FR3108529A1 - Use of a composition comprising a reducing agent, at least one paraffin and a metal compound to prevent deposits in the exhaust lines comprising an SCR catalyst - Google Patents

Abstract

The subject of the present invention is the use, in order to prevent the formation of deposits and/or to reduce the deposits in the pipe conveying the exhaust gases at the outlet of an engine towards a device for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, an aqueous composition comprising:- at least one nitrogen oxide reducing agent and/or at least one precursor of such an agent, - at least one paraffin, and- at least one compound of one or more selected metals from the following metals: Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ti, V, Sr, Pt, Ce, Ca, Li, Na, and Nb. The present invention also relates to a method for preventing and/or reducing such deposits by injecting said aqueous composition into said pipe. Figure 1

Description

Use of a composition comprising a reducing agent, at least one paraffin and a metal compound to prevent deposits in exhaust lines comprising an SCR catalyst

The present invention relates to the use of a particular composition, comprising a NOx reducing agent or a precursor of such an agent, at least one paraffin and a metallic compound, for preventing the formation of deposits and/or reducing the deposits in the exhaust gas pipes of engines equipped with a selective catalytic reduction device or “SCR device”.

STATE OF THE PRIOR ART

European standards in terms of pollution for fuels, in particular diesel fuels, in particular the standards applicable to heavy goods vehicles, have led engine manufacturers to set up exhaust gas post-treatment systems. These post-treatments include various technologies among which we distinguish in particular: selective catalytic reduction devices known under the name SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction or selective catalytic reduction in French), exhaust gas recirculation devices known under the name EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation or recirculation of exhaust gases in French) and devices of the particulate filter type commonly referred to as FAP. We can also mention the so-called SCRoF (SCR on Filter) or SCRF or SDPF systems which combine, within a single element, the functions of NOx reduction by SCR and particle filtration. These various exhaust gas post-treatment devices can be installed alone or in combination, insofar as they do not always act on the same pollutants present in the exhaust gases.

To meet regulatory requirements, in particular the Euro 6 standard, which has applied in Europe to all vehicles since September ^1, 2015, most European motor vehicle manufacturers have opted for post-treatment devices of the SCR at the outlet of their engines, this post-treatment acting exclusively on the reduction of nitrogen oxides present in the gases. Another advantage of this technique is that it allows, through optimized engine settings, a significant reduction in fuel consumption, in particular compared to other after-treatment systems such as NOx traps.

SCR post-treatment consists in reducing the nitrogen oxides NO and NO ₂ (commonly referred to as NOx) on a catalytic device in which they are brought into contact with a reducing agent. This device contains a catalyst comprising a support generally based on zeolites exchanged with iron or copper. This catalyst promotes the reduction of NOx to nitrogen, by reaction with the reducing agent. A conventional reducing agent is for example ammonia (NH ₃ ). To introduce gaseous ammonia into the exhaust gas treatment system, it is known to produce it directly in the pipe conveying these gases to the SCR system by vaporizing an aqueous solution of a precursor of this reducing agent such as by example urea. Urea, injected at an average exhaust temperature generally of 150 to 400°C, releases ammonia through successive thermolysis and hydrolysis reactions. Other ammonia precursor compounds can be used under similar conditions. An injector is usually employed to introduce the aqueous urea solution into the pipe conveying the exhaust gases to the SCR catalyst, upstream of the latter. A mixer or mixer, installed between this injector and the SCR catalyst, can be used to improve the vaporization of the spray of aqueous urea solution in the flow of exhaust gases. An example of a mixer is described in document SAE 2015-01-1020 (“Advanced Close Coupled SCR Compact Mixer Architecture”, Michelin J. et al.).

Two typical, but non-limiting, examples of the configuration of the SCR post-processing line are described below. The first, known as the "underfloor" or "sub-floor" configuration, consists of placing the SCR after-treatment device downstream of the engine, under the floor of the vehicle (generally more than 50 cm to 1 m from the outlet of the combustion chamber). It has the advantage of being able to install the post-treatment device in an area where a lot of space is available and thus place it in geometry conditions that are more favorable to vaporization of the aqueous urea solution. Another so-called “close-coupled” configuration consists of placing the SCR post-treatment device in the immediate vicinity of the engine (generally less than 50 cm from the outlet of the combustion chamber). Compared to the so-called "underfloor" configuration, this configuration has the advantage of benefiting from higher temperatures in the SCR catalyst, improving its initiation and efficiency. On the other hand, its disadvantage is that the space available is smaller than in the "underfloor" configuration, which means that the aqueous urea solution injector is placed closer to the mixer and the SCR catalyst. This configuration can lead to poorer vaporization of the aqueous urea solution. Documents SAE 2014-01-1522 (“Control of a Combined SCR on Filter and Under-Floor SCR System for Low Emission Passenger Cars”, Balland J. et al.) and SAE 2015-01-0994 (“Next Generation All in One Close-Coupled Urea-SCR System”, Kojima H. et al.), or WO2014060987A1 describe these two types of configuration.

In certain installation configurations of the SCR device and the injection of ammonia precursor, in particular in the case of urea injection, manufacturers have observed the appearance of deposits in the exhaust ducts located between the injector and the SCR device. These deposits can be large enough to cause partial or even total blockage of the exhaust duct linked to the exhaust back pressure and thus create engine power losses. At constant injection configuration, the quantity of deposits formed is greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures. These deposits, according to the analyzes that were made in the technical publication SAE 2016-01-2327, are of variable nature depending on the temperature at which they were formed. Thus, at temperatures below 250-300°C, they consist mainly of crystallized urea, and consist mainly of cyanuric acid above 300°C. Cyanuric acid can sublimate and again produce gaseous ammonia. However, this reaction can only occur at very high temperatures, above 450°C. Such a temperature is rarely reached at this point in the exhaust pipes.

It was also found that these deposits were greater in pipes with bends due to the lack of space in the vehicle, and when the distance between the injection of the urea solution and the first bend is too short, as in the "close-coupled" configurations described above. The hypothesis formulated is that in this type of configuration, some of the urea drops do not have time to vaporize and completely decompose into ammonia. The urea droplets settle on the wall of the duct which is at too low a temperature to allow complete decomposition into gaseous ammonia, and they only partially decompose, forming deposits of cyanuric acid stuck to the wall.

Furthermore, it was also found that depending on the configuration of the pipe conveying the exhaust gases to the SCR device and the temperature, urea was liable to crystallize in the line, with the consequence of an obstruction of the line. (see SAE document 2017-26-0132 (“A Study on the Factors Affecting the Formation of Urea Crystals and Its Mitigation for SCR After-Treatment Systems”, Jain A. et al.).

WO 2008/125745 describes an aqueous solution comprising a major part of a constituent capable of releasing gaseous ammonia above 200° C. and a minor part of at least one polyfunctional additive whose HLB varies from 7 to 17 to limit the formation of cyanuric acid-based deposits in any spraying device intended for the post-treatment of exhaust gases, more particularly SCR devices. The polyfunctional additives used are in particular polyalkoxylated fatty alcohol ethers and polyalkoxylated fatty alcohol esters.

