FR3082567A1 - WIND TURBINE WITH VERTICAL ROTATION AXIS AND DYNAMIC BLADES - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a wind turbine (110) comprising dynamic dynamic blades (4), formed by a bearing structure (40) delimiting a window (41) in which is mounted a pivoting flap (42) coupled to a mechanism. contactless actuator (20, 22) to be moved between an active position (PA) in which it closes said window and offers maximum resistance to the wind, and a passive position (PP) in which it opens said window and offers has minimal or no resistance. The actuation mechanism comprises a fixed magnetic head (20) provided with a circular magnetic track (21), separated into two circular sectors of opposite magnetic polarities, and mobile magnetic elements (22) of the same polarity, each coupled to a pivoting flap (42) and arranged opposite the magnetic track (20) so that, during the rotation of the turbine, the magnetic attraction or repulsion generated by the opposite or identical magnetic polarities between the head and the movable elements causes the pivoting flaps to move in one direction and then in the other direction at each half-turn of the wind turbine.

Description

Technical area :

The invention relates to a wind turbine with vertical axis of rotation and dynamic blades, comprising a fixed mast defining said vertical axis of rotation, a rotor mounted to rotate freely on said mast, dynamic blades extending radially, coupled to said rotor. and oriented parallel to said fixed mast, each dynamic blade comprising a bearing structure delimiting at least one window, and at least one pivoting flap, mounted in said window along a horizontal pivot axis, said pivoting flap being coupled to an actuation mechanism without contact, arranged to move said pivoting flap in one direction then in the other direction at each half-turn of said wind turbine, between two extreme positions distant by an angle of 90 °, namely an active position in which said pivoting shutter closes said window and offers maximum wind resistance, and a passive position in which said pivoting shutter opens the adite window and offers minimal or even zero wind resistance.

Prior art:

Wind turbines with a vertical axis of rotation and dynamic blades offer an attractive alternative to wind turbines with a horizontal axis of rotation. They are also used to transform the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy, which is then transformed into electrical energy. They can in some cases be used in a horizontal position. Depending on their configuration, they can have many advantages, such as a small footprint which makes them particularly suitable for being integrated into buildings. There are also various technologies for making the blades dynamic, that is to say blades with variable geometry as a function of their relative position relative to the wind direction and to the axis of rotation of the turbine, in the goal of optimizing the performance of such a turbine. Some technologies use pivoting shutters, controlled by actuation mechanisms, some of which are non-contact mechanisms, and more specifically magnetic mechanisms, as described below.

Publication CN 202673573 U describes a vertical axis wind turbine in which each blade is formed by an umbrella which opens under the effect of the wind and closes in the absence of wind thanks to return means. A magnetic blade opening and closing control is added to control the opening and closing of the blades in the event of insufficient wind, in the form of a magnetic disc mounted on a chassis, having a positive polarity on one half of the disc and a negative polarity on the other half of the disc, and cooperating with a magnetic strip mounted on each blade.

Publication DE 202015100378 U1 describes a vertical axis wind turbine comprising several levels of radial blades, each blade consisting of pivoting flaps with horizontal axis mounted on a support arm, the pivoting of the flaps of each blade being controlled by a magnetic half-ring mounted on a frame and a magnetic disc linked to said support arm.

Publication CN 106150827 A also describes a vertical axis wind turbine, the radial blades of which are open frames, partially closed or extended outside by a pivoting flap mounted around a vertical axis at the end of each blade. The pivoting of the flaps is controlled by a magnetic annular ring in the shape of a cam mounted on the chassis and a permanent magnet placed at the end of an articulated lever linked to each flap.

The existing solutions are however not satisfactory.

Statement of the invention:

The present invention aims to propose a new technical solution for controlling without contact the pivoting flaps of the dynamic blades of a wind turbine with vertical axis of rotation, which offers many advantages: a small footprint, allowing the wind turbine to be integrated buildings without distorting the aesthetics, low noise, starting at low wind speeds, with high torque, offering good energy efficiency even in light winds, using reliable technology, having a modular design allowing the design of turbines wind turbines of different powers, and being equipped with safety devices to prevent runaway, or even degradation, of the turbine in the event of strong winds.

