FR2962357A1 - Repairing/reloading metal piece of turbomachine e.g. turboreactor, by determining geometry of piece, positioning and fixing piece on plate, positioning mask on plate and piece, and depositing thin metallic powder layer on surface of mask - Google Patents
Repairing/reloading metal piece of turbomachine e.g. turboreactor, by determining geometry of piece, positioning and fixing piece on plate, positioning mask on plate and piece, and depositing thin metallic powder layer on surface of mask Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2962357A1 FR2962357A1 FR1055613A FR1055613A FR2962357A1 FR 2962357 A1 FR2962357 A1 FR 2962357A1 FR 1055613 A FR1055613 A FR 1055613A FR 1055613 A FR1055613 A FR 1055613A FR 2962357 A1 FR2962357 A1 FR 2962357A1
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
- B23P6/002—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors
- B23P6/007—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors using only additive methods, e.g. build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0086—Welding welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. built-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
- B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
- B23P15/02—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass turbine or like blades from one piece
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/28—Supporting or mounting arrangements, e.g. for turbine casing
- F01D25/285—Temporary support structures, e.g. for testing, assembling, installing, repairing; Assembly methods using such structures
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/005—Repairing methods or devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
- B22F10/362—Process control of energy beam parameters for preheating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/66—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by mechanical means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/001—Turbines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/80—Repairing, retrofitting or upgrading methods
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Procédé de réparation ou de rechargement d'au moins une pièce métallique Method for repairing or reloading at least one metal part
La présente invention concerne un procédé de réparation ou de rechargement d'au moins une pièce métallique d'une turbomachine, telle qu'un turboréacteur ou un turbopropulseur d'avion. Lors du fonctionnement de la turbomachine, certaines pièces sont soumises à des efforts, à des températures, voire à des frottements importants, générant des usures rapides et localisées. The present invention relates to a method of repairing or reloading at least one metal part of a turbomachine, such as an airplane turbojet or turboprop. During the operation of the turbomachine, some parts are subjected to forces, temperatures, or even significant friction, generating rapid and localized wear.
Lorsqu'une usure supérieure aux spécifications est détectée lors d'une opération de maintenance, la pièce doit être changée. Une alternative au changement coûteux d'une pièce coûteuse est de réparer ou recharger la zone usée avec de la matière. Pour cela, il est connu de recharger lesdites zones usées par soudage conventionnel à l'arc (MIG, TIG, plasma ou électrode enrobée), par projection laser ou par brasage diffusion. Ces procédés génèrent des déformations mécaniques importantes de la pièce et nécessitent des opérations de reprise par usinage afin que les dimensions finales de la pièce correspondent aux spécifications. When a wear greater than the specifications is detected during a maintenance operation, the part must be changed. An alternative to the costly change of an expensive part is to repair or reload the worn area with material. For this, it is known to reload said worn areas by conventional arc welding (MIG, TIG, plasma or coated electrode), laser projection or diffusion brazing. These processes generate significant mechanical deformations of the part and require operations of recovery by machining so that the final dimensions of the part correspond to the specifications.
L'invention a notamment pour but d'apporter un procédé de réparation ou de rechargement de pièce qui ne présente pas ces inconvénients. A cet effet, elle propose un procédé de réparation ou de rechargement d'au moins une pièce métallique, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à : - positionner et fixer la pièce sur un plateau, la pièce comportant une extrémité supérieure dont la surface est plane et horizontale, - positionner sur le plateau et sur la pièce un masque comportant une surface plane horizontale s'étendant au niveau de l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce, et une ouverture formée dans ladite surface plane horizontale et dont le contour suit celui de l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce, - déposer une couche mince de poudre métallique sur la surface plane horizontale du masque et sur l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce, - procéder à la fusion sélective de cette couche mince de poudre sur l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce au moyen d'un faisceau laser ou d'un faisceau d'électrons, - déplacer le plateau et la pièce verticalement d'une distance correspondant à l'épaisseur d'une couche mince de poudre métallique et répéter les opérations de dépôt d'une couche mince de poudre et de frittage ou de fusion de cette couche sur l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce, si nécessaire. Le rechargement par fusion sélective d'une poudre métallique ne génère pas de déformation particulière de la pièce et permet de recharger des zones de façon très précise. Aucun usinage de reprise, long et coûteux, n'est nécessaire. Le masque permet en outre de réduire la quantité de poudre nécessaire au rechargement et à la réparation de la pièce, la poudre étant uniquement disposée au dessus de la surface plane horizontale et non en dessous. Le masque protège enfin la pièce contre les éventuelles contaminations externes liées aux manipulations, au contact avec l'air, etc... Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, le contour de l'ouverture du masque suit le contour de l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce, avec un jeu inférieur à 0,5 mm, préférentiellement de l'ordre de 0,2 mm. Ce jeu permet de faciliter le montage du masque sur la pièce et peut être sensiblement nul. Il ne doit pas être trop important afin que la poudre ne s'écoule pas sous la surface horizontale plane du masque. The invention aims in particular to provide a repair method or reloading part that does not have these disadvantages. For this purpose, it proposes a method for repairing or reloading at least one metal part, characterized in that it consists in: positioning and fixing the part on a plate, the part comprising an upper end whose surface is flat and horizontal, - positioning on the plate and on the part a mask having a horizontal flat surface extending at the upper end of the part, and an opening formed in said horizontal flat surface and whose contour follows that of the upper end of the workpiece - deposit a thin layer of metal powder on the horizontal flat surface of the mask and on the upper end of the workpiece - proceed to the selective melting of this thin layer of powder on the upper end the workpiece by means of a laser beam or an electron beam, - move the workpiece and the workpiece vertically by a distance corresponding to the thickness of a thin film of metal powder and repeat the deposition operations of a thin layer of powder and sintering or melting of this layer on the upper end of the piece, if necessary. Refilling by selective melting of a metal powder does not generate any particular deformation of the part and makes it possible to reload areas very precisely. No recovery machining, long and expensive, is necessary. The mask also makes it possible to reduce the amount of powder necessary for the refilling and repair of the part, the powder being disposed only above the horizontal flat surface and not below. The mask finally protects the piece against any external contaminations related to handling, contact with air, etc. According to a feature of the invention, the contour of the opening of the mask follows the contour of the upper end. of the piece, with a clearance of less than 0.5 mm, preferably of the order of 0.2 mm. This game facilitates the mounting of the mask on the part and can be substantially zero. It should not be too large so that the powder does not flow under the flat horizontal surface of the mask.
Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, préalablement au positionnement et à la fixation de la pièce sur le plateau, la géométrie de la pièce est déterminée, de façon à en déduire la géométrie de la zone à réparer ou à recharger. La géométrie de la pièce à réparer ou à recharger peut être déterminée par photogrammétrie. Ce procédé est notamment décrit dans le document FR 2 940 443 et consiste à modéliser la géométrie en trois dimensions d'une pièce à partir de plusieurs images prises selon différents angles de vue. De préférence, l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce est chauffée avant le dépôt et la fusion de la première couche mince de poudre métallique, ce qui facilite l'adhésion de la poudre en fusion à la pièce. Après exécution des opérations précitées, la pièce portée par le plateau peut subir un traitement thermique de libération des contraintes. Ceci permet d'éviter une déformation de la pièce après qu'elle soit séparée du plateau. According to another characteristic of the invention, prior to the positioning and fixing of the piece on the plate, the geometry of the piece is determined, so as to deduce the geometry of the area to repair or reload. The geometry of the part to be repaired or recharged can be determined by photogrammetry. This method is described in particular in document FR 2 940 443 and consists in modeling the three-dimensional geometry of a part from several images taken at different angles of view. Preferably, the upper end of the workpiece is heated prior to deposition and melting of the first thin layer of metal powder, which facilitates adhesion of the molten powder to the workpiece. After execution of the aforementioned operations, the workpiece carried by the tray can undergo a stress release heat treatment. This avoids deformation of the piece after it is separated from the tray.
En outre, après retrait de la pièce du plateau, la pièce peut subir un traitement de finition, par exemple par tribofinition, et/ou un contrôle dimensionnel non destructif. De façon avantageuse, l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce à réparer ou à recharger est initialement usinée par surfaçage ou par rectification de 20 manière à réaliser une surface plane. Dans un mode de réalisation de l'invention, le matériau de la poudre peut être différent de celui de la pièce. De cette manière, il est possible d'adapter le matériau d'une zone de la pièce à sa fonction et aux contraintes mécaniques ou thermiques auxquelles ladite zone est exposée. 25 Sous un autre aspect de l'invention, le procédé est exécuté pour une construction complète, couche par couche, de la pièce et comprend un dépôt d'une couche mince de poudre métallique sur un support à surface plane horizontale et la fusion sélective de cette couche mince par un faisceau laser ou un faisceau d'électrons, puis une répétition de ces 30 opérations jusqu'à la construction complète de la pièce, en procédant comme précité. In addition, after removal of the workpiece from the plate, the workpiece can undergo a finishing treatment, for example by tribofinishing, and / or non-destructive dimensional control. Advantageously, the upper end of the workpiece to be repaired or refilled is initially machined by surfacing or grinding so as to provide a planar surface. In one embodiment of the invention, the material of the powder may be different from that of the workpiece. In this way, it is possible to adapt the material of a zone of the part to its function and to the mechanical or thermal stresses to which said zone is exposed. In another aspect of the invention, the method is carried out for complete layer-by-layer construction of the workpiece and comprises depositing a thin layer of metal powder on a horizontal flat surface support and selective melting of the workpiece. this thin layer by a laser beam or an electron beam, then a repetition of these operations until the complete construction of the part, proceeding as mentioned above.
