FR2916730A3 - Front bonnet structure for motor vehicle, has effort absorbing unit arranged in hollow body between bottom and upper part of body, where bottom and upper part are formed by inner surfaces of inner panel and bonnet skin, respectively - Google Patents

Front bonnet structure for motor vehicle, has effort absorbing unit arranged in hollow body between bottom and upper part of body, where bottom and upper part are formed by inner surfaces of inner panel and bonnet skin, respectively Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2916730A3
FR2916730A3 FR0755346A FR0755346A FR2916730A3 FR 2916730 A3 FR2916730 A3 FR 2916730A3 FR 0755346 A FR0755346 A FR 0755346A FR 0755346 A FR0755346 A FR 0755346A FR 2916730 A3 FR2916730 A3 FR 2916730A3
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FR
France
Prior art keywords
hollow body
hood
bonnet
skin
liner
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
FR0755346A
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French (fr)
Inventor
Dominique Zanolin
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Renault SAS
Original Assignee
Renault SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Renault SAS filed Critical Renault SAS
Priority to FR0755346A priority Critical patent/FR2916730A3/en
Publication of FR2916730A3 publication Critical patent/FR2916730A3/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62DMOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D25/00Superstructure or monocoque structure sub-units; Parts or details thereof not otherwise provided for
    • B62D25/08Front or rear portions
    • B62D25/10Bonnets or lids, e.g. for trucks, tractors, busses, work vehicles
    • B62D25/105Bonnets or lids, e.g. for trucks, tractors, busses, work vehicles for motor cars
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60RVEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R21/00Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
    • B60R21/34Protecting non-occupants of a vehicle, e.g. pedestrians
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60RVEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R21/00Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
    • B60R21/34Protecting non-occupants of a vehicle, e.g. pedestrians
    • B60R2021/343Protecting non-occupants of a vehicle, e.g. pedestrians using deformable body panel, bodywork or components

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Superstructure Of Vehicle (AREA)

Abstract

The structure has an effort absorbing unit (50) arranged in a hollow body (40) between bottom and an upper part of the body. The bottom of the body is formed by an inner surface of an inner panel (20) of a bonnet (1), and the upper part of the body is formed by an inner surface of a bonnet skin (10). The inner panel is disposed below the bonnet skin and arranged such that the body is formed between a part of the bonnet skin and a part of the inner panel. The effort absorbing unit presents a shape of a space bar perpendicular to the bottom of the body.

Description

STRUCTURE DE CAPOT D'UN VEHICULE AUTOMOBILE La présente invention concerneThe present invention relates to a hood of a motor vehicle