For this purpose, the invention relates to a wind turbine of the kind indicated in the preamble, characterized in that said contactless actuation mechanism is a magnetic mechanism, and comprises on the one hand a magnetic head coupled to said fixed, coaxial mast to the vertical axis of rotation, and comprising a circular magnetic track, separated into two circular sectors having opposite magnetic polarities, and on the other hand magnetic mobile elements having the same polarity, each coupled to the pivoting flap of the dynamic blades, and arranged opposite the magnetic track so that, during the rotation of the wind turbine, the magnetic attraction or repulsion generated by the opposite or identical magnetic polarities between said magnetic head and said magnetic moving elements causes the displacement of the flaps swiveling in one direction then in the other direction at each half-turn of the turbine ian.

Thanks to this construction, the control of the pivoting flaps is controlled, reliable and long-lasting, the pivoting of the flaps is controlled, alternated and limited to a quarter turn, never going beyond the two extreme positions, and the positions of the pivoting flaps are particularly stable, making it possible to obtain optimum efficiency from the turbine.

In a preferred form of the invention, said magnetic head consists of a section of sphere, defined by a radius of curvature, the center of which coincides with the vertical axis of rotation and by a median plane which passes through said center, said magnetic track coincides at least with said median plane, and said magnetic mobile elements consist of curved plates, defined by at least one radius of curvature, the center of which coincides with the center of said section of sphere, these curved plates being able to pivot d 'A position parallel to a perpendicular position and vice versa with respect to the median plane of said segment of sphere.

The magnetic track of said magnetic head can advantageously comprise a central strip and two parallel and coaxial lateral strips, in that the central strip has a magnetic polarity opposite to that of the lateral strips, these magnetic polarities being reversed between the two circular sectors of the magnetic track, and said movable magnetic elements may advantageously have at their two opposite ends an identical magnetic polarity, so that they can adopt said parallel position on a first circular sector of the magnetic track, and said perpendicular position on the second sector circular of the magnetic strip.

Advantageously, the two circular sectors of said magnetic track are respectively linked by a magnetic transition zone, arranged to cause the position of said magnetic moving elements to change from said position parallel to said perpendicular position as a function of the rotation of the turbine. 'wind turbine.

In the preferred embodiment, said magnetic track and said magnetic moving elements comprise an assembly of permanent magnets oriented as a function of their magnetic polarity.

According to the variant embodiment, each dynamic blade can comprise at least two pivoting flaps, mounted in the window of said supporting structure along two horizontal and parallel pivot axes, or along a same horizontal pivot axis, said pivoting flaps being coupled to said mechanism. contactless actuation via motion transmission.

The transmission of movement can comprise a system of pinions and racks arranged to couple each movable magnetic element to the pivot axes of the pivoting flaps of each dynamic blade.

The wind turbine may further include a safety device coupled to said non-contact actuation mechanism and arranged to position all the pivoting flaps in the passive position and stop the rotation of said wind turbine in the event of strong winds.

The pivoting flaps of the dynamic blades may further include a structured surface on an active front face, said structure surface being provided with a plurality of notches) arranged to trap the wind and increase the stability of said pivoting flaps.

Brief description of the drawings:

The present invention and its advantages will appear better in the following description of several embodiments given by way of nonlimiting example, with reference to the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a wind turbine for domestic use, equipped with a turbine according to the invention, provided with dynamic blades according to a first embodiment,

FIG. 2 is a view in axial section of a wind turbine for industrial use, equipped with a turbine according to the invention, provided with dynamic blades according to a second embodiment,

FIG. 3 is an axial section view of the mast of the wind turbine turbines in FIGS. 1 and 2,

- Figure 4 shows schematically and in perspective, the operating principle of the dynamic blades of the turbine according to the invention as a function of the wind direction,

FIG. 5 schematically represents, in top view, the control of the dynamic blades of the turbine according to the invention as a function of the wind direction,

FIGS. 6A and 6B are respectively a front view and a side view of a pivoting flap of a dynamic blade,

- Figures 7A and 7B are plan views of the two faces of the magnetic head of the contactless actuation mechanism of the dynamic blades,

FIGS. 8A and 8B are developed in plan of the two faces of the magnetic head of FIGS. 7A and 7B,

- Figure 9 is a bottom view of a movable magnetic element of the contactless actuation mechanism of the dynamic blades,

FIG. 10 is an exploded view of a movement transmission between the contactless actuation mechanism and the pivoting flaps of a dynamic blade, and

- Figures 11A and 11B are schematic views showing a turbine braking device in the event of strong winds, respectively in passive position and in active position.