Dans ce cas, il ne s'agit plus de réparer ou de recharger une zone ciblée d'une pièce, mais de la construire entièrement couche par couche. De préférence, chaque couche mince a une épaisseur comprise entre 10 et 150 pm. In this case, it is no longer a matter of repairing or reloading a targeted area of a room, but of building it entirely layer by layer. Preferably, each thin layer has a thickness of between 10 and 150 μm.
L'invention sera mieux comprise et d'autres détails, caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description suivante faite à titre d'exemple non limitatif en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels : - la figure 1 est une vue schématique d'une installation de réparation ou de rechargement d'une pièce métallique par fusion sélective d'une poudre, pour l'exécution du procédé selon l'invention, - les figures 2 et 3 sont des vues agrandies d'une partie de l'installation de la figure 1, illustrant deux étapes successives du procédé, - la figure 4 est une vue en perspective, de dessus, d'un plateau équipé de pièces et d'un masque, - la figure 5 est une vue en perspective d'une aube destinée à être réparée ou rechargée à l'aide du procédé selon l'invention. The invention will be better understood and other details, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following description given by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a view schematic of an installation for repairing or reloading a metal part by selective melting of a powder, for the execution of the method according to the invention, - Figures 2 and 3 are enlarged views of part of the 1, illustrating two successive steps of the method; FIG. 4 is a perspective view, from above, of a plate equipped with parts and a mask; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of FIG. a blade intended to be repaired or recharged using the method according to the invention.
Une installation de réparation ou de rechargement d'une pièce métallique par fusion sélective d'une poudre est représentée à la figure 1. Elle comporte un réservoir 1 contenant une poudre métallique 2 et dont le fond 3 est mobile et déplaçable en translation par une tige 4 d'un vérin, et une cuve voisine 5 dont le fond est constitué par un plateau mobile 6, également déplaçable en translation par une tige 7 d'un vérin. L'installation comporte en outre un racleur 8 permettant d'amener de la poudre du réservoir 1 vers la cuve 5, par déplacement le long d'un plan horizontal A, et des moyens 9 de génération d'un faisceau laser ou d'un faisceau d'électrons, couplés à un dispositif 10 commandé par ordinateur pour orienter et déplacer le faisceau 11. An installation for repairing or reloading a metal part by selective melting of a powder is shown in FIG. 1. It comprises a reservoir 1 containing a metal powder 2 and whose bottom 3 is movable and displaceable in translation by a rod. 4 of a jack, and a neighboring tank 5 whose bottom is constituted by a movable plate 6, also movable in translation by a rod 7 of a jack. The installation further comprises a scraper 8 for feeding powder from the tank 1 to the tank 5, by displacement along a horizontal plane A, and means 9 for generating a laser beam or a electron beam, coupled to a computer controlled device 10 for orienting and moving the beam 11.
Comme indiqué précédemment, lors du fonctionnement de la turbomachine, certaines pièces sont soumises à des efforts, à des températures, voire à des frottements importants, générant des usures rapides et localisées. As indicated previously, during the operation of the turbomachine, some parts are subjected to forces, temperatures, or even significant friction, generating rapid and localized wear.
Ces pièces sont notamment des aubes 12, par exemple de soufflante ou de compresseur haute pression. Une aube 12 de structure classique est représentée à la figure 5 et comporte un pied 13 relié à une pale 14 par l'intermédiaire d'une plate-forme 15. La pale 14 comporte une cloison transversale 16 à son extrémité 17 opposée au pied 13. These parts include blades 12, for example blower or high pressure compressor. A blade 12 of conventional structure is shown in Figure 5 and comprises a foot 13 connected to a blade 14 via a platform 15. The blade 14 has a transverse partition 16 at its end 17 opposite the foot 13 .