EP 2337625 describes a mixture of surfactants making it possible to reduce the diameter of the droplets of an aqueous solution of urea, and thus to promote its vaporization and the transformation of the urea into gaseous ammonia in an SCR system. The proposed solution consists of a mixture of polyalkoxylated fatty alcohols, with controlled degrees of alkoxylation.

EP 2488283 describes additives for urea solution of the particular polyalkoxylated fatty alcohol type. These additives are also intended to promote a reduction in the formation of deposits resulting from the decomposition of urea in SCR systems.

However, the Applicant has found that the compositions of the prior art did not sufficiently prevent deposits in the pipes conveying the exhaust gases to the SCR device.

In addition, as explained above, when the distance between the injector and the SCR catalyst is very short (SCR exhaust line with a so-called “close-coupled” configuration), this leads to greater air circulation and possibly an impact on the temperature, with the consequence of greater deposits of urea or cyanuric acid in the circuit; these conditions are more favorable to fouling of the circuit.

There therefore remains the need to provide a composition containing a NOx reducing agent or a precursor of such a reducing agent, which has optimized properties when used on an SCR line.

This composition is expected in particular to be capable of preventing or reducing deposits in the SCR line, more effectively than the compositions of the prior art.

This composition is also expected to be effective regardless of the configuration of the SCR line, including configurations including bends and/or close-coupled type configurations.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

The Applicant has discovered that the addition, in the aqueous composition containing a reducing agent for nitrogen oxides NOx and/or a precursor of such an agent, of one or more paraffins and of one or more metal compounds such as described below, made it possible to achieve the aforementioned objectives.

Surprisingly, the inventors have observed that the presence of at least one particular metal compound as defined below in combination with paraffins makes it possible to formulate aqueous compositions comprising a NOx reducing agent or a precursor of a reducing agent NOx, such as urea, which form fewer deposits compared to the compositions of the prior art.

The subject of the present invention is thus the use, for preventing the formation of deposits and/or reducing the deposits in the pipe conveying the exhaust gases at the outlet of an engine towards a device for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides , of an aqueous composition comprising:
- at least one NOx nitrogen oxide reducing agent and/or at least one precursor of such an agent,
- at least one paraffin, and
- at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from the following metals: Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ti, V, Sr, Pt, Ce, Ca, Li, Na, and Nb.

By device for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, is meant a device known per se under the name SCR device for Selective Catalytic Reduction in English. Such a device comprises a Selective Catalytic Reduction catalyst (also called SCR catalyst).

According to the invention, said composition is used to prevent, limit, prevent the formation of deposits in an SCR exhaust line, and/or to reduce or even eliminate the deposits which have formed in an SCR exhaust line during the use of a composition different from that described in the present application.

By SCR exhaust line or SCR line is meant, in a manner known per se, the pipe which routes the exhaust gases from the outlet of an engine to a selective catalytic reduction device (SCR device).

The engine may in particular be chosen from diesel engines, spark-ignition engines (including gasoline engines and CNG or natural gas engines for vehicles), and mixed fuel engines, in particular diesel-gas. Preferably, the engine is a diesel engine.

According to one embodiment, said composition is used to prevent the formation of deposits and/or reduce deposits in a so-called “close-coupled” SCR exhaust line.

The use according to the invention makes it possible to prevent and/or reduce deposits in an SCR exhaust line of any type of engine, including on-board engines and stationary engines. The invention applies in particular both to engines of heavy goods vehicles, construction machinery or agricultural tractors and to engines of light vehicles, as well as to engines used in stationary industrial applications.

The invention also relates to a method or a method for preventing the formation of deposits and/or reducing the deposits in the pipe conveying the exhaust gases at the outlet of an engine towards a device for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides. This method comprises a step of introducing into said pipe an aqueous composition comprising:
- at least one NOx nitrogen oxide reducing agent and/or at least one precursor of such an agent,
- at least one paraffin, and
- at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from the following metals: Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ti, V, Sr, Pt, Ce, Ca, Li, Na, and Nb.

The method according to the invention therefore comprises a step of introducing a composition as described above into the SCR line, upstream of the SCR device.

Advantageously, the composition used in the present invention is implemented in the same way and in the same equipment as the compositions of the prior art. This composition is more effective than the compositions of the prior art, in particular aqueous urea solutions, in preventing and reducing the formation of deposits in the SCR lines, whatever their configuration, including in the so-called “closed” configurations. -coupled”.

This composition causes little or no foaming during its handling and therefore makes it possible to avoid overflows when filling the storage tank. It is stable in storage.

Other objects, characteristics, aspects and advantages of the invention will appear even more clearly on reading the description and the examples which follow, and in view of the attached Figure 1.

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a test bench representative of an SCR line.

In what follows, and unless otherwise indicated, the limits of a range of values are included in this range, in particular in the expressions “included” and “ranging from … to …”.
Furthermore, the expressions “at least one” and “at least” used in the present description are respectively equivalent to the expressions “one or more” and “greater than or equal”.
Finally, in a manner known per se, the term C _N compound or group designates a compound or a group containing N carbon atoms in its chemical structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

I ' reducing agent and/or the precursor of such an agent

The composition used in the invention comprises at least one nitrogen oxide reducing agent and/or at least one precursor of a nitrogen oxide reducing agent.

By “reducing agent for nitrogen oxides” is meant a compound capable of reducing at least partially, if not completely, nitrogen oxides (also called NOx to designate the compounds NO and NO ₂ ) into nitrogen, under the conditions conventional operation of an SCR line, ie in the presence of an SCR catalyst and at a temperature ranging from 150 to 400°C. Among the NOx reducing agents, mention may very particularly be made of ammonia (NH ₃ ).

By “precursor of a NOx reducing agent” is meant a compound capable of releasing a NOx reducing agent under the effect of temperature and/or by catalytic reaction.

Among the precursors of ammonia, mention may be made of urea which, by successive reactions of thermolysis and hydrolysis, produces ammonia according to a well-known process. The SCR exhaust line may comprise, upstream of the SCR catalytic system, a catalyst whose function is to transform a precursor of a NOx reducing agent into a NOx reducing agent, in particular gaseous ammonia.

Preferably, the reducing agent or the precursor of the reducing agent is chosen from the list consisting of urea, ammonia, formamide, ammonium salts, in particular ammonium formate, carbamate of ammonium, and guanidine salts, in particular guanidinium formate; and preferably from the list consisting of urea and ammonia.

According to a preferred embodiment, urea is used, which is a reducing agent precursor. Indeed, urea has the advantage of being stable, non-volatile, non-explosive and non-flammable. It can be transported without risk, stored and handled by an operator without specific training.

In this embodiment, the composition has a urea content preferably ranging from 25% to 42% by mass, more preferentially from 30% to 40% by mass, even more preferentially from 31 to 35% by mass and better again from 32% to 33% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition. Particularly preferably, the composition contains urea at a content of 32.5±0.7% by mass, in accordance with the specifications of standard ISO 22241-1.

According to a particularly preferred variant of this embodiment, the aqueous solution according to the invention is prepared from the commercial product AdBlue®, which is an aqueous solution of urea at 32.5 ± 0.7% by mass. The term Adblue® is used in the present description to designate indiscriminately well-known commercial products under the following names: Adblue®, DEF, AUS32, ARLA32.

