FR3008346A1 - PNEUMATIC COMPRISING CARCASE FRAME CABLES HAVING LOW PERMEABILITY - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a tire comprising a crown reinforcement consisting of at least two working crown layers of reinforcing elements. According to the invention, the axial ends of the reinforcing element working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are turned over to cover the axial ends of at least one other crown layer, the reinforcement elements of the carcass reinforcement having a diameter of less than 1 mm and being composed of threads of diameter strictly greater than 0.16 mm, and said reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement being metal cables, advantageously not shrink-wrapped, presenting the so-called permeability a flow rate less than 20 cm3 / min.

Description

The present invention relates to a tire with a radial carcass reinforcement and more particularly to a tire intended to equip vehicles carrying heavy loads, such as, for example, a pneumatic tire with a radial carcass reinforcement [0001]. for example trucks, tractors, trailers or road buses. [0002] In general, in heavy-vehicle tires, the carcass reinforcement is anchored on both sides in the bead zone and is radially surmounted by a crown reinforcement consisting of at least two layers, superimposed and formed of son or parallel cables in each layer and crossed from one layer to the next in making with the circumferential direction angles between 100 and 450. Said working layers, forming the working armature, can still be covered with at least one so-called protective layer and formed of advantageously metallic and extensible reinforcing elements, called elastic elements. It may also comprise a layer of low extensibility wires or metal cables forming with the circumferential direction an angle of between 45 ° and 90 °, this so-called triangulation layer being radially located between the carcass reinforcement and the first layer of so-called working top, formed of parallel wires or cables having angles at most equal to 45 ° in absolute value. The triangulation layer forms with at least said working layer a triangulated reinforcement, which, under the various constraints it undergoes, has few deformations, the essential role of the triangulation layer being to take up the transverse compression forces of which the object all the reinforcing elements in the area of the crown of the tire. Cables are said to be inextensible when said cables have under a tensile force equal to 10% of the breaking force a relative elongation at most equal to 0.2%. Cables are said elastic when said cables have under tensile force equal to the breaking load a relative elongation of at least 3% with a maximum tangent modulus of less than 150 GPa. Circumferential reinforcing elements are reinforcing elements which make angles with the circumferential direction in the range + 2.5 °, - 2.5 ° around 0 °. The circumferential direction of the tire, or longitudinal direction, is the direction corresponding to the periphery of the tire and defined by the rolling direction of the tire. [0007] The transverse or axial direction of the tire is parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire. The radial direction is a direction intersecting the axis of rotation of the tire and perpendicular thereto. The axis of rotation of the tire is the axis around which it rotates in normal use. A radial or meridian plane is a plane which contains the axis of rotation of the tire. The circumferential mid-plane, or equatorial plane, is a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire and which divides the tire into two halves. As regards the metal wires or cables, the measurements of force at break (maximum load in N), tensile strength (in MPa) and elongation at break (total elongation in%) are performed in traction according to the ISO 6892 standard of 1984. [0013] Certain current tires, known as "road" tires, are intended to run at high average speeds and over longer and longer journeys, due to the improvement of the network. road network and the growth of the motorway network in the world. The set of conditions under which such a tire is called to roll, undoubtedly allows an increase in the number of kilometers traveled, the wear of the tire being less. This increase in life in terms of kilometers, combined with the fact that such conditions of use are likely to result, under heavy load, in relatively high peak temperatures, requires an at least endurance of the crown of tires. There are indeed constraints at the crown reinforcement and more particularly shear stresses between the crown layers which, in the case of too high a rise in the operating temperature at the ends of the crown. the axially shorter crown layer, result in the appearance and propagation of cracks in the rubber at said ends. The same problem exists in the case of edges of two layers of reinforcement elements, said other layer not necessarily being radially adjacent to the first. In order to improve the endurance of the tire crown reinforcement, the French application FR 2 728 510 proposes to have, on the one hand, between the carcass reinforcement and the reinforcing steel working ply. radially closest to the axis of rotation, an axially continuous sheet formed of non-extensible metal cables forming an angle of at least 60 ° with the circumferential direction, and whose axial width is at least equal to the axial width the shortest working crown ply, and secondly between the two working crown plies an additional ply formed of metal elements, oriented substantially parallel to the circumferential direction. In addition, the French application WO 99/24269 proposes, on either side of the equatorial plane and in the immediate axial extension of the