows of inclined titanium
wires 7 provided with an electrocatalytic
ally active coating (e.g. ruthenium oxide/
titanium dioxide). The rows are adjacent to
diaphragms 8, e.g. of polytetrafluoroethylene or asbestos, which are adjacent to
or deposited on cathodes 9, e.g. of mild steel gauze. The anode/cathode gaps, which decrease from the bottom of the anode to the top of the anode, are suitably in the range 3 to 10 mm at the bottom of the anode to 0 to 6 mm at the top of the anode.
In the anode of Figure 4, the titanium wires 7 are capacitor discharge stud welded at their lower ends to the titanium baseplate 10. In the anode of Figure 5, the titanium wires 7 are resistance welded or argon-arc welded to a titanium bridgepiece 11, and the bridgepiece 11 is resistance welded or argon arc-welded to titanium studs 12 which are premounted on the baseplate 10.
for example by capacitor discharge stud welding.
The titanium wires 7 are held in position during assembly by a cover strip (not shown), preferably of plastics material, and after assembly the cover strip is removed and replaced by a spacer 13, conveniently of a plastics material, such as polyvinylidene fluoride, which serves to maintain the pairs of wires 7 at the required inclination.
The invention was further illustrated by the following Example: EXAMPLE
A diaphragm cell was provided with one pair of inclined titanium louvred anodes according to the invention, a mild steel gauze cathode and a polytetrafluoroethylene diaphragm. The anode/cathode gap was 6
mm at the bottom of the anode and 3 mm
at the top of the anode. The polytetrafluoroethylene diaphragm was prepared by calendering a mixture of an aqueous poly
tetrafluoroethylene dispersion, titanium
dioxide and starch, and subsequently re
moving the starch by electrolytic extraction in situ in the cell.
The cell was fed with sodium chloride brine (at a concentration of 310 g/litre). A current of 400 amps was passed through
the cell, which corresponded to a current
density of 2.0 KA/m2 when compared with
the effective area of the diaphragm. The
cell operating voltage was 2.96 volts. The
chlorine produced contained 93.0%
chlorine and less than 2.0% oxygen. The aqueous sodium hydroxide produced con
tained 10% by weight of NaOH. The cell
operated at a current efficiency of 96.0%.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS: - 1. An anode comprising two groups of substantially parallel elongated members made of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof carrying on at least part of their surfaces an electrocatalytically active coating, the members in each group lying in separate planes and being electrically con
ductively connected to each other and ex
tending lengthwise from the point of connection, the planes facing each other and diverging from each other with increase in distance from the point of connection.
2. An anode as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the planes are substantially rectangular or square, and the elongated members defining an edge of one plane are electrically conductively connected to the members defining an edge of the other plane so that the two planes diverge from the edges that are connected.
3. An anode as claimed in Claim 1 or
Claim 2 wherein each plane comprises blades, rods, wires, channel members of
U-shape or hemicylindrical shape or slotted plates.
4. An anode as claimed in Claim 3 wherein the elongated members of the slotted plates are in the form of louvres.
5. An anode as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the louvres formed by pressing from a sheet of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof.
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.
Claims (26)
1. An anode comprising two groups of substantially parallel elongated members made of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof carrying on at least part of their surfaces an electrocatalytically active coating, the members in each group lying in separate planes and being electrically con
ductively connected to each other and ex
tending lengthwise from the point of connection, the planes facing each other and diverging from each other with increase in distance from the point of connection.
2. An anode as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the planes are substantially rectangular or square, and the elongated members defining an edge of one plane are electrically conductively connected to the members defining an edge of the other plane so that the two planes diverge from the edges that are connected.
3. An anode as claimed in Claim 1 or
Claim 2 wherein each plane comprises blades, rods, wires, channel members of
U-shape or hemicylindrical shape or slotted plates.
4. An anode as claimed in Claim 3 wherein the elongated members of the slotted plates are in the form of louvres.
5. An anode as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the louvres formed by pressing from a sheet of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof.
6. An anode as claimed in Claim 5
wherein the louvres are inclined at 60 to the plane of the sheet.
7. An anode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the planes of elongated members are connected together by mounting on a support.
8. An anode as claimed in Claim 7 wherein the support is a bridgepiece of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof.
9. An anode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the filmforming metal is titanium.
10. An anode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherever coated with a mixture of platinum group metal oxide and a film-forming metal oxide.
11. An anode as claimed in claim 10 whenever coated with a mixture of ruthenium oxide and titanium dioxide.
12. An anode substantially as herein before described with reference to Figures 1 to 3 of the accompanying drawings and with reference to the Example.
13. An anode substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
14. An electrolytic cell comprising a plurality of anodes, a plurality of cathodes and diaphragms separating the anodes and cathodes, each anode being as claimed in any one of the preceding claims and wherein the anode/cathode gap of adjacent anodes and cathodes decreases from the bottom of the anodes, where the elongated members comprising the anodes are connected, to the top of the anodes.