Le procédé de réparation ou de rechargement de plusieurs aubes 12 va maintenant être détaillé. Tout d'abord, les extrémités supérieures 17 des aubes 12 sont usinées par surfaçage ou par rectification de manière à obtenir une surface plane, propre, non oxydée et non contaminée. The method of repairing or reloading several blades 12 will now be detailed. First, the upper ends 17 of the blades 12 are machined by surfacing or by grinding so as to obtain a plane, clean, non-oxidized and uncontaminated surface.
La géométrie de chaque aube a été déterminée, de façon à en déduire la géométrie de la zone à réparer ou à recharger et le positionnement de l'aube 12 par rapport au plateau 6. Pour des pièces de forme complexe, comme cela est le cas des aubes 12, la géométrie de l'aube usée est déterminée par photogrammétrie. Ce procédé est notamment décrit dans le document FR 2 940 443 et consiste à modéliser la géométrie en trois dimensions d'une pièce à partir de plusieurs images prises selon différents angles de vue. On en déduit alors par calcul le positionnement de l'aube 12 à adopter par rapport au plateau 6 ainsi que la géométrie de la zone de l'aube 12 à recharger ou à réparer. Pour des pièces de forme simple ou de géométrie connue, un contrôle géométrique peut être réalisé de façon à vérifier la concordance entre chaque pièce et son modèle théorique existant, puis la zone à réparer ou à recharger peut être déterminée en fonction du modèle existant. Pour cela, les pièces à réparer font l'objet d'une réparation dite "standard", lors de laquelle elles sont toutes usinées et préparées aux mêmes dimensions afin de pouvoir apposer par reconstruction la partie manquante, calculée à partir du modèle existant. Cette partie reconstruite est surdimensionnée et est reprise en usinage afin d'obtenir, au final, une pièce présentant la dimension voulue. The geometry of each blade has been determined, so as to deduce the geometry of the area to be repaired or reloaded and the positioning of the blade 12 with respect to the plate 6. For parts of complex shape, as is the case 12 blades, the geometry of the blade used is determined by photogrammetry. This method is described in particular in document FR 2 940 443 and consists in modeling the three-dimensional geometry of a part from several images taken at different angles of view. The calculation of the positioning of the blade 12 to be adopted with respect to the plate 6 as well as the geometry of the area of the blade 12 to be recharged or repaired is then calculated. For pieces of simple shape or known geometry, a geometric control can be performed to check the match between each piece and its existing theoretical model, then the area to be repaired or reloaded can be determined according to the existing model. For this, the parts to be repaired are the object of a so-called "standard" repair, during which they are all machined and prepared to the same dimensions in order to be able to apply by reconstruction the missing part, calculated from the existing model. This reconstructed part is oversized and is machined to obtain, in the end, a piece having the desired size.
Les aubes 12 sont ensuite positionnées sur le plateau 6, à l'aide de supports 18 de formes complémentaires à celle des pieds 13, de façon à ce que les surfaces planes d'extrémité soient horizontales et s'étendent sensiblement dans le plan A. Un masque 19 en tôle est ensuite monté dans la cuve 5, sur le plateau 6 et sur les aubes 12, ledit masque 19 comportant une surface plane horizontale 20 s'étendant au niveau de l'extrémité supérieure 17 des aubes 12 (plan A) et des ouvertures 21 formées dans ladite surface plane horizontale 19 et dont les contours suivent ceux des extrémités supérieures 17 des aubes 12. The blades 12 are then positioned on the plate 6, using supports 18 of shapes complementary to that of the feet 13, so that the flat end surfaces are horizontal and extend substantially in the plane A. A mask 19 in sheet metal is then mounted in the tank 5, on the plate 6 and on the blades 12, said mask 19 having a horizontal flat surface 20 extending at the upper end 17 of the blades 12 (plane A) and openings 21 formed in said horizontal flat surface 19 and whose contours follow those of the upper ends 17 of the blades 12.