additional ply of reinforcing elements substantially parallel to the circumferential direction, to couple, over a certain axial distance, the two working crown plies formed of reinforcing elements crossed from one ply to the next ply and then decoupling them by rubber mixing profiles at least over the remainder of the width common to the two tablecloths. The layer of circumferential reinforcing elements is usually constituted by at least one wire rope wound to form a turn whose laying angle relative to the circumferential direction is less than 8 °. The cables initially manufactured are coated with a rubbery mixture before being put in place. This rubber mix then penetrates the cable under the effect of pressure and temperature during the baking of the tire. The results thus obtained in terms of endurance and wear during prolonged runs on high speed roads are most often satisfactory. However, it appears that under certain driving conditions, particularly in the case of overload, some tires sometimes show a more pronounced wear on part of their tread. WO 05/113258 proposes a working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement whose ends are folded to cover the edges of another layer of the crown reinforcement. Such an embodiment also makes it possible to eliminate at least a portion of the ends of the layers which may be at the origin of the previously described cracking primers. The results obtained with this type of embodiment are also often satisfactory in terms of endurance and wear during prolonged runs on high speed roads. However, it appears that under certain driving conditions, especially in the case of overloads, some tires sometimes have weaknesses in terms of endurance of the carcass reinforcement. An object of the invention is to provide tires for vehicles "Heavy-Duty", whose endurance performance and wear are retained or improved for road use whatever the conditions of use . This object is achieved according to the invention by a radial carcass reinforcement tire comprising a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers of reinforcement elements, crossed from one layer to the other by making with the circumferential direction angles between 100 and 45 °, itself capped radially of a tread, said tread being joined to two beads by means of two flanks, the axial ends of the layer working elements reinforcing radially closest to the carcass reinforcement being returned to cover the axial ends of at least one other crown layer, the reinforcement elements of the carcass reinforcement having a diameter less than 1 mm and being composed of wires of diameter strictly greater than 0.16 mm and said reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement being metal cables, advantageously and not fretted, presenting in the so-called permeability test a flow rate of less than 20 cm3 / min. Advantageously according to the invention, the reinforcement elements of the carcass reinforcement are composed of threads of diameter less than 0.20 mm. The so-called permeability test makes it possible to determine the longitudinal permeability to air of the cables tested, by measuring the volume of air passing through a specimen under constant pressure for a given time. The principle of such a test, well known to those skilled in the art, is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment of a cable to make it impermeable to air; it has been described for example in ASTM D2692-98. The test is carried out on cables extracted directly, by shelling, vulcanized rubber sheets they reinforce, so penetrated by the cooked rubber. The test is performed on 2 cm of cable length, so coated by its surrounding rubber composition (or coating gum) in the cooked state, in the following manner: it sends air to the cable inlet, under a pressure of 1 bar, and the volume of air at the outlet is measured using a flow meter (calibrated for example from 0 to 500 cm3 / min). During the measurement, the cable sample is locked in a compressed seal (eg a dense foam or rubber seal) in such a way that only the amount of air passing through the cable from one end to the other, along its longitudinal axis, is taken into account by the measure; the tightness of the seal itself is checked beforehand with the aid of a solid rubber specimen, that is to say without cable. The average air flow measured (average of 10 test pieces) is even lower than the longitudinal imperviousness of the cable is high. As the measurement is made with an accuracy of ± 0.2 cm3 / min, measured values less than or equal to 0.2 cm3 / min are considered to be zero; they correspond to a cable which can be described as airtight (totally airtight) along its axis (i.e., in its longitudinal direction). This permeability test is also a simple means of indirect measurement of the penetration rate of the cable by a rubber composition. The measured flow rate is even lower than the penetration rate of the cable by the rubber is high. Cables having a flow rate of less than 20 cm3 / min in the so-called permeability test have a penetration rate greater than 66%. The penetration rate of a cable can still be estimated according to the method described hereinafter. In the case of a layered cable, the method consists first of all in eliminating the outer layer on a sample having a length of between 2 and 4 cm, and then measuring in a longitudinal direction and along a given axis the sum of the lengths of rubber mix reported over the length of the sample. These measurements of rubber mix lengths exclude non-penetrated spaces on this longitudinal axis. These measurements are repeated on three longitudinal axes distributed over the periphery of the sample and repeated over five cable samples. When the cable has several layers, the first removal step is repeated