Illustrations of the invention and different ways of carrying it out:

In the illustrated exemplary embodiments, identical elements or parts have the same reference numbers.

With reference to the figures, the turbine according to the invention is designed to form a wind turbine, which has a vertical axis of rotation, and dynamic blades, that is to say blades whose geometry varies with each half turn performed by the turbine to ensure optimal performance of the turbine even in light winds (see Figures 4 and 5). The wind turbine according to the invention has a modular design, making it possible to adapt its dimensions to both domestic and industrial use, with the aim of producing electrical energy from the kinetic energy of the wind. . FIG. 1 represents an exemplary embodiment of a wind turbine 100 for domestic use, and FIG. 2 an exemplary embodiment of a wind turbine 200 for industrial use. They both include a wind turbine 110, 210 according to the invention, which comprises a fixed mast 1, defining a vertical axis of rotation A, said mast being integral with a base 2 which can be anchored in a bearing surface , such as a floor, a floor, a platform, etc. which can be placed outside, but also inside and for example in the roof of a building or the like. They comprise a rotor 3, mounted to rotate freely around the mast 1 by means of bearings R or the like. The rotor 3 is integral with several dynamic blades 4, which extend radially, are oriented parallel to the axis A of the mast 1 and arranged to transform the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy driving the rotor 3 in rotation. The illustrated wind turbines 110, 210 are shown with six dynamic blades 4, without this example being limiting. Indeed, the number of blades, whether it is even or odd, is determined according to the specifications of the turbine.

In known manner, the wind turbines 110, 210 are associated with complementary equipment making it possible to transform the mechanical energy of the rotor 3 into electrical energy which can be used directly and / or sent over the electrical distribution network and / or stored in batteries. . To this end, they include an electric generator 5 coupled to the rotor 3, whether or not via a gearbox 6. They can also include an orientation device making it possible to modify the angular position of the turbine 110, 210 by relative to the wind. With reference to FIG. 1, the orientation device consists of a fin 7 secured to a steering axis 8. With reference to FIG. 2, the orientation device comprises a steering module 9, for example electronic , which controls, via an actuator of the servomotor type or the like, the angular displacement of the steering axis 8 as a function of the indication of the wind received from a wind vane (not shown). FIG. 3 shows the steering axis 8 mounted free to rotate inside the mast 1 via bearings R or the like, this steering axis 8 being coupled to a contactless actuation mechanism, associated with the dynamic blades 4, as described with reference to Figures 7 to 9. Optionally, the wind turbine 110, 210 may include a safety device for deactivating the dynamic blades 4 in the event of strong winds, as described with reference to Figures 11A and 11 B. This safety device may include a protection module 10, for example electronic, which controls, via an actuator of the servomotor type or the like, the axial movement of a braking axis 11 as a function of the wind indication received from a weather vane (not shown). This braking axis 11 is for example mounted free in translation inside the steering axis 8 via bearings R or the like (FIG. 3). The actuators controlled for the steering 9 and protection 10 modules can be electrically powered by a micro-alternator 12, coupled to the rotor 3 (FIG. 2).

Each dynamic blade 4 comprises a bearing structure 40, delimiting at least one window 41, and at least one pivoting flap 42, mounted in the window 41 of the bearing structure 40 and movable along a horizontal pivot axis B between an open position and a closed position. The supporting structure 40 of each dynamic blade 4 is rigidly linked to the rotor 3. It has for example the shape of a rectangular parallelogram, the great lengths of which extend radially, and the pivoting flap 42 has a substantially complementary shape. It is advantageously braced by shrouds 43, which extend as well in the vertical plane of each dynamic blade 4, as in horizontal planes making it possible to link each dynamic blade 4 together, and thus to form a mechanically rigid structure. Of course, this example of constructive is not limiting and extends to any other mode of constructive allowing to fulfill the same function for the same result.