However, it also falls within the scope of the present invention to use aqueous compositions containing urea in a concentration greater than 32.5%, which can then be diluted just before implementation. This variant makes it possible to save money when transporting these urea-based compositions.

Paraffins

The composition used in the invention further comprises at least one paraffin.

The paraffin(s) are advantageously dispersed in the aqueous solution.

Paraffins are alkanes, whose chemical formula is C _n H _2n+2 , with n an integer ranging from 8 to 40. They include normal paraffins (linear) and isoparaffins (branched). They can be liquid, pasty or solid.

Advantageously, the paraffin or paraffins are C ₂₀ -C ₃₆ . Preferably, the C ₂₀ -C ₃₆ paraffins represent at least 90% by weight, and preferably at least 95% by weight, of all the paraffins present in the composition. Even better, the C ₂₂ -C ₃₂ paraffins represent at least 90% by mass, and better still at least 95% by mass, of all the paraffins present in the composition.

Preferably, the composition contains a total content of paraffin(s) ranging from 5 to 10,000 ppm by mass, preferably from 50 to 5,000 ppm by mass, more preferably from 100 to 2,500 ppm by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

THE s compound s metallic s

The composition used in the invention comprises at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from the following metals: Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ti, V, Sr, Pt, Ce, Ca, Li, Na, and Nb.

Such a compound is referred to below as a metallic compound.

According to a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from Fe, Cu, Ce and Sr, and more preferentially from Fe and Cu.

Said metallic compound can be chosen from organometallic compounds, inorganic metallic compounds, and mixtures of such compounds.

According to a preferred embodiment, the metallic compound is an ionic, organic or inorganic metallic compound, preferably soluble in the aqueous composition.

The ionic compounds can be chosen from metal salts of inorganic anions, in particular from fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, oxides, hydroxyoxides, nitrates, sulphates, phosphates, hydrides, carbonates, nitrates and nitrides of the aforementioned metals.

Mention may be made, for example, of basic metal carbonates, in particular the basic metal carbonates of the following metals: Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn; preferably Cu.

The basic metal carbonates can in particular be chosen from the compounds of the family denoted 05.BA according to the Nickel-Strunz classification. Preferably, the basic metal carbonates are chosen from the list consisting of basic copper carbonate with the chemical formula Cu ₃ (CO ₃ ) ₂ (OH) ₂ , basic copper carbonate with the chemical formula Cu ₂ (CO ₃ )(OH ) ₂ , basic nickel carbonate of chemical formula Ni ₂ (CO ₃ )(OH) ₂ , copper carbonate and basic nickel of chemical formula (Cu,Ni) ₂ (CO ₃ )(OH) ₂ , and more preferably from basic copper carbonates of formula Cu ₃ (CO ₃ ) ₂ (OH) ₂ and Cu ₂ (CO ₃ )(OH) ₂ , and more preferably still basic copper carbonate of formula Cu ₂ (CO ₃ )(OH ) ₂ .

The ionic compounds can be chosen from metal salts of organic anions, in particular from formates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, succinates, nitrilotriacetates of the aforementioned metals.

Ionic metal compounds can be in the form of liganded or chelated metal ions.

Thus, the ionic metal compound may contain one or more ligand(s) of monodentate, bidentate or polydentate nature. The ligand(s) may in particular belong to one of the following families: amino or polyaminocarboxylic acids, aryl- and arylalkylsulfonates, phosphonates, aminoalcohols, or polycarboxylic acids.

Similarly, the ionic metal compound may contain one or more organic complexing agent(s). The complexing agent(s) may in particular be chosen from polyaminocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and sulphonic acids, such as for example the following compounds: DETPA or DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid), EDTA (acid ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid), HEDTA or HEEDTA (N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine-triacetic acid), MGDA (methylglycine diacetic acid), EDDHA (N,N'-Ethylenebis(2-[2- hydroxyphenyl]glycine), NTA (acid nitrilotriacetic acid), GLDA (N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamic acid), ODS (oxy-disuccinic acid), EDDS (ethylenediamine-N-N'-disuccinic acid), IDA (iminodiacetic acid), EGDTA (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid ), Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid), and their salts, in particular ammonium; and mixtures of these compounds.

The complexing agent(s) are preferably present in molar excess relative to the stoichiometric amount of the compound. Indeed, the implementation of a complexing agent in a superstoichiometric quantity makes it possible, among other things, to stabilize the composition. This is all the more important since naturally the pH of aqueous urea solutions tends to increase over time, which gradually induces a change of balance in the complexation of metal salts and the possible sedimentation of metal hydroxides. The molar excess relative to the metal ( ie superstoichiometry) of complexing agent is preferably between 2 and 200%, very preferably between 4 and 00%, even more preferably between 10% and 100%, to guarantee the stability in solution of metal cations in complexed form.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the metal compound(s) are chosen from ionic, organic or inorganic metal compounds.

Among the inorganic ionic metal compounds, it is very particularly preferred to use basic metal carbonates, and in particular the basic copper carbonate of formula Cu ₂ (CO ₃ )(OH) ₂ .

Among the organic ionic metal compounds, it is very particularly preferred to use those containing one or more organic complexing agent(s), preferably chosen from polyamino polycarboxylic acids such as in particular DETPA or DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid). and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). In one embodiment, the metal is present in such an organic ionic metal compound in the form of a salt which can be chosen in particular from formates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, succinates and nitrates.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment, said metal compounds contain the organic complexing agent(s) in a molar excess of 2 to 200%, preferably of 4 to 100%, even more preferably of 10% to 100%, based on the stoichiometric amount. According to an equally preferred embodiment, said metal compounds additionally contain NH ₄ ⁺ ammonium cations.

The metal compound(s) are preferably present in the composition in an amount such that the corresponding metal or metal content is between 10 and 10,000 ppm, preferably between 20 and 5,000, more preferably between 30 and 500 ppm, and even more preferably between 50 and 100 ppm by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

Surfactants

According to a preferred embodiment, the composition used in the invention also comprises one or more surfactants, which can be chosen from ionic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants, and preferably from nonionic surfactants.

The surfactants make it possible, on the one hand, to maintain the paraffin(s) in stable dispersion in the composition and, on the other hand, to improve the performance of the composition in terms of preventing and/or reducing deposits.

The ionic surfactants can be chosen from cationic surfactants and anionic surfactants, and preferably from cationic surfactants. The latter generally comprise a cationic or ionizable nitrogen group in cationic form. They may be chosen in particular from linear alkylamines and alkylammonium, linear diamines, aromatic or saturated heterocycles containing one or more nitrogen atoms, cyclic compounds of the imidazole type, etheramines and etheramides, oxyamines and ethoxyamines, taken alone or in combination.

The amphoteric surfactants can in particular be chosen from amino acids and their imide or amide derivatives, taken alone or as a mixture.

Nonionic surfactants are particularly preferred.