with the newly outer layer and length measurements of rubber mix along longitudinal axes. An average of all ratios of lengths of rubber mixture on the lengths of the samples thus determined is then performed to define the cable penetration rate. The tires according to the invention actually have improved performance in terms of endurance, in particular with regard to the evolution of the polymeric masses surrounding the ends of the crown reinforcement, in particular because of the reversal of the axial ends of the working layer of reinforcing elements radially closest to the carcass reinforcement covering the axial ends of at least one other crown layer. In particular, when the turning of the axial ends of the reinforcement element working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement covers the axial ends of the radially outermost working crown layer, the elimination of the Free ends of the working layers promotes the performance in terms of tire endurance. On the other hand, the inventors have demonstrated that the turning zone of the axial ends of the reinforcing element working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement leads to an increase in the - 7 - circumferential rigidity such that it maintains a regular wear especially during overloading. Moreover, the inventors have demonstrated that such a reversal of the ends of a working layer locally confers a circumferential stiffness forming a characteristic point in any meridian plane of the tire. In particular during overloading, this characteristic point can lead to cyclic deformations of the carcass reinforcement to lead to unacceptable fatigue of the reinforcement elements of the carcass reinforcement. Reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement having a diameter of less than 1 mm, said reinforcing elements being composed of threads of diameter strictly greater than 0.16 mm and preferably less than or equal to 0.20 mm, associated, in accordance with the invention , at penetration rates higher than usual, seem to allow the tire to withstand the cyclic stresses generated due to the presence of the inversion of the ends of a working layer, without seeing any sign of fatigue of said reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement, including during overloading. The carcass reinforcement cables which are subjected to fatigue phenomena, thus defined according to the invention, may have better resistance to these phenomena of wear and fatigue due to their penetration rate by the rubber compounds and thus contribute to improving the endurance of the tire used especially in severe conditions, particularly in terms of load. The results obtained with the tires according to the invention have therefore demonstrated that they can maintain satisfactory endurance and wear properties during rolling regardless of the conditions and especially in case of overload. In the same way it appears that the tires according to the invention used in reduced inflation pressure conditions have performances in terms of wear and endurance quite satisfactory. According to an advantageous variant of the invention, the metal reinforcing elements of at least one layer of the carcass reinforcement are cables with at least two layers, at least one inner layer being sheathed with a layer constituted by of a polymeric composition such as a non-crosslinkable, crosslinkable or crosslinked rubber composition, preferably based on at least one diene elastomer. So-called "layered cords" or "multilayer" cables are cables consisting of a central core and one or more layers of strands or substantially concentric son arranged around this central core. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cables of the carcass reinforcement have, in the so-called permeability test, a flow rate of less than 10 cm 3 / min and more preferably less than 2 cm 3 / min. Within the meaning of the invention, cables having at least two layers, at least one inner layer being sheathed with a layer consisting of a polymer composition, have a flow rate of less than 20 cm3 / min in the so-called permeability test. and advantageously less than 2 cm3 / min. The term "composition based on at least one diene elastomer" is understood to mean in a known manner that the composition comprises in majority (i.e. in a mass fraction greater than 50%) this or these diene elastomers. Note that the sheath according to the invention extends continuously around the layer it covers (that is to say that this sheath is continuous in the "orthoradial" direction of the cable which is perpendicular to its radius), so as to form a continuous sleeve of cross section which is preferably substantially circular. It will also be noted that the rubber composition of this sheath may be crosslinkable or crosslinked, that is to say that it comprises by definition a crosslinking system adapted to allow the crosslinking of the composition during its cooking ( ie, its hardening and not its fusion); thus, this rubber composition can be described as infusible, since it can not be melted by heating at any temperature. By elastomer or "diene" rubber is meant in known manner an elastomer derived at least in part (ie a homopolymer or a copolymer) of monomers dienes (monomers carrying two carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or no). Preferably, the crosslinking system of the rubber sheath is a so-called vulcanization system, that is to say based on sulfur (or a sulfur donor agent) and a primary accelerator of vulcanization. To this basic vulcanization system may be added various known secondary accelerators or vulcanization activators. The rubber composition of the sheath according to the invention may comprise, in addition to said crosslinking system, all the usual ingredients that can