une structure de capot d'un véhicule 5 automobile. Les nouvelles normes de sécurité spécifiques au choc piéton ont imposé aux constructeurs automobiles de proposer de nouvelles architectures de capot de véhicules automobiles. Ces capots doivent ainsi amortir et accompagner la descente de la tête d'un piéton pour que l'impact soit le moins traumatisant io pour ledit piéton. Toutefois, la descente des capots est perturbée par la présence sous le capot de points durs incompressibles formés par exemple par le bloc moteur et ses éléments associés. Un des objectifs de l'invention est donc de proposer une structure de capot apte à amortir efficacement l'impact d'un piéton sur ce capot, et ce avant 15 que la structure de capot entre en contact avec des points durs. En outre, en réponse à des objectifs que l'on retrouve invariablement chez les différents constructeurs automobiles, la présente invention se veut également peu coûteuse et peu encombrante. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, l'invention propose une structure de 20 capot avant d'un véhicule automobile dans lequel le capot comprend une peau de capot et une doublure de capot, la doublure de capot étant disposée sous la peau de capot et aménagée de sorte qu'au moins un corps creux est formé entre une partie de la peau de capot et une partie de cette doublure, caractérisé en ce qu'une entretoise est disposée dans le corps creux, entre le fond du corps 25 creux formé par la face intérieure de la doublure de capot, et la partie supérieure du corps creux formée par la face intérieure de la peau du capot. 2 Selon différentes caractéristiques de la présente invention : -l'entretoise est perpendiculaire au fond du corps creux. - la doublure de capot présente des formes aptes à générer au moins 5 deux corps creux, et en ce qu'une entretoise est disposée dans chaque corps creux. - la doublure de capot présente des formes aptes à générer au moins deux corps creux, et en ce qu'un seul de ces corps creux est muni d'une entretoise. io - le corps creux comporte en outre au moins une entretoise supplémentaire, de sorte que plusieurs entretoises sont réparties sur la surface du corps creux. - des points durs incompressible sont présents, comme par exemple un groupe motopropulseur, et dans lequel une structure de capot avant selon l'une is des revendications précédentes est aménagée au dessus de ces points durs, caractérisé en ce que l'entretoise est disposée dans le corps creux de sorte que cette entretoise soit sensiblement verticalement au dessus d'un point dur incompressible 20 D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description détaillée qui suit pour la compréhension de laquelle on se reportera aux dessins annexés dans lesquels : - la figure 1 est une représentation schématique d'une structure de capot selon l'invention, avant un choc piéton ; 25 - la figure 2 est une représentation d'une entretoise selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention ;5 - la figure 3 est une représentation d'une entretoise selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention ; - la figure 4 est une représentation de la structure de capot de la figure 1, après le choc piéton. De façon classique, un capot de véhicule est monté articulé sur la structure du véhicule, et est apte à se déplacer entre une position fermée dans laquelle le capot recouvre le bloc avant du véhicule, et une position ouverte dans laquelle le capot laisse un accès depuis l'extérieur à ce bloc avant. io Tel que représenté sur les figures, un capot 1 selon l'invention est formé d'une peau de capot 10 sous lequel s'étend une doublure de capot 20. La peau de capot 10 présente une forme sensiblement plane, et la doublure 20 présente en au moins une zone du capot un embouti 30 de sorte qu'un corps creux 40 est formé entre une partie de la peau de capot 10 et une partie de la i5 doublure 20. Selon des moyens connus, la doublure 20 et la peau de capot 10 peuvent être fixés par soudure, ou par rivetage, ou par tout autre moyen permettant la tenue de la doublure sous la peau du capot. Un moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 est disposé dans le corps creux 40, entre le fond 42 du corps creux 40 formé par la face intérieure 22 de la 20 doublure de capot 20, et la partie supérieure 44 du corps creux 40 formée par la face intérieure 12 de la peau du capot 10. Ce moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 est disposé de sorte que, lorsque le capot 1 est en position fermée, le moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 est situé au dessus d'un point dur 60 formé dans le bloc avant 4 du véhicule. Ce point dur 25 60 peut être à titre d'exemple un élément du groupe motopropulseur, qui représente un point incompressible avec très peu de souplesse, inapte à accompagner la descente du capot 1 sous l'effet du choc piéton. Un tel point 4 de blocage implique une décélération brutale de l'accompagnement du piéton et nécessite une prise en compte spécifique pour éviter cette source potentielle de traumatismes. C'est le rôle du moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 selon l'invention, de consommer de l'énergie dégagée par l'impact du piéton sur le capot 1, en accompagnant et en amortissant la descente de la peau du capot 10, pendant que la doublure 20 est en contact avec les points durs. A cet effet, le fond 42 du corps creux 40 sur lequel est fixée le moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 doit être situé au dessus d'un point dur 60 incompressible, de sorte qu'en cas de io choc et d'enfoncement sensiblement vertical du capot 1, le pied du moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 prenne appui sur un point dur 60 pour encaisser et transférer au mieux les efforts générés par le choc. L'orientation du moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 quand le capot est fermé, et que ce capot est apte à recevoir un choc piéton, peut alors permettre 15 à optimiser cette absorption d'énergie générée par le choc. Selon les empattements du véhicule, la longueur et la hauteur du capot, des données qui peuvent modifier la localisation de la zone dans laquelle va retomber la masse impactant le capot, le moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 pourra alors être sensiblement verticale ou inclinée pour présenter un angle approprié avec la 20 direction de l'impact. La forme du moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 peut présenter en outre, tel que représenté à la figure 2, une forme spécifique, proche de celle d'un pontet disposé classiquement sur un support d'aile, ou une forme simple d'une entretoise tel que représenté à la figure 3. En outre, le moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 joue un rôle important 25 avant le choc pour éviter le clocage du capot. La présence d'un corps creux 40 entre la peau et la doublure peut permettre classiquement des déformations élastiques de la peau, et le renforcement du corps creux 40 par un moyen d'absorption d'effort 50, au centre du corps creux 40 notamment, permet d'éviter ce clocage. Tel que représenté sur les figures, un moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 est associée à un corps creux 40. Il sera compris que le nombre de corps creux 5 40 pourra être multiplié sur toute la surface du capot 1. Selon que ces corps creux 40 sont formés dans une zone sensible ou non au choc piéton, ces corps creux 40 pourront présenter ou non un moyen d'absorption d'effort 50 dans leur volume pour optimiser l'absorption d'efforts. En outre, sans sortir du contexte de l'invention, plusieurs moyens d'absorption d'effort 50 peuvent être disposées dans le même corps creux 40, entre le fond 42 et la partie supérieure 44 de ce corps creux 40 formée par la face intérieure 12 de la peau du capot 10. Ainsi, un corps creux 40 présentant des dimensions importantes pourra encaisser des efforts de façon optimisés sensiblement sur toute sa surface.  