According to a first embodiment, the nonionic surfactants are chosen from the following compounds:
a) hydrocarbyl ethers and mono or polyalkylene glycol,
b) hydrocarbyl and polyol ethers,
c) fatty acid esters of mono or polyalkylene glycol,
d) esters of fatty acid and mono or polyglycerol,
e) and mixtures of these compounds.

The term “hydrocarbyl” denotes a group chosen from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, an aryl, an aryl-alkyl or “aralkyl”; advantageously the hydrocarbyl is a C ₁ -C ₅₀ group.

By “C _i -C _j alkyl” is meant a saturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon chain, comprising from i to j carbon atoms.

By "C _x -C _y alkenyl" is meant a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon-based chain comprising at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and comprising from x to y carbon atoms.

By "C _x -C _y alkynyl" is meant a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon chain comprising at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and comprising from x to y carbon atoms.

By "C _x -C _y aryl" is meant a functional group which is derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon compound comprising from x to y carbon atoms. This functional group can be monocyclic or polycyclic. By way of illustration, a C ₆ -C ₁₈ aryl can be phenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and tetracene.

By "C _x -C _y aralkyl" _is meant an aromatic hydrocarbon compound, preferably monocyclic, substituted by at least one linear or branched alkyl chain and of which the total number of carbon atoms of the aromatic ring and of its substituents ranges from x to y carbon atoms. By way of illustration, a C ₇ -C ₁₈ aralkyl can be chosen from the group formed by benzyl, tolyl and xylyl.

By polyol is meant within the meaning of the present invention an oxygenated hydrocarbon compound comprising at least two alcohol functions. The polyols may optionally contain one or more other oxygenated functions, such as for example an acetal function, an ether bridge, an ester group.

By fatty acid is meant in a manner known per se a carboxylic acid comprising a linear or branched C ₄ -C ₃₀ alkyl or alkenyl chain, preferably C ₈ -C ₃₀ .

a) Hydrocarbyl ethers of mono or polyalkylene glycol

The hydrocarbyl and mono or polyalkylene glycol ethers can be mono ethers or diethers, depending on whether the polyalkylene glycol chain is substituted on one or both ends by a hydrocarbyl group.

The hydrocarbyl ethers of mono or polyalkylene glycol are advantageously chosen from those comprising a C ₁ -C ₅₀ hydrocarbyl group and from 1 to 60 alkylene glycol units.

The hydrocarbyl and mono or polyalkylene glycol ethers are more preferably chosen from the following compounds:
• mono- or poly-alkoxylated hydrocarbyl monoethers of formula (I): R-(Y) _n -OH;
• mono- or poly-alkoxylated hydrocarbyl di-ethers of formula (II): R-(Y) _m -OR';
• mono- or poly-alkoxylated hydrocarbyl di-ethers of formula (III): HO-(Y) _n -R"-(Y') _m -OH;
• and mixtures of these compounds.

In formulas (I) to (III) above, R and R' independently represent C ₃ -C ₄₀ alkyl or alkenyl or alkynyl or aryl or aralkyl groups; R" represents an alkane diyl or alkene diyl or alkyne diyl group or an aryl di-radical or a C ₃ -C ₄₀ aralkyl di-radical.

To facilitate the description, the same designation of alkyl or alkenyl or alkynyl or aryl or aralkyl radical will be used in the following for a mono radical (R, R') and for a di-radical (R").

In formulas (I) to (III) above Y and Y' are groups chosen independently of one another from the following groups: –(O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ )-, –(O- CH(CH ₃ )-CH ₂ )- and –(O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ )-.

In the same compound of formula (I), (II) or (III), the groups Y, respectively Y′, may all be identical or may be different. For example, -(Y) _n - can represent a copolymer with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units, such as for example a block copolymer.

Preferably, in formulas (I) to (III), the groups Y, respectively Y′, are all identical.

Even more preferably, in formulas (I) to (III), the groups Y, respectively Y′, are all ethylene oxide of formula —(O—CH ₂ —CH ₂ )—.

In formulas (I) to (III) above n, m represent the degree of alkoxylation of the molecule, and denote independently of each other an integer ranging from 1 to 60, advantageously from 1 to 30 , even better from 1 to 20. More preferentially, n and m vary from 3 to 15, even better from 5 to 12.

Advantageously, in formula (III) the groups Y and Y' represent –(O—CH ₂ —CH ₂ )— and n=m.

According to a first embodiment, in formulas (I), (II) and (III), advantageously R, R' and R" are chosen from alkyl and alkenyl groups, linear or branched, preferably linear.

Even more advantageously, R, R′ and R″ are chosen from C ₅ -C ₃₂ , more preferably C ₈ -C ₃₀ , alkyl groups.

The compounds of formula (I) can be very particularly chosen from polyalkoxylated linear or branched fatty alcohols comprising from 4 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 30 carbon atoms, better still 10 to 24 carbon atoms; and from 5 to 12 ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide units, preferably ethylene oxide.

Among the compounds of formula (I) commercially available, mention may be made of the products of the ^Marlipal® range and those of the ^Surfaline® range.

According to a second embodiment, in formulas (I), (II) and (III), R, R′ and R″ are chosen from C ₄ -C ₅₀ alkynyls.

Advantageously, this embodiment relates to formula (III), in which R" is a C ₄ -C ₅₀ alkynyl.

For example, according to this embodiment, the compound of formula (III) can be represented by formula (IV) below:
(IV)
in which R1, R2, R3, R4 represent independently of each other H or a C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkyl group and x and y represent independently of each other an integer ranging from 1 to 60, preferably from 1 to 30.

An example of a commercial product corresponding to this formula is Surfynol ^104® marketed by the company Air Products.

According to a third embodiment, in formulas (I), (II) and (III), R, R' and R" are chosen from aralkyl groups comprising from 9 to 30 carbon atoms.

Preferably, this embodiment relates to formula (I), in which R represents a group chosen from aralkyls comprising from 9 to 30 carbon atoms.

More preferably, R is chosen from para-alkylphenyls comprising a C ₁ -C ₂₄ , more preferably C ₃ -C ₂₀ , and better still C ₅ -C ₁₈ alkyl group.

According to this embodiment, the compound of formula (I) can be represented by formula (V) below:
(V)
in which R5 represents a C ₁ -C ₂₄ , preferably C ₃ -C ₂₀ , better still C ₅ -C ₁₈ alkyl group, and x represents an integer ranging from 1 to 50, preferably from 1 to 30.

An example of such a compound is the product Dynol 800 ^® marketed by the company Air Products, which corresponds to the following formula:

The compounds of formula (I) can advantageously be mixtures obtained by reaction of R—OH alcohols with n units of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. n represents the number of moles of alkylene oxide reacted with one mole of alcohol R-OH.

The compounds of formula (II) can advantageously be mixtures obtained by reaction of R-OH alcohol compounds with m units of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide followed by an etherification reaction with an alcohol compound R'-OH. m represents the number of moles of alkylene oxide reacted with one mole of alcohol R-OH.

The compounds of formula (III) can be advantageously obtained by reacting a diol HO-R"-OH with (n+m) ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide units. Advantageously in the formula ( III): n=m. (m+n) represents the number of moles of alkylene oxide which have been reacted with one mole of diol HO—R″—OH.