be used in tire rubber compositions, such as reinforcing fillers based on carbon black and / or a reinforcing inorganic filler such as silica, anti-aging agents, for example antioxidants, extender oils, plasticizers or agents facilitating the use of the compositions in the raw state, acceptors and donors of methylene, resins, bismaleimides, known adhesion promoter systems of the "RFS" type (resorcinol-formaldehyde-silica) or metal salts, especially cobalt salts. Preferably, the composition of this sheath is chosen identical to the composition used for the rubber matrix that the cables according to the invention are intended to reinforce. Thus, there is no problem of possible incompatibility between the respective materials of the sheath and the rubber matrix. According to a variant of the invention, the metal reinforcing elements of at least one layer of the carcass reinforcement are metal cables with building layers [L + M] or [L + M + N] that can be used. as reinforcing element of a tire carcass reinforcement, comprising a first layer C1 to L son of diameter d1 with L ranging from 1 to 4, surrounded by at least one intermediate layer C2 to M son of diameter d2 wound together in helix according to a pitch p2 with M ranging from 3 to 12, said layer C2 being optionally surrounded by an outer layer C3 of N d3 diameter wires wound together in a helix in a pitch p3 with N ranging from 8 to 20, a sheath formed a non-crosslinkable, crosslinkable or crosslinked rubber composition based on at least one diene elastomer, covering, in the [L + M] construction, said first layer C1 and, in the construction [L + M + N], at least said layer C2. [0051] Preferably, the diameter of the wires of the first layer of the inner layer (Cl) is between 0.16 and 0.20 mm and the diameter of the wires of the outer layers (C2, C3) is between 0.16 and 0.20 mm. More preferably, the pitch of the winding helix of said son of the outer layer (C3) is between 8 and 25 mm. For the purposes of the invention, the pitch of the helix represents the length, measured parallel to the axis of the cable, at the end of which a wire having this pitch performs a complete revolution around the axis of the cable; thus, if the axis is divided by two planes perpendicular to said axis and separated by a length equal to the pitch of a wire of a constituent layer of the cable, the axis of this wire has in these two planes the same position on the two circles corresponding to the layer of the wire considered. Advantageously, the cable has one, and even more preferably all of the following characteristics which is verified (e): the layer C3 is a saturated layer, that is to say that it does not there is not enough space in this layer to add at least one (N + 1) th wire diameter d3, N then representing the maximum number of windable son in a layer around the layer C2; the rubber sheath also covers the inner layer C1 and / or separates the adjacent two-to-two wires from the intermediate layer C2; the rubber sheath substantially covers the radially inner half-circumference of each wire of the layer C3, so that it separates the adjacent two-to-two wires of this layer C3. Preferably, the rubber sheath has an average thickness ranging from 0.010 mm to 0.040 mm. In general, the invention can be implemented to form the cables of the carcass reinforcement described above, with any type of metal son, especially steel, for example steel son carbon and / or stainless steel wire. Carbon steel is preferably used, but it is of course possible to use other steels or other alloys. When carbon steel is used, its carbon content (% by weight of steel) is preferably between 0.1% and 1.2%, more preferably from 0.4% to 1.0%. % these grades represent a good compromise between the mechanical properties required for the tire and the feasibility of the wire. It should be noted that a carbon content of between 0.5% and 0.6% makes such steels ultimately less expensive because easier to draw. Another advantageous embodiment of the invention may also consist, depending on the applications concerned, of using steels with a low carbon content, for example between 0.2% and 0.5%, in particular because of a cost lower and easier to draw. The cable according to the invention may be obtained according to various techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example in two stages, firstly by sheathing via an extrusion head of the core or intermediate structure L + M (C1 + C2 layers), followed step in a second step of a final wiring operation or twisting of the remaining N son (layer C3) around the layer C2 and sheathed. The problem of stickiness in the green state posed by the rubber sheath, during any intermediate operations of winding and uncoiling can be solved in a manner known to those skilled in the art, for example by the use of a spacer film. plastic material. Such cables of at least one carcass reinforcement layer are for example selected from the cables described in patent applications WO 2005/071157, WO 2010/012411, WO 2010/054790 and WO 2010/054791. According to a first embodiment of the invention, the reinforcing elements of at least said working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are elastic metal cables. Such cables allow easier industrialization of the turning phase of the ends of said working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement. For the same reasons, a second embodiment of the invention provides that the reinforcing elements of at least said working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement have a smaller diameter. at 1.1 mm, said reinforcing elements being themselves composed of wires with a diameter of less than 0.3 mm. Advantageously according to this second embodiment, the reinforcing elements of the working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are inextensible reinforcing elements. [0064] More preferably, it is about metal cables. Advantageously again according to this second embodiment of the invention, said reinforcing elements of at least said working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement satisfy the following relation: e x sin2 (ai) <0.28 x sin2 (25 °) with, ai, the angle formed between the reinforcing elements of said working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement and the circumferential direction at the equatorial plane, e, the diameter means of the unit wires constituting the reinforcing elements of at least said working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement, expressed in mm. According to a variant of the invention, the crown reinforcement comprises at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements, advantageously between said at least two working crown layers. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the reinforcing elements of at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are metal reinforcing elements having a secant modulus at 0.7% elongation between 10 and 120 GPa and a maximum tangent modulus less than 150 GPa. According to a preferred embodiment, the secant modulus of the reinforcing elements at 0.7% elongation is less than 100 GPa and greater than 20 GPa, preferably between 30 and 90 GPa and more preferably less than 80 GPa. . Also preferably, the maximum tangent modulus of the reinforcing elements is less than 130 GPa and more preferably less than 120 GPa. The modules expressed above are measured on a tensile stress versus elongation curve, the tensile stress corresponding to the measured voltage, with a pre-tension of 5N, brought back to the metal section of the reinforcing element. According to a preferred embodiment, the reinforcing elements of at least one layer of circumferential reinforcement elements are metal reinforcing elements having a tensile stress curve as a function of the relative elongation having slight slopes to the low elongations and a substantially constant and strong slope for the higher elongations. Such reinforcing elements of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are usually referred to as "bimodule" elements. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the substantially constant and strong slope appears from a relative elongation of between 0.4% and 0.7%. The various characteristics of the reinforcing elements stated above are measured on reinforcing elements taken from tires. Reinforcement elements more particularly adapted to the production of at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements according to the invention are, for example, assemblies of construction 3x (0.26 + 6x0.23) 5.0 / 7.5 SS. Such a cable has a secant module at 0.7% equal to 45 GPa and a maximum tangent modulus equal to 100 GPa, measured on a tensile stress versus elongation curve, the tensile stress corresponding to the measured tension, with a pre-tension of 5N, brought back to the metal section of the reinforcing element, of 0.98 mm 2 in the case of the example in question. According to a second embodiment of the invention, the circumferential reinforcing elements may be formed of metal elements and cut so as to form sections of length much shorter than the circumference of the least long layer, but preferably greater than 0.1 times said circumference, the cuts between sections being axially offset with respect to each other. More preferably, the tensile modulus of elasticity per unit width of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements is smaller than the tensile modulus of elasticity, measured under the same conditions, of the working crown layer. more extensible. Such an embodiment makes it possible to confer, in a simple manner, on the layer of circumferential reinforcement elements a module which can easily be adjusted (by the choice of intervals between sections of the same row), but in all cases weaker. that the module of the layer consisting of the same metal elements but continuous, the modulus of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements being measured on a vulcanized layer of cut elements, taken from the tire. According to a third embodiment of the invention, the circumferential reinforcing elements are corrugated metal elements, the ratio a / X of the amplitude of waviness over the wavelength being at most equal to 0, 09. Preferably, the tensile modulus of elasticity per unit width of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements is less than the tensile modulus of elasticity, measured under the same conditions, of the most extensible. When the crown reinforcement of the tire according to the invention comprises between said at least two working crown layers at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements and according to the embodiment according to which the reinforcing elements of at least said working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement has a diameter of less than 1.1 mm, said reinforcing elements themselves being composed of threads with a diameter of less than 0.3 mm, said reinforcing elements satisfying the following relation: (Fr x 4 cos2a) / (P x 0.75 Pg x 0) <5.5, with, Fr, the breaking force of the reinforcing elements measured on reinforcing elements extracted from the tire, expressed in daN, a, the mean angle formed between the reinforcing elements of said at least two working crown layers and the circumferential direction at the equatorial plane, P, the mean distribution pitch, at the equatorial plane, of the reinforcing elements of said at least two working crown layers, expressed in mm, Pg, the inflation pressure nominal tire, expressed in daN / mm2, 0, the internal diameter of the tire measured in the equatorial plane, expressed in MM. For the purposes of the invention, the average angle α corresponds to the average of the absolute values of the angles α 1 formed between the reinforcing elements of the at least two working crown layers and the circumferential direction in the equatorial plane. The angles ai are measured on an unmounted tire. For the purposes of the invention, the pitch in a portion of the reinforcing element layer is the distance between two consecutive reinforcing elements. It is measured between the longitudinal axes of said reinforcing elements in a direction perpendicular to at least one of said longitudinal axes. Paces Pi of said at least two working crown layers are measured on an unmounted tire. The internal diameter 0 is measured on a tire mounted and inflated to the nominal inflation pressure Pg. The diameter d of the reinforcing elements of the at least two working layers is measured on reinforcement elements extracted from the tire. and previously cleared of any external polymeric residue. The relationship (Fr x 4 cos 2a) / (P x 0.75 Pg x 0) <5.5 reflects a condition according to which the inventors consider that the contribution in terms of circumferential stiffness by the working layers, in particular at the top of the tire, is sufficient by taking into account the presence of at least one layer of circumferentially oriented reinforcing elements and that of reversals of the ends of the reinforcement element working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement. Advantageously again according to the invention, the average angle formed by the reinforcing elements of said at least two working layers with the circumferential direction is greater than 20 °. Such angle values make it possible to limit the shear stresses within the polymer mixtures, especially at the ends of the said at least two working layers, and therefore to reduce the heat dissipations during the rolling of the tires. The tires according to the invention thus have a lower rolling resistance and a reduced shoulder temperature which contributes to the performance in terms of endurance. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the axial ends of the reinforcing element layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement cover the axial ends of the radially most working crown layer. outside. According to this preferred embodiment of the invention, whatever the number of working layers, no end of said layers is left free. An advantageous embodiment of the invention provides, when a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements is present, that the axial ends of the reinforcing element layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are axially internal. at the axial ends of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. According to this advantageous embodiment of the invention, the returned ends of the reinforcement element layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement radially cover the ends of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements for better endurance of the reinforcement element. crown reinforcement and in particular of said layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. A preferred embodiment of the invention further provides that the crown reinforcement is completed radially on the outside by at least one additional layer, called protective layer, of so-called elastic reinforcing elements, oriented with respect to the direction circumferential with an angle between 100 and 450 and in the same direction as the angle formed by the elements of the working layer which is radially adjacent thereto. According to a first embodiment of the invention, the protective layer caps the turned ends of the radially inner working layer, especially when these are radially external to the radially outermost working layer. . According to another embodiment of the invention, the protective layer is positioned axially between the turned ends of the radially inner working layer, and advantageously its axial ends are contiguous, or axially juxtaposed, with the returned ends of the radially inner working layer, especially when these are radially external to the radially outermost working layer. According to a last embodiment of the invention, the returned ends of the radially inner working layer are radially external to the protective layer, and preferably cover the ends of said protective layer. According to any of the embodiments of the invention mentioned above, the crown reinforcement may be further completed, radially inwardly between the carcass reinforcement and the nearest radially inner working layer. of said carcass reinforcement, by a triangulation layer of metal reinforcing elements made of steel making, with the circumferential direction, an angle greater than 50 ° and in the same direction as that of the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of the layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement. Other details and advantageous features of the invention will emerge below from the description of the exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 which represent: - Figurel, a meridian view of a diagram FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a cross-sectional view of an example of a carcass reinforcement cable of the tire of FIG. 1. [0092] ] Figures are not shown in scale to simplify understanding. The figures represent only a half-view of a tire which extends symmetrically with respect to the axis XX 'which represents the circumferential median plane, or equatorial plane, of a tire. In FIG. 1, the tire 1, of dimension 315/70 R 22.5, has a ratio of H / S shape equal to 0.70, H being the height of the tire 1 on its