15. A cell as claimed in Claim 14 wherein the anodes are mounted directly on the baseplate of the cell.
16. A cell as claimed in Claim 14 wherein the anodes are mounted on studs of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof which studs have been premounted on the baseplate of the cell.
17. A cell as claimed in Claim 16 or
Claim 17 wherein the baseplate is of a film-forming metal or alloy thereof.
18. A cell as claimed in any one of
Claims 14 to 17 wherein the film-forming metal is titanium.
19. A cell as claimed in any one of
Claims 14 to 18 wherein the anode/cathode gap is in the range from 3 to 10 mm at the bottom of the anodes to 0 to 6 mm at the top of the anodes.
20. A cell as claimed in any one of
Claims 14 to 19 wherein the cathode is of mild steel gauze.
21. A cell as claimed in any one of
Claims 14 to 20 wherein the diaphragm comprises asbestos.
22. A cell as claimed in any one of
Claims 14 to 20 wherein the diaphragm comprises polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
23. A cell substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the Example.
24. A cell substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
25. An electrolytic cell as claimed in any one of Claims 14 to 24 whenever used for the electrolysis of an aqueous alkali metal chloride solution.
26. Chlorine whenever produced in an electrolyte cell as claimed according to
Claim 25. ~
Priority Applications (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB32486/76A GB1579427A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1976-08-04 | Electrodes for electrolytic cells |
US05/817,672 US4141814A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-07-21 | Diaphragm cell |
AU27295/77A AU508536B2 (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-07-25 | Twin plane anodes |
ZA00774505A ZA774505B (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-07-26 | Diaphragm cell |
BE179706A BE857237A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-07-27 | DIAPHRAGM CELL |
CA283,759A CA1126206A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-07-29 | Anode of two diverging groups of parallel members with electrocatalytic coating |
FR7723977A FR2360690A1 (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-08-03 | DIAPHRAGM CELLS |
NL7708579A NL7708579A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-08-03 | ELECTROLYSIS CELL WITH DIAPHRAGM. |
DE19772735238 DE2735238A1 (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-08-04 | DIAPHRAGM CELL |
ES461356A ES461356A1 (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1977-08-04 | Diaphragm cell |
MY373/81A MY8100373A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1981-12-30 | Electrode |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB32486/76A GB1579427A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1976-08-04 | Electrodes for electrolytic cells |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB1579427A true GB1579427A (en) | 1980-11-19 |
Family
ID=10339328
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB32486/76A Expired GB1579427A (en) | 1976-08-04 | 1976-08-04 | Electrodes for electrolytic cells |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
BE (1) | BE857237A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1579427A (en) |
MY (1) | MY8100373A (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA774505B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2576869A1 (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2013-04-10 | ThyssenKrupp Uhde GmbH | Electrode for electrolysis cells |
-
1976
- 1976-08-04 GB GB32486/76A patent/GB1579427A/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-07-26 ZA ZA00774505A patent/ZA774505B/en unknown
- 1977-07-27 BE BE179706A patent/BE857237A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1981
- 1981-12-30 MY MY373/81A patent/MY8100373A/en unknown
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2576869A1 (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2013-04-10 | ThyssenKrupp Uhde GmbH | Electrode for electrolysis cells |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE857237A (en) | 1978-01-27 |
ZA774505B (en) | 1979-02-28 |
MY8100373A (en) | 1981-12-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA1106315A (en) | Electrodes | |
US4252628A (en) | Membrane cell | |
US4013525A (en) | Electrolytic cells | |
US4204939A (en) | Diaphragm cell | |
EP0080288A1 (en) | Electrolytic cell of the filter press type | |
US3884792A (en) | Bipolar electrodes | |
SE455508B (en) | electrolysis | |
US4121990A (en) | Electrolytic cell | |
US4402810A (en) | Bipolarly connected electrolytic cells of the filter press type | |
US4464243A (en) | Electrode for use in electrolytic cell | |
US4156639A (en) | Diaphragm cells | |
US4141814A (en) | Diaphragm cell | |
KR102422917B1 (en) | Electrode for electrolysis, electrolytic cell, electrode laminate and method for renewing electrode | |
US3803016A (en) | Electrolytic cell having adjustable anode sections | |
CA2328150A1 (en) | Electrolysis apparatus for producing halogen gases | |
US4154665A (en) | Diaphragm cell | |
GB1579427A (en) | Electrodes for electrolytic cells | |
US3975255A (en) | Inter-electrode spacing in diaphragm cells | |
US4153530A (en) | Diaphragm cells | |
US3838035A (en) | Mercury cell with coated anode | |
US4329218A (en) | Vertical cathode pocket assembly for membrane-type electrolytic cell | |
GB1569127A (en) | Electrolytic cells | |
US3963595A (en) | Electrode assembly for an electrolytic cell | |
GB1581349A (en) | Electrode |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PS | Patent sealed | ||
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |