FR2923590A1 - Heat exchanging circuit i.e. heat exchanger, for rapid neutron nuclear reactor, has dividing volume for exchanging heat between sodium circuit and water, and filled with under-pressure neutral gas, and detector detecting under-pressure - Google Patents

Heat exchanging circuit i.e. heat exchanger, for rapid neutron nuclear reactor, has dividing volume for exchanging heat between sodium circuit and water, and filled with under-pressure neutral gas, and detector detecting under-pressure Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2923590A1
FR2923590A1 FR0758883A FR0758883A FR2923590A1 FR 2923590 A1 FR2923590 A1 FR 2923590A1 FR 0758883 A FR0758883 A FR 0758883A FR 0758883 A FR0758883 A FR 0758883A FR 2923590 A1 FR2923590 A1 FR 2923590A1
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France
Prior art keywords
pressure
circuit
heat
water
under
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FR0758883A
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French (fr)
Inventor
Joel Guidez
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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Priority to FR0758883A priority Critical patent/FR2923590A1/en
Publication of FR2923590A1 publication Critical patent/FR2923590A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/003Multiple wall conduits, e.g. for leak detection
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22STEAM GENERATION
    • F22BMETHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/06Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium
    • F22B1/063Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium for metal cooled nuclear reactors
    • F22B1/066Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium for metal cooled nuclear reactors with double-wall tubes having a third fluid between these walls, e.g. helium for leak detection
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0054Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for nuclear applications
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2265/00Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction
    • F28F2265/16Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction for preventing leakage

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

The circuit has a melted sodium circuit and a water circuit, and a enclosed dividing volume comprising a static helium zone (3) and intervals (12) for exchanging heat between the circuits, and filled with under-pressure neutral gas e.g. helium. A pressure detector (13) detects the under-pressure, where the pressure is intermediate of pressure in the sodium circuit and pressure in the water circuit. The dividing volume contains liquid e.g. mercury, mixed with gas.

Description

ECHANGEUR DE CHALEUR A CIRCUITS DE SODIUM FONDU ET D'EAU ET FLUIDE INTERMEDIAIRE DESCRIPTION Le sujet de cette invention est un échangeur de chaleur entre un circuit de sodium fondu et un circuit d'eau, au moyen d'un fluide intermédiaire. De tels échangeurs se rencontrent dans les réacteurs nucléaires à neutrons rapides où le sodium fondu sert à retirer la chaleur émise par le coeur du réacteur et à la transmettre aux générateurs de vapeur alimentés par le circuit d'eau. Les fuites à la jonction des deux circuits sont absolument à éviter à cause de la combinaison exothermique et violente du sodium et de l'eau qui s'ajouterait au risque de dispersion de matières irradiées. C'est pourquoi les réacteurs existants comprennent un circuit intermédiaire transmettant la chaleur du circuit primaire de sodium au circuit secondaire d'eau par des dispositifs d'échange de chaleur distincts. C'est toutefois encore du sodium fondu qu'on utilise dans ce circuit intermédiaire. Il est en effet difficile de trouver un fluide possédant un coefficient d'échange de chaleur suffisant, stable dans la gamme de température de 0° à 550°C environ correspondant à l'arrêt et au service du réacteur, dépourvu de combinaison chimique dangereuse avec l'eau comme avec le sodium et inapte à polluer. Enfin, on voudrait détecter des fuites entre le circuit intermédiaire et soit le circuit primaire soit le circuit secondaire sans trop de difficulté. The subject of this invention is a heat exchanger between a molten sodium circuit and a water circuit, by means of an intermediate fluid. Such exchangers are found in fast neutron nuclear reactors where the molten sodium serves to remove the heat emitted by the reactor core and to transmit it to the steam generators fed by the water circuit. Leaks at the junction of the two circuits are absolutely to be avoided because of the exothermic and violent combination of sodium and water which would add to the risk of dispersion of irradiated materials. Therefore existing reactors include an intermediate circuit transmitting the heat of the primary circuit of sodium to the secondary circuit of water by separate heat exchange devices. However, it is still molten sodium used in this intermediate circuit. It is indeed difficult to find a fluid having a sufficient heat exchange coefficient, stable in the temperature range of 0 ° to 550 ° C approximately corresponding to the shutdown and the service of the reactor, devoid of dangerous chemical combination with water as with sodium and unfit to pollute. Finally, one would like to detect leaks between the intermediate circuit and either the primary circuit or the secondary circuit without too much difficulty.