The dynamic blades 4 may include one or more pivoting flaps 42, aligned or superimposed, depending on the powers to be achieved. In FIG. 1, the dynamic blades 4 comprise a single pivoting flap 42, while in FIG. 2, they each comprise two aligned series of three pivoting flaps 42 superimposed. In Figures 4 and 10, the dynamic blades 4 are shown each with three pivoting flaps 42 superimposed. These different figures show some examples of configurations of pivoting shutters 42, without these examples being limiting.

Furthermore and with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B, the pivoting flaps 42 are produced from a rigid panel, of rectangular shape, cut longitudinally into two equal parts by the pivot axis B, and delimited by two opposite faces, parallel or not, including an active front face 42a subjected to the wind and a passive rear face 42b not subjected to the wind, two longitudinal edges 42c, profiled or not, and two transverse edges 42d. The active front face 42a preferably consists of a structured surface provided with deep recesses, making it possible to trap the wind and thus increase the stability of the pivoting flaps 42. In the example shown, the structured surface is obtained by a multitude of notches 44 in the shape of a right triangle (side view, FIG. 6B), arranged symmetrically with respect to the pivot axis B, in parallel and superimposed rows. The large base of the right triangles is merged with the active front face 42a and the small base of the right triangles is distant from the pivot axis B, so that the hypotenuse of each right triangle captures the wind which hits the active front face 42a of the pivoting flap 42 and the trap in the bottom of the notches 44. These notches 44 have the advantage of accumulating the energy of the wind, regardless of its direction. These exemplary embodiments of the pivoting shutters 42 and their structured surface are of course not limiting and extend to any other equivalent embodiment making it possible to obtain the same technical effects.

Each pivoting flap 42 is coupled to a contactless actuation mechanism, which is arranged to automatically move the pivoting flap 42 in one direction then in the other direction, at each half-turn of the turbine 110, 210, between two positions extremes distant by an angle of 90 °, namely a closed or active position PA in which the shutter closes the window and offers maximum wind resistance, and an open or passive position PP in which the shutter opens the window and offers wind resistance minimal or even zero. This known operating principle is shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 4 and 5, in which the direction of the wind V is represented by a series of parallel arrows. So that the turbine 110, 210 rotates counterclockwise, as represented by the arrow T in FIG. 5, all the pivoting flaps 42 of the dynamic blades 4 which move in the direction of the wind, that is to say to the right of a median axis M cutting the turbine into two circular sectors in FIG. 5, are in the closed position or active position PA, and all the pivoting flaps 42 of the dynamic blades 4 which move in the opposite direction of the wind, at left of said median axis M, are in the closed position or active position PA. This change in angular position of the pivoting flaps 42 is effected automatically by means of the contactless actuation mechanism, which is now described with reference to FIGS. 7 to 9.

The contactless actuation mechanism comprises on the one hand a fixed magnetic head 20, coaxial with the vertical axis of rotation A, and provided with a circular magnetic track 21, separated into two circular sectors by the median axis M, corresponding respectively to the active position PA and to the passive position PP of the dynamic blades 4. The two circular sectors for this purpose have opposite magnetic polarities. The contactless actuation mechanism also comprises mobile magnetic elements 22, having the same polarity, each coupled to the pivoting flap (s) 42 of the dynamic blades 4. These mobile elements 22 are arranged in gaze and at a distance from the magnetic track 21, by means of a clearance forming a functional air gap, so that, during the rotation of the turbine 110, 210, the magnetic attraction or repulsion generated by the opposite or identical magnetic polarities between the magnetic head 20 and the movable magnetic elements 22 causes the pivoting flaps 42 to move in one direction and then in the other direction at each half-turn of the turbine.