mounting rim and S its maximum axial width. Said tire 1 comprises a radial carcass reinforcement 2 anchored in two beads, not shown in the figure. The carcass reinforcement is formed of a single layer of metal cables. This carcass reinforcement 2 is fretted by a crown reinforcement 4, formed radially from the inside to the outside: - 18 - - of a first working layer 41 formed of "bi-module" type steel wire ropes , of construction 3x (0.26 + 6x0.23) 5 / 7.5 SS, forming with the circumferential direction at the level of the equatorial plane an angle equal to 25 °. a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements 42 formed of "bi-module" type steel cables of construction 3 × (0.26 + 6 × 0.23) 5 / 7.5 SS, a second working layer 43 formed of unstretchable inextensible metal cables, of construction 1x0.12 + 3x0.35 + 8x0.35 7.7 / 15.4 SS, forming with the circumferential direction at the level of the equatorial plane an angle equal to 25 ° and crossed with the metal cables of the layer 41, - a protective layer 44 formed of elastic metal cables of construction 3x2x0.35 4/6 SS. The crown reinforcement is itself capped with a tread 5. According to this embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1, the reinforcing elements of the working layer 41 radially the most close to the carcass reinforcement are elastic cables of bi-module type for folding the ends of the working layer 41 without the risk of altering said cables during the manufacture of the tire. In addition, such cables promote performance in terms of endurance when using the tire. According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, the first working layer 41 may be formed of metal cables of construction 1x0.20 + 6x0.18 + 12x0.18 10/10 ZZ, forming with the circumferential direction at the level of from the equatorial plane an angle equal to 25 °. According to this embodiment of the invention, the cables of the working layer 41 are assemblies having a diameter d of 0.95 mm. The breaking force Fr of the cables of the working layer 41 is equal to 125 daN. The distribution pitch P of the cables of the working layer 4l is equal to 1.6 mm. The average angle formed between the reinforcing elements of the layers 41 and 43 and the circumferential direction is equal to 25 °. [00101] The inflation pressure Pg of the tire is equal to 0.072 daN / mm 2. The internal diameter 0 of the tire measured in the equatorial plane is equal to 954 mm. The tire according to this embodiment of the invention to which the relationship (Fr x 4 cos 2a) / (P x 0.75 Pg x 0) is applied leads to a value of 4.98 and therefore less than 5.5. In addition, the tire according to the invention to which e x sin2 (a1) is applied, e being equal to 0.18 and ai being equal to 25 °, satisfies the relation ex sin2 (ai). <0.2 x sin2 (30 °). The cables of the working layer 41 of this embodiment of the invention can fold the ends of the working layer 41 without the risk of altering said cables during the manufacture of the tire. Similarly, such cables promote performance in terms of endurance when using the tire. The layer 42 of circumferential reinforcing elements which contributes to the endurance performance also contributes to the improvement, in particular, of the wear resistance of the tire, in association with the overturning of the working layer 41, the makes the increase of rigidities. It further improves the stability of the crown of the tire during inflation. In addition, the reversals of the working layer 41 covers the ends of said layer 42 of circumferential reinforcing elements and thus improves the endurance of the circumferential reinforcement elements, particularly because of the participation of the parts returned from the working layer 41 to the rigidity of the reinforcement, in particular in the axially extreme portions of the layer 42. The covering width is advantageously greater than four times the pitch of the circumferential reinforcing elements of the layer 42. According to the invention, the working layer 41 is turned over and its ends 6 are arranged radially outside the working layer 43 and radially adjacent thereto. According to this embodiment according to FIG. 1, the protective layer 44 is axially interposed between the ends 6 of the turns of the working layer 41. [00108] With regard to the carcass reinforcement, in accordance with FIG. the reinforcing elements are metal cables of construction 1x0.20 + 6x0.18 + 12x0.18 10/10 ZZ. Such cables have a diameter equal to 0.95 mm. FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic representation of the section of such a carcass reinforcement cable 21 of the tire 1 of FIG. 1. This cable 21 is a 1 + 6 + 12 structure layer cable, not hooped. , consisting of a central core formed of a wire 22, an intermediate layer formed of six son 23 and an outer layer formed of twelve son 25. [00112] It has the following characteristics (d and p in mm ): structure 1 + 6 + 12; d1 = 0.20 (mm); d2 = 0.18 (mm); P2 = 10 (mm) d3 = 0.18 (mm); p2 = 10 (mm), (d2 / d3) = 1; with d2, p2, respectively the diameter and the helix pitch of the intermediate layer and d3 and P3, respectively the diameter and the helical pitch of the wires of the outer layer. The core of the cable consisting of the central core formed of the wire 22 and the intermediate layer formed by the six wires 23 is, according to the invention, sheathed with a rubber composition 24 based on unvulcanized diene elastomer ( in the raw state). The sheathing is obtained via an extrusion head of the core constituted by the wire 22 surrounded by the six wires 23, followed by a final twisting or wiring operation of the 12 wires 25 around the core thus sheathed. The penetrability of the cable 21, measured according to the method described above, is equal to 95 ° A. The elastomer composition constituting the rubber sheath 24 is made from a composition as described above and present in this case the same formulation, based on natural rubber and carbon black, that calendering layers 13 of the carcass reinforcement that the cables are intended to reinforce. Tests have been carried out with the tire produced according to the invention in accordance with the representation of FIG. 1, the cables of the working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement being of the 1x0.20 + 6x0 type. .18 + 12x0.18 10/10 ZZ and compared with a reference tire identical in size, comprising the same crown reinforcement, and comprising a carcass reinforcement whose cables have the formula 1x0.20 + 6x0.18 + 12x0. 