a hood structure of a motor vehicle. The new pedestrian-specific safety standards have forced car manufacturers to introduce new motor vehicle bonnet architectures. These covers must thus dampen and accompany the descent of the head of a pedestrian so that the impact is the least traumatic for said pedestrian. However, the lowering of the hoods is disturbed by the presence under the hood of incompressible hard spots formed for example by the engine block and its associated elements. One of the objectives of the invention is therefore to provide a hood structure capable of effectively damping the impact of a pedestrian on this hood, and before the hood structure comes into contact with hard points. In addition, in response to objectives that are invariably found in various car manufacturers, the present invention is also inexpensive and compact. In order to meet these objectives, the invention proposes a front hood structure of a motor vehicle in which the hood comprises a bonnet skin and a bonnet liner, the bonnet liner being arranged under the bonnet skin and fitted with so that at least one hollow body is formed between a portion of the bonnet skin and a portion of said liner, characterized in that a spacer is disposed in the hollow body, between the bottom of the hollow body formed by the face inner of the hood liner, and the upper portion of the hollow body formed by the inner face of the hood skin. According to various features of the present invention: the spacer is perpendicular to the bottom of the hollow body. - The hood liner has shapes capable of generating at least two hollow bodies, and in that a spacer is disposed in each hollow body. - The hood liner has shapes capable of generating at least two hollow bodies, and in that only one of these hollow body is provided with a spacer. - The hollow body further comprises at least one additional spacer, so that several spacers are distributed over the surface of the hollow body. - incompressible hard spots are present, such as a powertrain, and wherein a front hood structure according to one of the preceding claims is arranged above these hard points, characterized in that the spacer is disposed in the hollow body so that this spacer is substantially vertically above an incompressible hard point 20 Other features and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the detailed description which follows for the understanding of which reference will be made to the drawings appended in which: - Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a hood structure according to the invention, before a pedestrian impact; Figure 2 is a representation of a spacer according to a first embodiment of the invention; Figure 3 is a representation of a spacer according to a second embodiment of the invention; - Figure 4 is a representation of the hood structure of Figure 1, after the pedestrian impact. Conventionally, a vehicle hood is hingedly mounted on the vehicle structure, and is able to move between a closed position in which the hood covers the front block of the vehicle, and an open position in which the hood leaves access from outside this front block. As shown in the figures, a hood 1 according to the invention is formed of a hood skin 10 under which extends a hood liner 20. The hood skin 10 has a substantially flat shape, and the lining 20 in at least one region of the hood a stamped 30 so that a hollow body 40 is formed between a portion of the hood skin 10 and a portion of the l5 20. According to known means, the lining 20 and the skin Hood 10 can be fixed by welding, or by riveting, or by any other means allowing the holding of the liner under the hood skin. A force absorbing means 50 is disposed in the hollow body 40, between the bottom 42 of the hollow body 40 formed by the inner face 22 of the hood liner 20, and the upper portion 44 of the hollow body 40 formed by the inner face 12 of the hood skin 10. This force absorbing means 50 is arranged so that, when the hood 1 is in the closed position, the force absorbing means 50 is located above a hard point 60 formed in the front block 4 of the vehicle. This hard point 60 may be an example of a powertrain element, which represents an incompressible point with very little flexibility, unable to accompany the descent hood 1 under the effect of pedestrian impact. Such a blocking point 4 implies a sudden deceleration of the accompaniment of the pedestrian and requires specific consideration to avoid this potential source of trauma. It is the role of the force absorbing means 50 according to the invention, to consume energy released by the impact of the pedestrian on the hood 1, accompanying and cushioning the descent of the hood skin 10 , while the liner 20 is in contact with the hard spots. For this purpose, the bottom 42 of the hollow body 40 on which the force-absorbing means 50 is fixed must be situated above an incompressible hard point 60, so that in case of shock and depression substantially vertical hood 1, the foot of the force absorbing means 50 bears on a hard point 60 to cash and transfer the best efforts generated by the shock. The orientation of the force absorbing means 50 when the hood is closed, and that this hood is adapted to receive a pedestrian impact, can then allow to optimize this energy absorption generated by the shock. Depending on the wheelbase of the vehicle, the length and height of the hood, data that can change the location of the area in which the mass impacting the hood will fall, the force absorbing means 50 may then be substantially vertical or inclined to present an appropriate angle with the direction of impact. The shape of the force absorbing means 50 may furthermore have, as shown in FIG. 2, a specific shape, close to that of a bridge conventionally disposed on a wing support, or a simple form of a spacer as shown in Figure 3. In addition, the force absorbing means 50 plays an important role 25 before the shock to prevent cloning of the hood. The presence of a hollow body 40 between the skin and the lining can conventionally allow elastic deformations of the skin, and the reinforcement of the hollow body 40 by a force-absorbing means 50, in the center of the hollow body 40 in particular, prevents this clocking. As shown in the figures, a force absorbing means 50 is associated with a hollow body 40. It will be understood that the number of hollow bodies 5 40 can be multiplied over the entire surface of the cover 1. Depending on whether these bodies hollow 40 are formed in a zone sensitive or not to the pedestrian impact, these hollow body 40 may or may not have a force absorbing means 50 in their volume to optimize the absorption of forces. In addition, without departing from the context of the invention, several force absorbing means 50 can be arranged in the same hollow body 40, between the bottom 42 and the upper portion 44 of the hollow body 40 formed by the inner face. 12 of the skin of the cover 10. Thus, a hollow body 40 having significant dimensions can collect efforts in an optimized manner substantially over its entire surface.