The magnetic head 20 is advantageously secured to the steering axis 8, which is coupled to the fin 7 (Figure 1) or to the steering module 9 (Figure 2) and which makes it possible to automatically adjust the angular position of the magnetic head 20 by positioning its median axis M parallel to the direction of the wind V (FIG. 5). In the example shown, the magnetic head 20 is made up of a section of sphere defined by a radius of center C coinciding with the vertical axis of rotation A and by a median plane P passing through the center C. The mobile elements 22 are made up of curved plates, defined by at least one radius of curvature, the center of which coincides with the center C of said segment of sphere. Preferably, the curved plates are defined by two radii of curvature in two perpendicular planes, the centers of which coincide with the center C of said segment of sphere. Thus and thanks to this complementary spherical configuration, the curved plates of the mobile elements 22 can partially cover the sphere section of the magnetic head 20, while respecting a constant operating clearance at all points. The mobile elements 22 can then pivot freely from a position parallel to a perpendicular position and vice versa with respect to the median plane P of the sphere section of the magnetic head 20, without colliding with the magnetic head 20, and maintaining an air gap constant functional, having the effect of ensuring constant magnetic permeability at all points. Of course, any other equivalent configuration could be suitable, for example a magnetic head of cylindrical shape and moving elements in the shape of a disc. However, a cylindrical configuration would be less efficient than the spherical configuration, since it would not guarantee a constant functional air gap at all points of the mobile elements 22, with if necessary a risk of instability of the passive and active positions of the pivoting flaps. 42.

Referring more particularly to FIGS. 7A and 7B which represent the two respective faces of the magnetic head 20 and to FIGS. 8A and 8B which represent a respective development of these two faces, the magnetic track is symmetrical with respect to the median plane P and comprises a central strip 21a and two lateral strips 21b, 21c parallel and coaxial. The central strip 21a has mainly a magnetic polarity opposite to that of the side strips 21b, 21c, and these magnetic polarities are reversed between the two circular sectors of the magnetic track 21. More exactly and with reference to FIG. 8A which illustrates a first sector circular from 0 ° to 180 ° of the magnetic strip 21.1a central strip 21a is formed of south poles and the lateral strips 21b, 21c are formed of north poles. And with reference to FIG. 8B which illustrates the second circular sector from 180 ° to 360 ° of the magnetic track 21, the central band 21a is formed of north poles and the lateral bands 21b, 21c are formed of south poles. The magnetic track 21 extends over the entire height of the segment of the sphere, which represents an angular sector of 51 °. On the other hand, FIG. 9 illustrates an example of mobile magnetic elements 22, the curved plate of which extends longitudinally over an angular sector of 51 °, equal to that of the magnetic track 21, and transversely over an angular sector of 17 ° equal to that of the central strip 21a of the magnetic track 21. Of course, these values are given only by way of nonlimiting example.

The mobile element 22 also has at its two opposite ends an identical magnetic polarity, namely two south poles. Thus, the south poles of the mobile elements 22 being attracted by the north poles provided in the lateral bands 21b, 21c then in the central band 21a, they adopt a position perpendicular to the median plane P on the first circular sector of the magnetic track 21 ( FIG. 8A) which corresponds to the closed and active position PA of the pivoting flaps 42 (on the right in FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5), then a position parallel to the median plane P on the second circular sector of the magnetic track 21 ( FIG. 8B) which corresponds to the open and passive position PP of the pivoting flaps 42 (on the left in FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5). To facilitate the alternating tilting between the two angular positions of the mobile elements 22, the two circular sectors of the magnetic track 21 are respectively linked by a South / North magnetic transition zone 21 d and a North / South magnetic transition zone 21e. The arrangement of the North and South magnets on practically the entire surface of the magnetic track 21 makes it possible to maintain the mobile elements 22, and therefore the pivoting flaps 42, in very stable positions. Of course, any other equivalent magnetic design of the track and the movable elements may be suitable.

In the illustrated embodiment, the magnetic head 20 and the movable elements 22 are formed from an assembly of permanent magnets, oriented as a function of their magnetic polarity. More specifically, permanent magnets 23 of rectangular parallelepiped shape are used for the majority of the magnetic track 21, and permanent magnets 24 of similar shape for the mobile elements 22. Permanent magnets 25 of triangular shape and magnets are also used. perms 26 of cylindrical shape in the magnetic transition zones 21 d and 21e. To achieve such an assembly, the permanent magnets 23 to 26 should be fixed one after the other, adjacent or not, by a fixing member such as a clamping screw 27, in a suitable support, such as a ferromagnetic support, which constitutes on the one hand the sphere section of the magnetic head 20 and on the other hand the curved plates of the mobile elements 22.