Les ouvertures 21 peuvent être réalisées par découpe laser, par électroérosion, par électrochimie, le masque 19 pouvant encore être réalisé par fonderie rapide, par prototypage en trois dimensions, ou par tout autre usinage conventionnel. Le contour de chaque ouverture 21 du masque 19 suit le contour de l'extrémité supérieure correspondante 17, avec un jeu de montage j (figure 2) inférieur à 0,5 mm, préférentiellement de l'ordre de 0,2 mm. Les extrémités supérieures 17 des aubes 12 sont ensuite chauffées, par exemple au moyen du faisceau laser 11 et/ou par préchauffage du plateau 6 et des aubes 12. The openings 21 may be made by laser cutting, electroerosion, electrochemistry, the mask 19 can still be made by fast casting, prototyping in three dimensions, or by any other conventional machining. The contour of each opening 21 of the mask 19 follows the contour of the corresponding upper end 17, with a mounting clearance j (Figure 2) less than 0.5 mm, preferably of the order of 0.2 mm. The upper ends 17 of the blades 12 are then heated, for example by means of the laser beam 11 and / or by preheating the plate 6 and blades 12.
L'ensemble est ensuite mis sous ambiance contrôlée ou sous vide, de façon à ne pas polluer les zones de rechargement des aubes 12. Le rechargement des aubes 12 est réalisé de la manière suivante. Tout d'abord, le fond 3 du réservoir 1 est déplacé vers le haut de manière à ce qu'une certaine quantité de poudre 2 soit située au-dessus du plan horizontal A. Le racleur 8 est déplacé de la gauche vers la droite, de manière à racler ladite couche de poudre 2 dans le réservoir 1 et déposer une couche mince de poudre métallique sur la surface plane horizontale du masque et sur les extrémités supérieures des aubes. La poudre repose notamment sur les parois transversales 16 des aubes 12. La quantité de poudre 2 et la position du plateau 6 sont 5 déterminées de façon à former une couche 22 de poudre d'une épaisseur choisie et constante (figure 3). Un faisceau laser ou un faisceau d'électrons 11, perpendiculaire au plan A, balaye ensuite une zone déterminée de la couche 12 formée dans la cuve 5, de manière à fusionner localement la poudre 2, sur l'extrémité 10 supérieure de chaque aube 12. Les zones fondues se solidifient de manière à former une première couche 23 de matière de rechargement, cette couche ayant par exemple une épaisseur de l'ordre de 10 à 150 pm. Plus particulièrement, la couche est comprise entre 10 et 40 pm, respectivement entre 50 et 150 pm, lorsque la poudre est fusionnée à l'aide 15 d'un faisceau laser, respectivement à l'aide d'un faisceau d'électrons. Les couches minces sont privilégiées car elles permettent d'améliorer la rugosité. Le plateau 6 est alors descendu puis une seconde couche de poudre 2 est amenée, de la même manière que précédemment, sur la 20 première couche de poudre. Par déplacement contrôlé du faisceau 11, une seconde couche de la pièce métallique est formée sur la première couche 13. Ces opérations sont répétées jusqu'au rechargement ou la réparation complète des aubes 12. Les couches présentent sensiblement la 25 même épaisseur. Dans le cas où les aubes 12 sont construites couche par couche par fusion sélective de la poudre 2 à l'aide d'un faisceau laser, la poudre 2 présente une taille de grain moyenne comprise entre 10 et 40 µm. Dans le cas où les aubes 12 sont construites couche par couche 30 par fusion sélective de la poudre 2 à l'aide d'un faisceau d'électrons, la poudre 2 présente une taille de grain moyenne comprise entre 50 et 100 µm. Le masque 19 est ensuite retiré, puis les aubes 12, les supports 18 et le plateau 6 subissent un traitement thermique de libération des contraintes consistant à chauffer l'ensemble pendant une période de temps déterminée. Les aubes 12 sont ensuite retirées de leur support 18 puis elles subissent un traitement de finition, par exemple de tribofinition, et un contrôle dimensionnel non destructif. Le matériau de la poudre 2 peut être identique, proche ou différent de celui des aubes 12 à recharger, en fonction des applications visées. Ce procédé peut également être utilisé afin de réaliser entièrement une pièce. Dans ce cas, le procédé décrit ci-dessus est exécuté pour une construction complète, couche par couche, de la pièce, et comprend un dépôt d'une couche mince de poudre métallique sur un support à surface plane horizontale et la fusion sélective de cette couche mince par un faisceau laser ou un faisceau d'électrons, puis une répétition de ces opérations jusqu'à la construction complète de la pièce, en procédant comme précité. The assembly is then placed under a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum, so as not to pollute the areas of reloading blades 12. The recharging blades 12 is made in the following manner. First, the bottom 3 of the tank 1 is moved upwards so that a certain amount of powder 2 is located above the horizontal plane A. The scraper 8 is moved from left to right, so as to scrape said powder layer 2 in the tank 1 and deposit a thin layer of metal powder on the horizontal flat surface of the mask and on the upper ends of the blades. The powder rests in particular on the transverse walls 16 of the blades 12. The quantity of powder 2 and the position of the plate 6 are determined so as to form a