18 10/10 ZZ, said cables not comprising a cladding layer consisting of a rubber composition 24 based on diene elastomer. [00117] The tests carried out consisted of destructive rolling tests on a steering wheel; this type of steering wheel test simulates straight-line and long-circuit tests. The test consists of a rolling test on a steering wheel, the tire following a course in a straight line. The load and pressure conditions are the same for the tire according to the invention and the reference tire. The tire according to the invention has traveled a mileage substantially greater than that traveled by the reference tire. In addition, the reference tire has demonstrated that the alteration undergone is at the level of the carcass reinforcement, in the zone corresponding to the cyclic stresses mentioned above opposite the axially outer end of the folded parts. of the working layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement.

Claims (12)

CLAIMS1 - Pneumatic tire for a heavy-duty vehicle with a radial carcass reinforcement comprising a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers of reinforcement elements, crossed from one layer to the other while making with the circumferential direction of the angles between 100 and 450, itself capped radially of a tread, said tread being joined to two beads by means of two flanks, characterized in that the axial ends of the layer of working reinforcing elements radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are turned over to cover the axial ends of at least one other crown layer, in that the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement have a smaller diameter at 1 mm, in that said reinforcement elements of the carcass reinforcement are composed of threads of diameter strictly greater than 0.16 mm, and in that that in that, the reinforcement elements of the carcass reinforcement are metal cables, advantageously not shrunk, having the so-called permeability test a flow rate less than 20 cm3 / min. 2 - A tire according to claim 1, characterized in that said reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement are composed of wires of diameter less than or equal to 0.20 mm. 3 - tire according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the metal reinforcing elements of at least one layer of the carcass reinforcement are cables with at least two layers and in that at least one inner layer is sheathed with a layer consisting of a polymeric composition such as a non-crosslinkable, crosslinkable or crosslinkable rubber composition, preferably based on at least one diene elastomer. 4 - A tire according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reinforcing elements of the working layer of reinforcement elements radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are elastic. 5 - A tire according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the reinforcing elements of said at least two working layers have a diameter less than 1.1 mm, in that said reinforcing elements are composed of smaller diameter threads at 0.3 mm.- 23 - 6 - A tire according to claim 5, characterized in that the reinforcing elements of at least said working crown layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are inextensible reinforcing elements. 7 - A tire according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the crown reinforcement 5 comprises between two working crown layers at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. 8 - A tire according to claim 7, characterized in that the axial ends of the reinforcing element layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement are axially internal to the axial ends of said at least one layer of elements of 10. circumferential reinforcement. 9 - A tire according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the axial ends of the reinforcing element layer radially closest to the carcass reinforcement cover the axial ends of the radially most working crown layer. outside. 15 10 - A tire according to one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the reinforcing elements of said at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are metal reinforcing elements having a secant modulus at 0.7% of elongation of between 10 and 120 GPa and a maximum tangent modulus of less than 150 GPa. 11 - tire according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the crown reinforcement 20 further comprises a triangulation layer formed of metal reinforcing elements making with the circumferential direction angles greater than 500 in absolute value. 12 - A tire according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the crown reinforcement is completed radially on the outside by at least one additional layer, so-called protective layer, of so-called elastic reinforcing elements, oriented relative to each other. in the circumferential direction with an angle between 100 and 450 and in the same direction as the angle formed by the inextensible elements of the working layer which is radially adjacent thereto.