The compounds of formula (I), (II) and (III) are generally in the form of mixtures of compounds having varying degrees of alkoxylation.

b) Hydrocarbyl ethers and polyols

The hydrocarbyl ethers and polyols are advantageously chosen from ethers derived from an alcohol containing a C ₁ -C ₅₀ alkyl or alkenyl group, preferably C ₃ -C ₄₀ , more advantageously C ₅ -C ₃₂ , even better in C ₈ -C ₃₀ , and a polyol.

The polyols referred to herein are different from mono and polyalkylene glycols.

Advantageously, according to a first variant, the polyol is chosen from compounds belonging to the family of carbohydrates and their oligomers. In particular, the polyol is chosen from cyclic carbohydrate compounds, such as, for example, glucopyranose oligomers. The invention relates in particular to hydrocarbyl and cyclic polyglucoside ethers.

Among the hydrocarbyl ethers and of cyclic polyglucoside, mention may be made of alkyl polyglucosides such as the product marketed under the name Triton ^CG650® by the company Dow Chemical.

Advantageously, according to a second variant, the polyol is glycerol or a glycerol oligomer, for example an oligomer comprising 2 to 30 glycerol units, preferably from 3 to 20 glycerol units.

c) Fatty acid esters of mono or polyalkylene glycol

Fatty acid esters of mono or polyalkylene glycol are molecules resulting from the condensation of at least one fatty acid with 1 to 60 alkylene glycol units, preferably 1 to 50 alkylene glycol units. Advantageously, they come from the reaction of a fatty acid with 1 to 50 ethylene glycol units.

Fatty acids are generally molecules comprising an alkyl or alkenyl chain, carrying a carboxylic acid function at its end, and comprising 4 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 30 carbon atoms, more advantageously 8 to 24 carbon atoms. of carbon.

The fatty acid group can be a single molecule or a mixture corresponding to the fatty acid distribution of an animal or vegetable oil.

Among the fatty acids, mention may be made, without limitation, of a saturated fatty acid such as n-caproic acid, caprylic acid, n-capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, arachidic acid or an unsaturated fatty acid such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid or l docosahexaenoic acid.

The esters of fatty acids and of mono or polyalkylene glycol advantageously comprise from 3 to 50, even better from 5 to 40 alkylene oxide units. Even better, the esters of fatty acids and mono or polyalkylene glycol comprise from 3 to 50, advantageously from 5 to 40 ethylene oxide units.

As examples of esters of fatty acids and of polyalkylene glycols, mention may be made of the product DUB S PEG 30S (stearate of PEG-30) marketed by the company Stéarinerie Dubois.

d) Fatty acid esters of mono or polyglycerol

Fatty acid esters of mono or polyglycerol are molecules resulting from the condensation of at least one fatty acid with 1 to 60 alkylene glycol units, preferably 1 to 50 glycerol units.

The fatty acids are identical to those described in point c) above.

The esters of fatty acids and of mono or polyglycerol advantageously comprise from 3 to 50, even better from 5 to 40 glycerol units.

As examples of esters of fatty acids and of polyglycerol, mention may be made of the product Polyaldo 10-1-0 ^KFG® (polyglycerol laurate) marketed by the company LONZA.

In this embodiment, it is very particularly preferred to use one or more surfactants chosen from hydrocarbyl and mono- or polyalkylene glycol ethers, and more preferably from mono- or poly-alkoxylated hydrocarbyl monoethers of formula (I) :
R-(Y) _n -OH, wherein:
R represents a C ₃ -C ₄₀ , preferably C ₈ -C ₃₀ , even more preferably C ₁₀ -C ₂₄ alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group;
Y is chosen from: –(O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ )-, –(O-CH(CH ₃ )-CH ₂ )- and –(O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ )-; and preferably Y denotes –(O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ )-;
n is an integer ranging from 1 to 60, preferably from 1 to 30, more preferably from 1 to 20, better still from 3 to 15, even better from 5 to 12.

According to a second embodiment, the nonionic surfactants are chosen from:
(i) C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings and one or more hydroxyl groups, at least one of the hydroxyl groups being substituted by a mono- or poly-alkoxylated group;
(ii) C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acid esters and oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds defined in (i);
(iii) esters of C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids and of C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups;
(iv) and mixtures of compounds (i) to (iii) above.

First variant :

According to a first variant of this second embodiment, the nonionic surfactant(s) are chosen from oxygenated C ₄ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups, substituted with at least one mono- or poly-alkoxylated group. In this definition, the carbons of the mono- or poly-alkoxylated groups are not counted in the molecule of the C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compound.

The term “oxygenated hydrocarbon compound” means a compound consisting exclusively of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, said compound possibly being linear or branched, cyclic, polycyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and optionally aromatic or polyaromatic. The same compound can comprise a linear or branched part and a cyclic part. It can comprise an aliphatic part and an aromatic part.

According to the invention, the oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds are advantageously saturated.

According to the invention, the oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds advantageously comprise a linear part and a cyclic part. The cyclic part can be monocyclic or polycyclic.

Advantageously, the nonionic surfactants are chosen from oxygenated C ₄ -C ₁₀ hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups, at least one of the hydroxyl groups being substituted by a mono- or poly-alkoxylated.

Preferably, these surfactants have an average degree of alkoxylation ranging from 1 to 80, better still from 1 to 50, even better from 5 to 25 and advantageously from 10 to 20.

Generally, mono- or poly-alkoxylated groups are formed by condensation reaction of alkylene oxide on the cyclic molecule bearing hydroxyl functions. They may be ethylene oxide or propylene oxide groups or mixtures of these monomers which form copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, possibly block polymers.

The grafting of alkoxylated groups onto the hydroxyl functions can be done by condensation reaction on one hydroxyl function or on several hydroxyl functions of the molecule, depending on the number of hydroxyl functions present, their reactivity, and the reaction conditions. In general, the average degree of alkoxylation is defined as the number of moles of alkylene oxide reacted with the molecule to be grafted.

The surfactant system can also comprise polyalkylene oxide polymers and copolymers, in particular polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, optionally block polymers, or mixtures of these polymers. These polymers are sometimes formed in parallel with the grafting of alkylene oxides onto the hydroxyl functions of the oxygenated C ₄ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon molecule and remain mixed with them. Commercial products of the C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon molecule type bearing hydroxyl functions grafted with alkylene oxides generally comprise minor amounts of these polyalkylene oxide polymers and copolymers.

Preferably, the nonionic surfactant(s) are chosen from mono- or poly-alkoxylated sorbitans and mono- or poly-alkoxylated isosorbides, as well as mixtures thereof. Even more preferentially, the nonionic surfactant(s) are chosen from mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans and mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides, as well as mixtures thereof. These can be represented by the following formulas (VI) and (VII):
- Ethoxylated sorbitans:
(VI)
with p, q, r and s identical or different, integers ranging from 0 to 20, the sum r+s+p+q ranging from 1 to 80, preferably from 1 to 50;
- Ethoxylated isosorbides:
(VII)
with r, s, identical or different, integers ranging from 0 to 20, the sum r+s ranging from 1 to 40.