Certains fluides apparemment prometteurs comme des sels fondus, les eutectiques à base de plomb ou des métaux fondus comme le NaK ont dû être abandonnés pour l'une ou l'autre de ces raisons. Les risques de la combinaison entre le sodium et l'eau ne sont ainsi pas évités, et le circuit intermédiaire sert seulement à éviter les contaminations en matières irradiées en éloignant le sodium primaire du circuit secondaire d'eau. Des dispositifs particuliers, comprenant un frettage de deux tubes concentriques pour mieux isoler l'eau du sodium fondu en réduisant le risque d'apparition de fuites, ont de nombreux inconvénients. L'objet de l'invention est de trouver un fluide utilisable pour échanger de la chaleur dans un circuit intermédiaire entre du sodium fondu et de l'eau et qui satisfasse à toutes les conditions indiquées ci-dessus. Pour résumer, l'invention consiste en un échangeur de chaleur, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend, entre un circuit de sodium fondu et un circuit d'eau, un volume mitoyen entre les circuits qui est empli d'un gaz neutre sous pression, et un détecteur de ladite pression. Des fluides intermédiaires gazeux ne semblent pas avoir été proposés pour cette application, probablement à cause de leur coefficient d'échange de chaleur réduits ; or il peut être suffisant à pression élevée, et l'inertie chimique des gaz neutres est évidemment excellente ; le détecteur de pression permet de signaler les fuites dans le circuit intermédiaire. Some apparently promising fluids such as molten salts, lead-based eutectics or molten metals like NaK had to be abandoned for one or other of these reasons. The risks of the combination between sodium and water are thus avoided, and the intermediate circuit serves only to prevent contamination of irradiated materials by moving the primary sodium away from the secondary circuit of water. Particular devices, including a hooping of two concentric tubes to better isolate the water from molten sodium by reducing the risk of occurrence of leaks, have many disadvantages. The object of the invention is to find a fluid that can be used to exchange heat in an intermediate circuit between molten sodium and water and that satisfies all the conditions indicated above. To summarize, the invention consists of a heat exchanger, characterized in that it comprises, between a molten sodium circuit and a water circuit, a common volume between the circuits which is filled with a neutral gas under pressure , and a detector of said pressure. Intermediate gaseous fluids do not appear to have been proposed for this application, probably because of their reduced heat exchange coefficient; but it may be sufficient at high pressure, and the chemical inertia of the neutral gases is obviously excellent; the pressure sensor makes it possible to signal leaks in the intermediate circuit.

Si le gaz neutre est de l'hélium, la transmission de chaleur est spécialement bonne grâce à la plus grande conductivité thermique de ce gaz, notamment à haute pression. If the neutral gas is helium, the heat transfer is especially good thanks to the greater thermal conductivity of this gas, especially at high pressure.

Si la pression dans le volume mitoyen du circuit intermédiaire est elle-même intermédiaire à une pression dans le circuit de sodium fondu (normalement de quelques bars) et une pression dans le circuit d'eau (par exemple 140 bars), la détection d'une fuite est facilitée puisque l'abaissement de pression dans le volume mitoyen signifie une fuite vers le sodium, et son élévation une fuite de l'eau vers le volume mitoyen. Il est avantageux que le volume mitoyen soit clos et que le gaz y soit statique, la détection de pression étant plus facile et le dispositif étant plus simple sans que l'échange de chaleur soit diminué. Le volume mitoyen peut aussi contenir un liquide avec ciel d'hélium, par exemple un métal qui peut être le mercure, pour améliorer le coefficient d'échange. Un dispositif apprécié pour sa simplicité peut comprendre une batterie de paires de tubes concentriques, le sodium fondu et l'eau coulant hors des tubes externes pour l'un, dans les tubes internes pour l'autre. L'invention sera maintenant décrite en référence à la figure unique, qui en représente une réalisation. If the pressure in the intermediate volume of the intermediate circuit is itself intermediate at a pressure in the molten sodium circuit (normally a few bars) and a pressure in the water circuit (for example 140 bars), the detection of a leak is facilitated since the lowering of pressure in the adjoining volume means a leak towards the sodium, and its elevation a leak of water towards the adjoining volume. It is advantageous for the adjoining volume to be closed and for the gas to be static there, the pressure detection being easier and the device being simpler without the heat exchange being reduced. The adjoining volume may also contain a liquid with helium sky, for example a metal which may be mercury, to improve the exchange coefficient. A device appreciated for its simplicity may include a battery of concentric tube pairs, molten sodium and water flowing out of the outer tubes for one into the inner tubes for the other. The invention will now be described with reference to the single figure, which represents one embodiment.