Une telle structure de capot 1 présente l'avantage de ne plus être contrainte par la présence de points durs sous la zone du capot apte à être sollicitée en cas de choc piéton. Le corps creux 40 selon l'invention est ainsi agrandi au maximum, dans la seule limite des contraintes de fabrication, et d'emboutissage par exemple. L'absorption d'efforts est optimisée par la combinaison de cette profondeur du corps creux 40 et de la présence du moyen d'absorption d'effort 50, et la course de descente lors du choc est alors faite dans le corps creux 40 entre peau 10 et doublure 20 de capot, et non plus par la descente seule de la doublure.  Such a hood structure 1 has the advantage of no longer being constrained by the presence of hard spots under the hood area that can be stressed in case of pedestrian impact. The hollow body 40 according to the invention is thus enlarged to the maximum, in the sole limit of manufacturing constraints, and stamping for example. The absorption of forces is optimized by the combination of this depth of the hollow body 40 and the presence of the force absorbing means 50, and the descent stroke during the impact is then made in the hollow body 40 between the skin 10 and hood lining, and no longer by the single descent of the liner.

Claims (5)

REVENDICATIONS 1./ Structure de capot (1) d'un véhicule automobile, dans lequel le capot (1) comprend une peau de capot (10) et une doublure de capot (20), la doublure de capot (20) étant disposée sous la peau de capot (10) et aménagée de sorte qu'au moins un corps creux (40) est formé entre une partie de la peau de capot (10) et une partie de cette doublure, caractérisé en ce qu'un moyen d'absorption d'effort (50) est disposée dans le corps creux (40), entre le fond du corps creux (40) formé par la face io intérieure de la doublure de capot (20), et la partie supérieure du corps creux (40) formée par la face intérieure de la peau du capot.  1. / Cover structure (1) of a motor vehicle, wherein the cover (1) comprises a bonnet skin (10) and a bonnet liner (20), the bonnet liner (20) being disposed under the bonnet skin (10) and arranged so that at least one hollow body (40) is formed between a portion of the bonnet skin (10) and a portion of said liner, characterized in that an absorption means of force (50) is disposed in the hollow body (40) between the bottom of the hollow body (40) formed by the inner face of the hood liner (20) and the upper part of the hollow body (40). formed by the inner face of the hood skin. 2./ Structure de capot selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le moyen d'absorption d'effort (50) présente la forme d'une entretoise 15 perpendiculaire au fond du corps creux (40).  2. / Hood structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the force absorbing means (50) has the form of a spacer 15 perpendicular to the bottom of the hollow body (40). 3./ Structure de capot selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la doublure de capot (20) présente des formes aptes à générer au moins deux 20 corps creux (40), et en ce qu'une entretoise (50) est disposée dans chaque corps creux (40).  3. / Hood structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the hood liner (20) has shapes capable of generating at least two hollow bodies (40), and in that a spacer (50) is arranged in each hollow body (40). 4./ Structure de capot selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le corps creux (40) comporte en outre au moins un moyen d'absorption d'effort 25 (50) supplémentaire, de sorte que plusieurs moyens d'absorption d'effort (50) sont répartis sur la surface du corps creux (40).  4. / Hood structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the hollow body (40) further comprises at least one additional force absorbing means (50), so that several absorption means of stress (50) are distributed over the surface of the hollow body (40). 5./ Structure avant de véhicule automobile, dans lequel des points durs incompressible sont présents, comme par exemple un groupe motopropulseur, et dans lequel une structure de capot avant (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes est aménagée au dessus de ces points durs, caractérisé en ce que le moyen d'absorption d'effort (50) est disposé dans le corps creux (40) de sorte que ce moyen d'absorption d'effort (50) soit sensiblement verticalement au dessus d'un point dur (60) incompressible.  5. / front structure of a motor vehicle, wherein incompressible hard spots are present, such as a powertrain, and wherein a front hood structure (1) according to one of the preceding claims is arranged above these points; characterized in that the force absorbing means (50) is disposed in the hollow body (40) so that the force absorbing means (50) is substantially vertically above a hard point (60) incompressible.
FR0755346A 2007-05-30 2007-05-30 Front bonnet structure for motor vehicle, has effort absorbing unit arranged in hollow body between bottom and upper part of body, where bottom and upper part are formed by inner surfaces of inner panel and bonnet skin, respectively Withdrawn FR2916730A3 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0755346A FR2916730A3 (en) 2007-05-30 2007-05-30 Front bonnet structure for motor vehicle, has effort absorbing unit arranged in hollow body between bottom and upper part of body, where bottom and upper part are formed by inner surfaces of inner panel and bonnet skin, respectively