Preferably, the mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans and the mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides used have an average degree of alkoxylation ranging from 1 to 50, advantageously from 5 to 25 and even more preferentially from 10 to 20.

According to this variant, the composition may also advantageously comprise at least one or more emulsion stabilizing agents. In known manner, these emulsion stabilizers can be chosen in particular from C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, as well as mixtures thereof.

The fatty acid(s) can be saturated or unsaturated and can be linear or branched, and their number of carbons can be from 8 to 30, preferably from 10 to 24. The fatty acid can for example be a saturated fatty acid such as n-caproic acid, caprylic acid, n-capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, arachidic acid or a unsaturated fatty acid such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid or docosahexaenoic acid. Stearic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid are examples of preferred fatty acids. Preferably, the emulsion stabilizer is chosen from mixtures of C ₁₀ -C ₂₄ fatty acids, even more preferably C ₁₂ -C _{20 fatty} acids.

Advantageously, the invention uses a mixture of fatty acids comprising stearic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid. Preferably, the invention uses a mixture of fatty acids essentially consisting of stearic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid.

According to this first variant, preferably, the surfactant system comprises:
- One or more C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups, at least one of the hydroxyl groups being substituted by a mono- or poly-alkoxylated group, and
- One or more emulsion stabilizers chosen from C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids and mixtures thereof.

Even more preferentially, according to this variant, the surfactant system comprises:
- One or more compounds chosen from mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans and mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides, and
- One or more emulsion stabilizers chosen from C ₁₀ -C ₂₄ fatty acids and mixtures thereof.

Advantageously, according to this variant, the surfactant system comprises:
- One or more compounds chosen from mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans of formula (VI) and mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides of formula (VII), as defined above, and
- One or more emulsion stabilizers chosen from C ₁₂ -C ₂₀ fatty acids and mixtures thereof.

- Second variant :

According to a second variant of the second embodiment, the nonionic surfactant(s) are chosen from esters of fatty acids and of C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups, substituted by at least one mono- or poly-alkoxylated group. The fatty acid can be grafted onto a hydroxyl group of the cycle or at the end of an alkoxylated chain.

The oxygenated hydrocarbon compound(s) are as described above for the first variant.

Similarly, the surfactant system can also comprise polyalkylene oxide polymers and copolymers, in particular polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, optionally block polymers , or mixtures of these polymers.

The surfactant system may optionally include minor amounts of the fatty acid esters and these polyalkylene oxide polymers and copolymers.

The number of fatty acid molecules which has reacted with the oxygenated hydrogenated molecule at C ₄ -C ₂₀ can be greater than 1. The ester can thus be a monoester, a diester, a triester, a tetraester. In the case where the molecule is a polyester, distinct fatty acid groups may have reacted with distinct hydroxyl groups. Preferably the ester is a monoester.

The fatty acid moiety of the ester may be saturated or unsaturated and may be linear or branched, and its carbon number may be 8 to 30, preferably 10 to 24, more preferably 12 to 20. may for example be a saturated fatty acid such as n-caproic acid, caprylic acid, n-capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, arachidic acid or an unsaturated fatty acid such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid or docosahexaenoic acid. Stearic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid are examples of preferred fatty acids.

Advantageously, the invention uses a mixture of fatty acid esters based on a mixture of acids comprising stearic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid. Preferably, the invention uses a mixture of fatty acid esters based on a mixture of acids consisting of stearic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid.

According to this variant, the nonionic surfactant(s) are preferably chosen from esters of fatty acids and of mono- or poly-alkoxylated sorbitans or of mono- or poly-alkoxylated isosorbides.

Preferably, the esters of fatty acids and mono- or poly-alkoxylated sorbitans and the mono- or poly-alkoxylated isosorbides used have an average degree of alkoxylation ranging from 1 to 80, better still from 1 to 50, advantageously from 5 to 25, and advantageously from 10 to 20.

According to this variant, even more advantageously, the nonionic surfactant(s) are chosen from esters of fatty acids and of mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans or of mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides.

These molecules are represented by the formulas (VIII) and (IX) below:
- Esters of ethoxylated fatty acids and sorbitans:
(VIII)
with p, q, r and s, identical or different, integers ranging from 0 to 20, the sum r+s+p+q ranging from 1 to 80, preferably from 1 to 50, and
G1, G2, G3, G4 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C ₈ -C ₃₀ alkylcarboxylic group, at least one of G1, G2, G3, G4 being distinct from H;
- Esters of ethoxylated fatty acids and isosorbides:
(IV)
with r, s, identical or different, integers ranging from 0 to 20, the sum r+s ranging from 1 to 40; G1, G2 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C ₈ -C ₃₀ alkylcarboxylic group, at least one of G1 and G2 being distinct from H.

Such molecules are commercially available, in particular under the name Polysorbate or under the brand name Radiasurf® marketed by the company Oleon.

According to this second variant, the surfactant system preferably comprises one or more esters of fatty acids and of oxygenated C ₄ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon molecules comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups, one or more less hydroxyl groups being substituted by a mono- or poly-alkoxylated group.

Even more preferentially, according to this variant, the surfactant system comprises one or more esters of fatty acids and of mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans or of mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides.

Advantageously, according to this variant, the surfactant system comprises one or more compounds chosen from fatty acid esters and mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans of formula (VIII) or mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides of formula (IX) as defined above.

Third variant:

According to a third variant of this second embodiment, the nonionic surfactant(s) are chosen from esters of C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids and of C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose rings or pyranose, and one or more hydroxyl groups.

These surfactants can be very particularly chosen from C ₁₀ -C ₂₄ fatty acid esters and of sorbitans or isosorbides:
- Esters of fatty acids and sorbitans, such as those represented by formula (X) below:
(X)
in which G1, G2, G3, G4 represent, independently, a hydrogen atom or a C ₈ -C ₃₀ alkylcarboxylic group, at least one of G1, G2, G3, G4 being distinct from H;
- Esters of fatty acids and isosorbides such as those represented by formula (XI) below:
(XI)
in which G1 and G2 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C ₈ -C ₃₀ alkylcarboxylic group, at least one of G1 and G2 being distinct from H.

Fourth variant :

A fourth variant consists in combining the first variant with the second variant or the third variant described above.

According to this variant, the composition may contain a surfactant system comprising:
- a nonionic surfactant chosen from C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings and one or more hydroxyl groups, substituted by a mono- or poly-alkoxylated group,
- an emulsion stabilizer chosen from C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids, and
- a non-ionic surfactant chosen from esters of C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids and of C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings and one or more hydroxyl groups, substituted by a group mono- or poly-alkoxylated.

Even more preferentially, the composition comprises the following surfactant system:
- a non-ionic surfactant chosen from mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans and mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides,
- an emulsion stabilizer chosen in particular from C ₁₀ -C ₂₄ fatty acids, and
- a nonionic surfactant chosen from C ₁₀ -C ₂₄ fatty acid esters and mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans or mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides.