Le dispositif comprend, de bas en haut de la figure, un collecteur d'entrée d'eau 1, une première cloison 2, une zone en hélium statique 3, une deuxième cloison 4, une zone d'échange de chaleur 5, une troisième cloison 6, et un collecteur de sortie d'eau 7. Une entrée de sodium 8 est disposée sous la troisième cloison 6, et une sortie de sodium 9 sur la deuxième cloison 4. Le dispositif comprend encore des tubes externes 10, s'étendant de la deuxième cloison 4 à la troisième cloison 6, et des tubes internes 11, concentriques aux précédents, s'étendant entre le collecteur d'entrée d'eau 1 et le collecteur de sortie d'eau 7. Les tubes externes 10 traversent la deuxième cloison 4 seulement, et les tubes internes 11 les trois cloisons 2, 4 et 6. Les tubes internes 11 font communiquer le collecteur d'entrée d'eau 1 au collecteur de sortie d'eau 7, et les intervalles 12 entre les tubes internes 11 et les tubes externes 10 prolongent la zone en hélium statique 3. Les intervalles 12 et la zone en hélium statique 3 composent un volume mitoyen entre le circuit primaire de sodium fondu entre l'entrée 8 et la sortie 9 et autour des tubes externes 10, et le circuit secondaire d'eau entre les collecteurs 1 et 7 et dans les tubes internes 11. Ce volume mitoyen est clos. On peut le réaliser avec une ouverture close par une vanne (non représentées) pour l'emplissage et le vidange en hélium. L'échange de chaleur se fait dans la zone d'échange de chaleur 5, empli de sodium fondu autour des tubes externes 10, à travers les tubes externes 10, les intervalles 12 et les tubes internes 11 dans lesquels l'eau du circuit secondaire coule. The device comprises, from the bottom to the top of the figure, a water inlet manifold 1, a first partition 2, a static helium zone 3, a second partition 4, a heat exchange zone 5, a third partition 6, and a water outlet manifold 7. A sodium inlet 8 is disposed under the third partition 6, and a sodium outlet 9 on the second partition 4. The device further comprises external tubes 10, extending from the second partition 4 to the third partition 6, and inner tubes 11, concentric with the previous ones, extending between the water inlet manifold 1 and the water outlet manifold 7. The outer tubes 10 pass through the second partition 4 only, and the inner tubes 11 the three partitions 2, 4 and 6. The inner tubes 11 communicate the water inlet manifold 1 to the water outlet manifold 7, and the intervals 12 between the tubes 11 and the outer tubes 10 extend the static helium zone 3. The inte Rvalles 12 and the static helium zone 3 compose a common volume between the molten sodium primary circuit between the inlet 8 and the outlet 9 and around the outer tubes 10, and the secondary circuit of water between the collectors 1 and 7 and in the inner tubes 11. This adjoining volume is closed. It can be realized with a closed opening by a valve (not shown) for filling and emptying helium. The heat exchange is done in the heat exchange zone 5, filled with molten sodium around the outer tubes 10, through the outer tubes 10, the gaps 12 and the inner tubes 11 in which the water of the secondary circuit flowing.

Au repos, l'hélium emplissant la zone 3 et les intervalles 12 est à environ 20 bars à 20°C. Il est à 80 bars environ en régime d'exploitation du réacteur après un échauffement à 400°C environ. La conductivité de l'hélium est très bonne pour un gaz : 0,14 W/m.°K à 1 bar et à température ambiante, et même 0,3 W/m.°K à 80 bars et 400°C. De plus, des échanges thermiques se font aussi par convection et rayonnement, ce qui augmente notablement le coefficient d'échange final. At rest, the helium filling zone 3 and the intervals 12 is at about 20 bar at 20 ° C. It is at about 80 bars in the operating regime of the reactor after heating to about 400 ° C. The conductivity of helium is very good for a gas: 0.14 W / m ° K at 1 bar and at room temperature, and even 0.3 W / m ° K at 80 bar and 400 ° C. In addition, heat exchanges are also by convection and radiation, which significantly increases the final exchange coefficient.

L'échange de chaleur est à peu près aussi bon qu'à travers un tube métallique plein et épais. L'utilisation d'un gaz comme fluide intermédiaire d'échange de chaleur se justifie donc parfaitement. Les intervalles 12 peuvent avoir quelques dixièmes de millimètres d'épaisseur tout en autorisant une bonne conduction. Un défaut de coaxialité des tubes internes et externes n'est pas à redouter. Le dispositif est complété par un détecteur de pression 13 disposé à travers la paroi de la zone en hélium statique 3 pour signaler des fuites affectant les tubes externes 10 ou internes 11 d'après le sens de variation de la pression. Dans une réalisation un peu différente de l'invention, le volume mitoyen entre les circuits comprendrait un liquide mélangé au gaz neutre. Ce liquide pourrait être par exemple un métal, comme le mercure qui améliorerait la conduction. Le ciel d'hélium continue à assurer son rôle de détecteur de fuite par évolution de la pression.30 Heat exchange is about as good as through a solid, thick metal tube. The use of a gas as an intermediate heat exchange fluid is therefore perfectly justified. The gaps 12 may have a few tenths of a millimeter thick while allowing good conduction. A lack of coaxiality of the internal and external tubes is not to be feared. The device is completed by a pressure detector 13 disposed through the wall of the static helium zone 3 to signal leaks affecting the outer tubes 10 or internal 11 according to the direction of variation of the pressure. In a slightly different embodiment of the invention, the intermediate volume between the circuits would comprise a liquid mixed with the neutral gas. This liquid could be for example a metal, like mercury which would improve the conduction. The helium sky continues to perform its role of leak detector by evolution of the pressure.