When the dynamic blades 4 comprise a single pivoting flap 42, or at least two pivoting flaps 42 aligned on the same pivot axis B, each movable element 22 can be directly coupled to the pivot axis B of the corresponding flap (s) (FIG. 1). When the dynamic blades 4 comprise at least two pivoting flaps 42 superimposed along two parallel pivot axes B, each movable element 22 is coupled to the corresponding flaps by means of a movement transmission 30 (FIG. 2). Referring more particularly to FIG. 10, the movement transmission 30 comprises a pinion / rack system arranged to couple each movable element 22 to the pivot axes B of the pivoting flaps 42 of each dynamic blade 4. To guarantee parallel and synchronous operation of the pivoting flaps 42, a mechanical transmission 30 is arranged on each side of the flaps. A rack 31 extends vertically, that is to say perpendicular to the pivot axes B of the flaps and each pivot axis B comprises a pinion 32 meshing with the rack 31. Each rack 31 is guided in translation in the bearing structure 40 dynamic blades 4 by rails or the like (not shown) and the pinions 32 are guided in rotation in the bearing structure 40 by bearings 33.

With reference to FIGS. 11A and 11B, the wind turbine turbines 110, 210 according to the invention further comprise a safety device coupled to the contactless actuation mechanism making it possible to automatically position all the pivoting flaps 42 in the passive position PP, having the effect of stopping the rotation of the wind turbine 110, 210 in the event of strong winds. In the example shown, the safety device is magnetic and contactless. It comprises, for each dynamic blade 4, a magnetic brake 14 comprising a movable magnetic pad 14a and a fixed magnetic pad 14b, each magnetic pad consisting of at least one permanent magnet, and the permanent magnets of the two magnetic pads being arranged in opposition so that they repel each other when they are facing each other. The fixed magnetic stud 14b is integral with the corresponding rack 31 of the contactless actuation mechanism. The mobile magnetic stud 14a is controlled to move between a passive position (FIG. 11A in which it has no effect, and an active position (FIG. 11B) in which it blocks the translation of the rack 31 by magnetic repulsion, by simultaneously blocking the corresponding pivoting flaps 42 in the open position or passive position PP. The movable magnetic pads 14a of the various magnetic brakes 14 are connected to a central disc 15 by cables 16 and the central disc 15 is mounted to rotate freely around the braking pin 11 via bearings or the like. A counter disc 17 is mounted at the free end of the braking pin 11 via a bearing 18 above the central disc 15. The braking pin 11 is linked to an electromagnet 19, supplied with very low voltage by the micro-alternator 12 (FIG. 2) or the like. If the wind is stable, the protection module 10 does not detect any anomaly and the brakes are magnified ticks 14 remain in the passive position (Figure 11 A). If the protection module 10 (FIG. 2) detects strong winds via a wind vane or the like (not shown), then it instantaneously controls the supply of the electromagnet 19 by the micro-alternator 12 to move the magnetic brakes 14 into position active (Figure 11 B). The electromagnet 19 causes the braking axis 11 to descend, bringing with it the counter-disc 17, which comes into contact with the central disc 15 and descends with it. Going down, the central disc 15 pulls the cables 16 and moves the movable magnetic pads 14a to bring them above the fixed magnetic pads 14b. The magnetic repulsion force is such that it prohibits the movement of the racks 31 and therefore the closing of the pivoting flaps 42. Of course, this embodiment of the safety device is not limiting, and extends to any other device to perform the same function.

The wind turbine 110, 210 which has just been described can be installed very particularly in the upper floor or under the roof of a building out of sight, without this example being limiting. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described but extends to any modification and variant obvious to a person skilled in the art.