Better still, the composition comprises the following surfactant system:
- a nonionic surfactant chosen from mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans of formula (VI) and mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides of formula (VII),
- an emulsion stabilizer chosen from C ₁₂ -C ₂₀ fatty acids, and
- a nonionic surfactant chosen from esters of C ₁₂ -C ₂₀ fatty acids and mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans of formula (VIII) or mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides of formula (IX).

Optionally, taking into account the method of synthesis of these molecules, polymers and copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide as well as fatty acid esters and such polymers may be present as described above .

Alternatively, according to this variant, the composition may contain a surfactant system comprising:
- a nonionic surfactant chosen from C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings and one or more hydroxyl groups, substituted by a mono- or poly-alkoxylated group,
- an emulsion stabilizer chosen from C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids, and
- a nonionic surfactant chosen from esters of C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids and of C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups.

Even more preferentially, the composition comprises the composition comprises the following surfactant system:
- a non-ionic surfactant chosen from mono- or poly-ethoxylated sorbitans and mono- or poly-ethoxylated isosorbides,
- an emulsion stabilizer chosen from C ₁₀ -C ₂₄ fatty acids, and
- a nonionic surfactant chosen from C ₁₂ -C ₂₀ fatty acid esters and sorbitans of formula (X) or isosorbides of formula (XI).

Optionally, taking into account the method of synthesis of these molecules, polymers and copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide as well as fatty acid esters and such polymers may be present as described above .

The surfactants are typically used in sufficient quantities to allow good dispersion of the paraffin in the aqueous composition, which is stable over time. A person skilled in the art knows how to perfectly adapt their dosage according to the paraffin(s) present and its quantity in the composition.

The surfactant(s) are advantageously present at a total content ranging from 0.25 to 1000 ppm by mass, preferably from 1 to 500 ppm by mass, more preferentially from 2.5 to 250 ppm by mass, and better still from 5 to 125 ppm by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

THE others constituents

The aqueous composition may optionally contain one or more other compounds, other than the nitrogen oxide-reducing agents and their precursors, paraffins, surfactants and metal compounds described above.

The composition may comprise, in a non-limiting manner, one or more anti-foam additives, one or more organic fluids which may or may not be miscible with water, such as for example alcohols, polyols.

As an example of an anti-foam additive, mention may be made, for example, of the product Foam Ban 3588 G® (aqueous solution based on siloxane) marketed by the company Munzing.

The composition and its embodiments

The composition used in the present invention is an aqueous composition, i.e. its main component is water. The water content of the composition is preferably in the range from 50 to 90 by mass, preferably from 60 to 80 by mass, and even better still from 65 to 70% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

It can be prepared in the usual manner by mixing its constituents, preferably at ambient temperature, typically within a temperature range generally ranging from 10 to 60°C.

According to a preferred embodiment, the aqueous composition is prepared from a preformulated aqueous solution of urea, such as for example a commercial composition known under the name ^AdBlue® comprising 32.5% by mass of urea.

A first embodiment consists in adding the paraffin(s), the metal compound(s) and the optional surfactant(s) to this preformulated aqueous urea solution, in the amount required to achieve the contents defined above.

A second embodiment consists in adding to this preformulated aqueous solution of urea a concentrated aqueous composition of urea with additives. According to this embodiment, the concentrated aqueous composition of urea with additives comprises the paraffin(s), the metallic compound(s) and the optional surfactant(s) at contents much higher than that of the final aqueous composition introduced into the SCR line, in an aqueous solution of urea, preferably at a content of 32.5% by mass of urea. The mixing of the two compositions in an appropriate ratio to obtain the desired final contents is carried out just before injection into the SCR line.

The same embodiments can be implemented from a preformulated aqueous solution of a precursor other than urea.

Use

The aqueous composition according to the invention is used to prevent the formation of deposits and/or to reduce the deposits in the pipe conveying the exhaust gases at the outlet of an engine towards a device for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides or device SCR.

For this purpose, it is injected into said pipe, downstream of the engine and upstream of the SCR device. This introduction is typically carried out by pumping the composition from one or more tanks and injecting it by means of one or more injectors, which make it possible to spray the composition into the flow of the exhaust gases. These devices are known per se.

The use according to the invention is aimed at preventing or reducing deposits in the SCR exhaust pipe. These deposits are typically deposits of nitrogen compounds, containing the nitrogen oxide reducing agent(s) and/or their precursor(s), and/or decomposition products of said precursors. The invention is particularly aimed at preventing and/or reducing urea and/or cyanuric acid deposits, and more particularly cyanuric acid deposits.

As indicated above, the use according to the invention makes it possible to reduce or avoid these deposits regardless of the conformation of the SCR line. The invention is particularly, but not limited to, suitable for SCR exhaust lines called "close-coupled" and "underfloor" as described above.

As explained above, the composition injected into the SCR line is pumped from one or more conventional storage tanks, known per se.

According to a first variant, all the components of the composition according to the invention, in particular the nitrogen oxide reducing agent(s) and/or their precursor(s), the paraffin( s), the metal compound(s) and the optional surfactant(s) are formulated in the same aqueous composition at the desired contents, and this composition is introduced into a single reservoir.

According to a second variant, a first intermediate aqueous composition is formulated comprising the nitrogen oxide reducing agent(s) and/or their precursor(s), at the desired levels in the final composition resulting from the mixture of the two intermediate compositions. This first intermediate composition is introduced into a first reservoir. A second concentrated intermediate aqueous composition with additives is also formulated, comprising the nitrogen oxide reducing agent(s) and/or their precursor(s) at the desired levels in the final composition resulting from the mixture of the two intermediate compositions, as well as the paraffin(s), the metallic compound(s) and the optional surfactant(s) in a more concentrated content than the desired content in said final composition.

This second composition is introduced into a second reservoir, separate from the first reservoir. The two tanks supply the same injection system, allowing the mixing of the two intermediate compositions. A vehicle comprising two tanks for the implementation of such a variant is described in particular in EP2541012.

The method

The method (or process) according to the invention makes it possible to prevent the formation of deposits and/or to reduce the deposits in the pipe conveying the exhaust gases at the outlet of an engine towards a device for the selective catalytic reduction of oxides of nitrogen.

Preferably, the engine is a diesel engine.

This method comprises a step of introducing an aqueous composition as described above into said pipe, downstream of the engine and upstream of the SCR device. This introduction is typically carried out by pumping the composition from one or more reservoirs and by injecting it into said pipe by means of one or more injectors, as described above.

The examples below are given by way of illustration of the invention, and cannot be interpreted in such a way as to limit its scope.

EXAMPLES

Test method:

The tests were carried out on an SCR test bench 1, the configuration of which is shown in Figure 1. An aqueous composition C is sprayed via an injector 2 located slightly behind the flow 3 of the exhaust gases. The droplets of solution 4 then impact on a mixer 5 in order to facilitate their homogenization and the hydrolysis reaction of the urea in the flow of hot gases. The exhaust line is supplied with air by a hot air generator (not shown), the temperature of the gases and their flow are controlled. Thermocouples (not shown) placed at the level of the injector, at the line outlet and close to the line allow monitoring of the thermal conditions during the test.