layer 22 of powder of a selected and constant thickness (FIG. 3). A laser beam or an electron beam 11, perpendicular to the plane A, then scans a determined area of the layer 12 formed in the tank 5, so as to locally merge the powder 2, on the upper end of each blade 12 The melted zones solidify so as to form a first layer 23 of reloading material, this layer having for example a thickness of the order of 10 to 150 μm. More particularly, the layer is between 10 and 40 μm, respectively between 50 and 150 μm, when the powder is fused with the aid of a laser beam, respectively using an electron beam. Thin films are preferred because they improve the roughness. The plate 6 is then lowered and a second layer of powder 2 is fed, in the same manner as above, to the first layer of powder. By controlled displacement of the beam 11, a second layer of the metal part is formed on the first layer 13. These operations are repeated until the blades 12 are completely reloaded or repaired. The layers have substantially the same thickness. In the case where the blades 12 are constructed layer by layer by selective melting of the powder 2 with the aid of a laser beam, the powder 2 has a mean grain size of between 10 and 40 μm. In the case where the blades 12 are constructed layer by layer 30 by selective melting of the powder 2 with the aid of an electron beam, the powder 2 has a mean grain size of between 50 and 100 μm. The mask 19 is then removed, then the blades 12, the supports 18 and the plate 6 undergo a stress release heat treatment of heating the assembly for a determined period of time. The blades 12 are then removed from their support 18 and then undergo finishing treatment, for example tribofinishing, and non-destructive dimensional control. The material of the powder 2 may be identical, close to or different from that of the blades 12 to be refilled, depending on the intended applications. This method can also be used to fully realize a part. In this case, the method described above is carried out for a complete, layer-by-layer construction of the part, and comprises depositing a thin layer of metal powder on a horizontal flat surface support and selective melting of this thin layer by a laser beam or an electron beam, then a repetition of these operations until the complete construction of the part, by proceeding as mentioned above.
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DE102013213260A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-08 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Method and device for repairing a damaged component of a gas turbine |
CN104379280A (en) * | 2012-05-09 | 2015-02-25 | 斯奈克玛 | Method for hard-surfacing metal parts for aircraft turbofans, and local protection tool for implementing the method |
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US20150202716A1 (en) * | 2014-01-22 | 2015-07-23 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Method for processing a part with an energy beam |
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FR3054799A1 (en) * | 2016-08-02 | 2018-02-09 | Safran | PROCESS FOR REPAIRING BY RECHARGING A PLURALITY OF TURBOMACHINE PARTS |
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DE102013213260A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-08 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Method and device for repairing a damaged component of a gas turbine |
DE102013213260B4 (en) | 2013-07-05 | 2019-04-25 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Method for repairing a damaged component of a gas turbine |
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WO2015167782A1 (en) * | 2014-05-01 | 2015-11-05 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Arrangement for laser processing of turbine component with a fixture and plate(s) having/forming an opening |
EP2957367A1 (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-23 | Delavan, Inc. | Additive manufacture from machined surface |
US20150360287A1 (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-17 | Delavan Inc. | Additive manufacture from machined surface |
US10207325B2 (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2019-02-19 | Delavan Inc. | Additive manufacture from machined surface |
CN107107194A (en) * | 2014-11-14 | 2017-08-29 | 赛峰航空器发动机 | The manufacture method of turbine engine components |
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EP3115147A1 (en) * | 2015-07-09 | 2017-01-11 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for turbine blade repair |
EP3156152A1 (en) * | 2015-10-12 | 2017-04-19 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Adaption mechanism, additive manufacturing apparatus with adaption mechanism and method of additively manufacturing of a component |
FR3054799A1 (en) * | 2016-08-02 | 2018-02-09 | Safran | PROCESS FOR REPAIRING BY RECHARGING A PLURALITY OF TURBOMACHINE PARTS |
TWI611935B (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2018-01-21 | 可成科技股份有限公司 | Additive metallic plates and method for forming the same |
WO2021246247A1 (en) * | 2020-06-03 | 2021-12-09 | Dmg森精機株式会社 | Method of reprocessing metal product |
JP2021186950A (en) * | 2020-06-03 | 2021-12-13 | Dmg森精機株式会社 | Reprocessing method for metal product |
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