Claims (10)

claims 1. Wind turbine (110, 210) with vertical axis of rotation (A) and dynamic blades (4), comprising a fixed mast (1) defining said vertical axis of rotation (A), a rotor (3) mounted free in rotation on said mast, dynamic blades (4) extending radially, coupled to said rotor (3) and oriented parallel to said fixed mast (1), each dynamic blade (4) comprising a bearing structure (40) delimiting at least one window (41), and at least one pivoting flap (42), mounted in said window along a horizontal pivot axis (B), said pivoting flap (42) being coupled to a contactless actuation mechanism (20, 22) , arranged to move said pivoting flap (42) in one direction then in the other direction at each half-turn of said wind turbine, between two extreme positions distant by an angle of 90 °, namely an active position ( PA) in which said pivoting shutter closes said window and offers maximum wind resistance, and a passive position (PP) in which said pivoting flap opens said window and offers minimal or no resistance to wind, characterized in that said contactless actuation mechanism is a magnetic mechanism, and comprises on the one hand a magnetic head (20) coupled to said fixed mast (1), coaxial with the vertical axis of rotation (A), and comprising a circular magnetic track (21), separated into two circular sectors having opposite magnetic polarities, and on the other hand moving magnetic elements (22) having the same polarity, each coupled to the pivoting flap (42) of the dynamic blades (4), and arranged opposite the magnetic track (20) so that, during the rotation of the turbine wind turbine, the magnetic attraction or repulsion generated by the opposite or identical magnetic polarities between said magnetic head (20) and said magnetic mobile elements (22) causes the displacement of vo lets pivot (42) in one direction then in the other direction with each half-turn of the wind turbine. 2. Wind turbine according to claim 1, characterized in that said magnetic head (20) consists of a section of sphere, defined by a radius of curvature whose center (C) coincides with the axis of rotation vertical (A) and by a median plane (P) which passes through said center (C), in that said magnetic track (21) coincides at least with said median plane (P), and in that said movable elements ( 22) magnetic plates consist of curved plates, defined by at least one radius of curvature, the center of which coincides with the center (C) of said segment of sphere, these curved plates being able to pivot from a position parallel to a perpendicular position and vice versa by relation to the median plane (P) of said segment of sphere. 3. Wind turbine according to claim 2, characterized in that the magnetic track (21) of said magnetic head (20) comprises a central strip (21a) and two lateral strips (21b, 21c) parallel and coaxial, in that that the central strip (21a) has a magnetic polarity opposite to that of the lateral strips (21b, 21c), in that these magnetic polarities are reversed between the two circular sectors of the magnetic track (21), and in that said elements mobile (22) magnetic have at their two opposite ends an identical magnetic polarity, so that they can adopt said parallel position on a first circular sector of the magnetic track, and said perpendicular position on the second circular sector of the magnetic track . 4. Wind turbine according to claim 3, characterized in that the two circular sectors of said magnetic track (21) are respectively linked by a magnetic transition zone (21 d, 21e), arranged to cause the change of position of said movable magnetic elements (22) from said position parallel to said perpendicular position as a function of the rotation of the wind turbine. 5. Wind turbine according to any one of claims 3 and 4, characterized in that said magnetic track (21) and said movable elements (22) magnetic comprise an assembly of permanent magnets (23 to 26) oriented in function of their magnetic polarity. 6. Wind turbine according to claim 1, characterized in that each dynamic blade (4) comprises at least two pivoting flaps (42), mounted in the window (41) of said supporting structure (40) along two pivot axes (B) horizontal and parallel, said pivoting flaps (42) being coupled to said contactless actuation mechanism via a motion transmission (30). 7. Wind turbine according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each dynamic blade (4) comprises at least two pivoting flaps (42), mounted in the window (41) of said supporting structure (40) according to the same horizontal pivot axis (B), said pivoting flaps (42) being coupled to said contactless actuation mechanism by means of a motion transmission (30). 8. Wind turbine according to any one of claims 6 and 7, characterized in that said movement transmission (30) comprises a system of pinions (32) and racks (31) arranged to couple each movable element (22 ) magnetic to the pivot axes (B) of the pivoting flaps (42) of each dynamic blade (4). 9. Wind turbine according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it further comprises a safety device (10 to 19) coupled to said contactless actuation mechanism and arranged to position all the pivoting flaps ( 42) in passive position (PP) and stop the rotation of said wind turbine (110, 210) in the event of strong winds. 10. Wind turbine according to claim 1, characterized in that 5 the pivoting flaps (42) of the dynamic blades (4) have a structured surface on an active front face (42a), said structure surface being provided with a plurality of notches (44) arranged to trap the wind and increase stability said pivoting flaps (42).