The operating conditions of the test are summarized in Table 1 below:

Duration [h] 2.5 Airflow [L/min] 500 Composition rate C [g/h] 60 Injector temperature [°C] 250

In order to evaluate the performance of each aqueous composition C, the mass of deposits collected on the following two zones was compared: the "injector" zone (nose/injector holder) and the "mixer" zone (upstream/mixer/downstream ).

The deposits were therefore collected and weighed on the “injector” and “mixer” areas of the SCR line. The total mass of the deposits collected for each test was determined.

Compositions tested e s:

A commercial aqueous solution containing 32.5% by mass of ^AdBlue® urea, in accordance with the ISO 22241 standard, was used as the base composition.

In this basic composition called C0 have been added:
- an aqueous emulsion of paraffins P with a content of 2000 ppm by mass, and
- various metal compounds, in a content such that the amount of metal is 80 ppm by mass.

The compositions C1 to C5 were thus obtained, which differ in the nature of the metal compounds added, as detailed in Table 2 below. The amount of metal compound added was determined to lead to a metal content of 80 ppm by mass in each composition.

Composition Metallic compound Generic name C0 - - C1 [EDTA.Cu] (NH ₄ ) ₂ EDTA copper ammonium complex C2 [EDTA.Fe] NH ₄ .NH ₄ OH EDTA iron III ammonium complex C3 [DTPA.Fe] (NH ₄ ) ₂ DTPA iron III ammonium complex C4 Fe(NO ₃ ) _{3.9H 2} O+ 2eq EDTA 4 Na Iron III nitrate nonahydrate
+ tetrasodium EDTA molar ratio 1:2 C5 _Cu2 ( _CO3 )(OH) ₂ Basic copper II carbonate

The emulsion P of paraffins incorporated into compositions C1 to C5 is commercially available from the company BYK under the name Aquacer ^® 497. It is a dispersion in water of a mixture of paraffins in which the paraffins C ₂₂ -C ₃₂ represent more than 95% by mass of all the paraffins. This product also contains a surfactant consisting of polyethoxylated sorbitan monostearate. Compositions C1 to C5 ultimately contain 840 ppm by mass of paraffins and 80 ppm by mass of surfactant.

Results :

The total mass of the deposits collected on the two zones (“injector” zone and “mixer” zone) for each test, i.e. by injecting into the SCR bench each of the compositions C0 and C1 to C5 above, is detailed in Table 3 below.

Composition Metallic compound Total quantity deposits (mg) Mixer area deposits (mg) Injector area deposits (mg) C0 - 686 578 108 C1 [EDTA.Cu] (NH ₄ ) ₂ 230 100 130 C2 [EDTA.Fe] NH ₄ .NH ₄ OH 181 60 121 C3 [DTPA.Fe] (NH ₄ ) ₂ 503 213 290 C4 Fe(NO ₃ ) _{3.9H 2} O+ 2eq EDTA 4 Na 315 210 105 C5 _Cu2 ( _CO3 )(OH) ₂ 233 105 128

These results show that the use of compositions C1 to C5 according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the formation of deposits, compared to the use of the comparative composition C0.

The analyzes carried out on these deposits have shown that they are essentially made up of urea and urea decomposition products.

Claims (16)

Use, to prevent the formation of deposits and/or reduce the deposits in the pipe conveying the exhaust gases at the outlet of an engine to a device for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, of an aqueous composition comprising:
- at least one NOx nitrogen oxide reducing agent or at least one precursor of such an agent,
- at least one paraffin, and
- at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from the following metals: Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ti, V, Sr, Pt, Ce, Ca, Li, Na, and Nb. Use according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the reducing agent or the precursor of the reducing agent is chosen from the list consisting of urea, ammonia, formamide, ammonium salts, and salts of guanidine; and preferably from the list consisting of urea and ammonia; and more preferably the precursor of the reducing agent is urea. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composition contains urea, at a content ranging from 25% to 42% by weight, preferably from 30% to 40% by weight, more preferably from 31 to 35% by mass and better still from 32% to 33% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition; and even more preferably 32.5±0.7% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composition comprises at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from Fe, Cu, Ce and Sr, and more preferentially from Fe and Cu. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composition comprises at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from ionic, organic or inorganic metal compounds. Use according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the ionic metal compound(s) are chosen from inorganic ionic metal compounds, more preferably from basic metal carbonates, and in particular basic copper carbonate of formula Cu ₂ (CO ₃ )(OH) ₂ . Use according to Claim 5, characterized in that the ionic metallic compound(s) are chosen from organic ionic metallic compounds, preferably containing one or more organic complexing agent(s). s) chosen from polyaminocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and sulphonic acids, more preferably from polyamino polycarboxylic acids such as in particular DETPA or DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid) and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Use according to Claim 7, characterized in that the ionic metal compound(s) contain the organic complexing agent(s) in a molar excess of 2 to 200%, preferably 4 to 100%, even more preferably 10% to 100%, based on the stoichiometric amount. Use according to one of Claims 7 and 8, characterized in that the ionic metal compound(s) additionally contain NH ₄ ⁺ ammonium cations. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the compound(s) of one or more metals are present in the composition in an amount such that the content of the corresponding metal or metals is between 10 and 10,000 ppm, preferably between 20 and 5,000, more preferably between 30 and 500 ppm, and even more preferably between 50 and 100 ppm by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the C ₂₀ -C ₃₆ paraffins represent at least 90% by mass, and preferably at least 95% by mass, of all the paraffins present in the composition. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composition contains a total content of paraffin(s) ranging from 5 to 10,000 ppm by mass, preferably from 50 to 5,000 ppm by mass, more preferentially from 100 at 2500 ppm by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it additionally contains one or more surfactant(s) chosen from ionic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants; and preferably from nonionic surfactants; and more preferably chosen from the following compounds:
(i) C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings and one or more hydroxyl groups, at least one of the hydroxyl groups being substituted by a mono- or poly-alkoxylated group;
(ii) C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acid esters and oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds defined in (i);
(iii) esters of C ₈ -C ₃₀ fatty acids and of C ₄ -C ₂₀ oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or two furanose or pyranose rings, and one or more hydroxyl groups;
(iv) and mixtures of compounds (i) to (iii) above. Use according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the surfactant(s) are present at a total content ranging from 0.25 to 1000 ppm by mass, preferably from 1 to 500 ppm by mass, more preferentially from 2.5 to 250 ppm by mass, and better still from 5 to 125 ppm by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, for preventing or reducing the deposits of nitrogenous compounds, containing the nitrogen oxide reducing agent(s) and/or their precursor(s), and / or decomposition products of said precursors; preferably urea and/or cyanuric acid deposits, and more particularly cyanuric acid deposits Method for preventing the formation of deposits and/or reducing the deposits in the pipe conveying the exhaust gases at the outlet of an engine towards a device for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, characterized in that it comprises a step introducing into said pipe an aqueous composition comprising:
- at least one NOx nitrogen oxide reducing agent and/or at least one precursor of such an agent,
- at least one paraffin, and
- at least one compound of one or more metals chosen from the following metals: Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ti, V, Sr, Pt, Ce, Ca, Li, Na, and Nb.