Claims (7)

REVENDICATIONS 1) Circuit d'échange de chaleur comprenant un circuit de sodium fondu et un circuit d'eau, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un volume mitoyen (3, 12) d'échange de chaleur entre les circuits et empli d'un gaz neutre sous pression, et un détecteur (13) de ladite pression. 1) heat exchange circuit comprising a molten sodium circuit and a water circuit, characterized in that it comprises a common volume (3, 12) for heat exchange between the circuits and filled with a gas neutral pressure, and a detector (13) of said pressure. 2) Circuit d'échange de chaleur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le gaz neutre est de l'hélium. 2) heat exchange circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that the neutral gas is helium. 3) Circuit d'échange de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la pression est intermédiaire à une pression dans le circuit de sodium fondu et une pression dans le circuit d'eau. 3) heat exchange circuit according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the pressure is intermediate to a pressure in the molten sodium circuit and a pressure in the water circuit. 4) Circuit d'échange de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le volume mitoyen est clos et le gaz est statique. 4) heat exchange circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the adjoining volume is closed and the gas is static. 5) Circuit d'échange de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le volume mitoyen contient aussi un liquide mélangé au gaz. 5) heat exchange circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the adjoining volume also contains a liquid mixed with the gas. 6) Circuit d'échange de chaleur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le liquide est du mercure. 6) heat exchange circuit according to claim 5, characterized in that the liquid is mercury. 7) Circuit d'échange de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le volume mitoyen comprend des intervalles (12) entre une batterie de paires de tubes concentriques internes et externes, le sodium fondu et l'eau coulanthors des tubes externes pour l'un, dans les tubes internes pour l'autre.5 7) heat exchange circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the adjoining volume comprises gaps (12) between a battery of pairs of concentric inner and outer tubes, molten sodium and the water flowing out of the outer tubes for one, into the inner tubes for the other.5
FR0758883A 2007-11-08 2007-11-08 Heat exchanging circuit i.e. heat exchanger, for rapid neutron nuclear reactor, has dividing volume for exchanging heat between sodium circuit and water, and filled with under-pressure neutral gas, and detector detecting under-pressure Pending FR2923590A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0758883A FR2923590A1 (en) 2007-11-08 2007-11-08 Heat exchanging circuit i.e. heat exchanger, for rapid neutron nuclear reactor, has dividing volume for exchanging heat between sodium circuit and water, and filled with under-pressure neutral gas, and detector detecting under-pressure

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0758883A FR2923590A1 (en) 2007-11-08 2007-11-08 Heat exchanging circuit i.e. heat exchanger, for rapid neutron nuclear reactor, has dividing volume for exchanging heat between sodium circuit and water, and filled with under-pressure neutral gas, and detector detecting under-pressure

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FR2923590A1 true FR2923590A1 (en) 2009-05-15

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU192392U1 (en) * 2019-06-07 2019-09-16 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Центральный институт авиационного моторостроения им. П.И. Баранова" Hydrogen air heat exchanger

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2603693A1 (en) * 1986-09-05 1988-03-11 Toshiba Kk CALIBRATED TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
EP0437768A1 (en) * 1989-12-18 1991-07-24 Rockwell International Corporation Leak-safe hydrogen/air heat exchanger
GB2361054A (en) * 2000-02-04 2001-10-10 Nnc Ltd Heat exchanger
US20030070794A1 (en) * 2001-10-15 2003-04-17 Hiroaki Ohira Heat exchanger having intermediate heating medium
US20030094268A1 (en) * 2001-11-16 2003-05-22 Hiroaki Ohira Helical type heat exchanger having intermediate heating medium

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2603693A1 (en) * 1986-09-05 1988-03-11 Toshiba Kk CALIBRATED TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
EP0437768A1 (en) * 1989-12-18 1991-07-24 Rockwell International Corporation Leak-safe hydrogen/air heat exchanger
GB2361054A (en) * 2000-02-04 2001-10-10 Nnc Ltd Heat exchanger
US20030070794A1 (en) * 2001-10-15 2003-04-17 Hiroaki Ohira Heat exchanger having intermediate heating medium
US20030094268A1 (en) * 2001-11-16 2003-05-22 Hiroaki Ohira Helical type heat exchanger having intermediate heating medium

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU192392U1 (en) * 2019-06-07 2019-09-16 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Центральный институт авиационного моторостроения им. П.И. Баранова" Hydrogen air heat exchanger

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