GB1112274A - Improvements in or relating to electric heaters - Google Patents
Improvements in or relating to electric heatersInfo
- Publication number
- GB1112274A GB1112274A GB25694/65A GB2569465A GB1112274A GB 1112274 A GB1112274 A GB 1112274A GB 25694/65 A GB25694/65 A GB 25694/65A GB 2569465 A GB2569465 A GB 2569465A GB 1112274 A GB1112274 A GB 1112274A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- electrodes
- heater
- inches
- conducting
- semi
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 abstract 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical compound ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002433 Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920006222 acrylic ester polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
- F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
1,112,274. Resistance heating elements. ARMSTRONG CORK CO. 17 June, 1965, No. 25694/65. Heading H5H. [Also in Division B5] A large area electric heater comprises a semiconductive layer, having a uniform thickness d inches and a resistivity R a in the range 4 x 10<SP>3</SP> to 4 x 10<SP>7</SP> ohm-inches, sandwiched between two electrodes at least one of which is a metal foil having a resistivity R s ohm-inches, a thickness t in the range 0À0001 to 0À01 inch, and a length L inches. The heater is constructed so that when a voltage V is impressed across the electrodes, current flows therebetween in a direction perpendicular to the planes of the electrodes, and the power per unit area P = V<SP>2</SP>/R a <SP>d</SP> does not vary more than 20% over the area of the heater. This is achieved by choosing t = KR s L<SP>2</SP>/R a <SP>d</SP> where K depends on the position and form of the power connections which extend across the width of the electrodes, and is in the range 4 to 2000. The power connections may be at corresponding or opposite ends of the electrodes and may be formed by extensions of the electrodes or by strips applied over the edges of the electrodes. One of the electrodes may be a rigid plate, so that the heater forms a food-warming or cooking plate, or the heater may be a flexible sheet for use in floors, walls, ceilings or roads. The heater may comprise two semi-conducting layers sandwiched between three electrodes, both outer electrodes being earthed. The electrodes may be of aluminium, copper or stainless steel and the semi-conducting adhesive layer of carbon black or graphite mixed with an epoxy resin or thermoplastic material. A suitable epoxy resin is the reaction product of epichlorohydrin and a bis-phenol which is mixed with a hardening agent or catalyst, e.g. amines or amides, and melted or applied as a film to one or both electrodes which are then pressed together and heated to cure the resin. Suitable thermoplastic materials are polyvinyl acetate, vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl acetate-ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethyl acrylate - methyl methacrylate copolymers, and acrylic ester polymers. Conducting ceramic materials may also be used for the semi-conducting layer. Specific examples are given.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB25694/65A GB1112274A (en) | 1965-06-17 | 1965-06-17 | Improvements in or relating to electric heaters |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB25694/65A GB1112274A (en) | 1965-06-17 | 1965-06-17 | Improvements in or relating to electric heaters |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1112274A true GB1112274A (en) | 1968-05-01 |
Family
ID=10231784
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB25694/65A Expired GB1112274A (en) | 1965-06-17 | 1965-06-17 | Improvements in or relating to electric heaters |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB1112274A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4426339A (en) | 1976-12-13 | 1984-01-17 | Raychem Corporation | Method of making electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| GB2141610A (en) * | 1983-05-11 | 1984-12-19 | Raychem Corp | Laminar electric heaters |
| US4548662A (en) * | 1983-05-11 | 1985-10-22 | Raychem Corporation | Method of providing a protective covering over a substrate |
| US4764664A (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1988-08-16 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| US4866253A (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1989-09-12 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| US4876440A (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1989-10-24 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| GB2470471A (en) * | 2009-05-15 | 2010-11-24 | Sagentia Ltd | Thin film heating element combined with power control element . |
-
1965
- 1965-06-17 GB GB25694/65A patent/GB1112274A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4426339A (en) | 1976-12-13 | 1984-01-17 | Raychem Corporation | Method of making electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| US4764664A (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1988-08-16 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| US4866253A (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1989-09-12 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| US4876440A (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1989-10-24 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
| GB2141610A (en) * | 1983-05-11 | 1984-12-19 | Raychem Corp | Laminar electric heaters |
| US4517449A (en) * | 1983-05-11 | 1985-05-14 | Raychem Corporation | Laminar electrical heaters |
| US4548662A (en) * | 1983-05-11 | 1985-10-22 | Raychem Corporation | Method of providing a protective covering over a substrate |
| GB2470471A (en) * | 2009-05-15 | 2010-11-24 | Sagentia Ltd | Thin film heating element combined with power control element . |
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