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0755346A FR2916730A3 (en) 2007-05-30 2007-05-30 Front bonnet structure for motor vehicle, has effort absorbing unit arranged in hollow body between bottom and upper part of body, where bottom and upper part are formed by inner surfaces of inner panel and bonnet skin, respectively

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FR2916730A3 true FR2916730A3 (en) 2008-12-05

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FR0755346A Withdrawn FR2916730A3 (en) 2007-05-30 2007-05-30 Front bonnet structure for motor vehicle, has effort absorbing unit arranged in hollow body between bottom and upper part of body, where bottom and upper part are formed by inner surfaces of inner panel and bonnet skin, respectively

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2971755A1 (en) * 2011-02-21 2012-08-24 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa ASSEMBLY COMPRISING A COVER FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH A GAP CONNECTED TO THIS COVER BY DEFORMABLES IN THE EVENT OF A PIERCON IMPACT

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000035612A2 (en) * 1998-12-14 2000-06-22 Delta Di Amidei Dario & C., S.A.S. Method for manufacturing three-dimensional, cellular structure components consisting of two metal sheets, and associated components
WO2003011658A1 (en) * 2001-07-28 2003-02-13 Adam Opel Ag Front structure of a motor vehicle comprising a front bonnet that deforms during a head impact
EP1357018A1 (en) * 2000-12-13 2003-10-29 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Panel structure for car body hood
DE20320873U1 (en) * 1980-02-14 2005-04-07 Volkswagen Ag Energy-absorbing vehicle body part, especially front hood, has inner wall stiffened by stiffening frame at least partly around circumference, connected to gas source and airbag in hollow profile area

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE20320873U1 (en) * 1980-02-14 2005-04-07 Volkswagen Ag Energy-absorbing vehicle body part, especially front hood, has inner wall stiffened by stiffening frame at least partly around circumference, connected to gas source and airbag in hollow profile area
WO2000035612A2 (en) * 1998-12-14 2000-06-22 Delta Di Amidei Dario & C., S.A.S. Method for manufacturing three-dimensional, cellular structure components consisting of two metal sheets, and associated components
EP1357018A1 (en) * 2000-12-13 2003-10-29 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Panel structure for car body hood
WO2003011658A1 (en) * 2001-07-28 2003-02-13 Adam Opel Ag Front structure of a motor vehicle comprising a front bonnet that deforms during a head impact

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2971755A1 (en) * 2011-02-21 2012-08-24 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa ASSEMBLY COMPRISING A COVER FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH A GAP CONNECTED TO THIS COVER BY DEFORMABLES IN THE EVENT OF A PIERCON IMPACT
WO2012114010A1 (en) * 2011-02-21 2012-08-30 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Assembly comprising a motor vehicle hood and provided with a striker connected to said hood via lugs that can deform in the event of pedestrian impact

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Effective date: 20090119