FR2914358A3 - Sonic throat combustion chamber for e.g. direct injection oil engine, has heater plug placed in cylinder head and comprising heat end placed in collar, where collar separates convergent and divergent zones of Venturi shape of chamber - Google Patents

Sonic throat combustion chamber for e.g. direct injection oil engine, has heater plug placed in cylinder head and comprising heat end placed in collar, where collar separates convergent and divergent zones of Venturi shape of chamber Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2914358A3
FR2914358A3 FR0702276A FR0702276A FR2914358A3 FR 2914358 A3 FR2914358 A3 FR 2914358A3 FR 0702276 A FR0702276 A FR 0702276A FR 0702276 A FR0702276 A FR 0702276A FR 2914358 A3 FR2914358 A3 FR 2914358A3
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France
Prior art keywords
chamber
collar
cylinder head
convergent
combustion chamber
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FR0702276A
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French (fr)
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FR2914358B3 (en
Inventor
Bertrand Fasolo
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Renault SAS
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Renault SAS
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0645Details related to the fuel injector or the fuel spray
    • F02B23/0654Thermal treatments, e.g. with heating elements or local cooling
    • F02B23/0657Thermal treatments, e.g. with heating elements or local cooling the spray interacting with one or more glow plugs
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0696W-piston bowl, i.e. the combustion space having a central projection pointing towards the cylinder head and the surrounding wall being inclined towards the cylinder wall
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

The chamber has a fuel injector (3) placed in a cylinder head (1), and a piston (2) slidably mounted in a cylinder along an axis (Z). The piston has a front surface presenting a tulip (22) defined between a central dog-pilot point (21) and a peripheral crown (23). The front surface and the cylinder head provide a radial Venturi shape to the chamber, where the shape presents convergent and divergent zones (C, D) separated by a collar (K). A heater plug (6) is placed in the cylinder head and comprises a heat end (60) placed in the collar.

Description

CHAMBRE DE COMBUSTION POUR MOTEUR THERMIQUE, ET APPLICATION A UN MOTEURCOMBUSTION CHAMBER FOR THERMAL MOTORS, AND APPLICATION TO A MOTOR

DIESEL ADAPTE AU FROID.DIESEL ADAPTED TO COLD.

L'invention concerne, de façon générale, la conception des moteurs thermiques, en particulier des moteurs à quatre temps, à combustion interne et à allumage par compression, tels que les moteurs diesel à injection directe. Plus précisément, l'invention concerne une chambre de combustion pour moteur thermique, comprenant au moins une culasse, un piston, et un injecteur implanté dans la culasse, le piston étant monté coulissant dans un cylindre suivant un axe et présentant une face frontale incluant un téton central, une couronne périphérique, et une dépression ou "bol" définie entre le téton et la couronne, la face frontale du piston et la culasse étant conformés pour donner à la chambre, qu'ils délimitent ensemble dans le cylindre, une forme de Venturi radial présentant en coupe axiale deux zones évasées, respectivement convergente et divergente, séparées par un col. Une chambre de ce type est par exemple décrite dans le document de brevet FR 2 880 915 du même déposant. L'augmentation des puissances spécifiques des moteurs diesel à injection directe a conduit à réduire leurs rapports volumétriques de compression afin de limiter la pression maximale dans le cylindre, cette condition étant perçue comme nécessaire pour préserver la fiabilité des attelages mobiles.  The invention generally relates to the design of heat engines, particularly four-stroke, internal combustion and compression ignition engines, such as direct injection diesel engines. More specifically, the invention relates to a combustion chamber for a heat engine, comprising at least one cylinder head, a piston, and an injector implanted in the cylinder head, the piston being slidably mounted in a cylinder along an axis and having a front face including a central nipple, a peripheral ring, and a depression or "bowl" defined between the nipple and the ring, the front face of the piston and the cylinder head being shaped to give the chamber, which they delimit together in the cylinder, a form of Radial venturi presenting in axial section two flared zones, respectively convergent and divergent, separated by a collar. A chamber of this type is for example described in the patent document FR 2 880 915 of the same applicant. The increase in the specific powers of direct injection diesel engines has led to a reduction in their volumetric compression ratios in order to limit the maximum pressure in the cylinder, this condition being perceived as necessary to preserve the reliability of the mobile couplers.

Les moteurs actuels ont typiquement une puissance spécifique de l'ordre de 60 à 65 kW/L, pour un taux de compression généralement compris entre 15 et 17.  Current engines typically have a specific power of the order of 60 to 65 kW / L, for a compression ratio generally between 15 and 17.

Cette diminution du rapport volumétrique de compression entraîne une altération de la capacité des moteurs diesel à démarrer lorsque la température ambiante est faible, et en particulier pour des températures inférieures à -20 C. En effet, lorsque la température d'admission en entrée du cylindre diminue, la température en fin de compression diminue également.  This reduction in the volumetric compression ratio causes an impairment of the capacity of diesel engines to start when the ambient temperature is low, and in particular for temperatures below -20 C. In fact, when the inlet temperature of the cylinder decreases, the temperature at the end of compression also decreases.

Or, si la température en fin de compression passe au dessous d'un seuil limite qui est fonction de l'architecture du moteur, ce dernier démarre difficilement, voire ne démarre pas du tout. Deux approches sont généralement suivies pour 15 compenser les conditions défavorables de démarrage à froid des moteurs diesel. La première consiste à combattre le froid, par exemple en augmentant la température de la bougie de préchauffage, ou en mettant en place des réchauffeurs 20 d'air à l'admission. Or, les limites technologiques des bougies de préchauffage, en particulier des bougies en céramique haute température, sont aujourd'hui très difficiles à repousser, et la mise en place d'un réchauffeur d'air à 25 l'admission est à la fois coûteuse et intrusive. Le deuxième approche consiste à augmenter la puissance transmise au moteur par le démarreur, ce qui implique d'augmenter la puissance de la batterie alimentant le démarreur. 30 Or, non seulement cette seconde voie d'optimisation est également coûteuse, mais elle pose en outre des problèmes d'encombrement sérieux, gênant la mise en place d'un démarreur plus important sur le moteur et le logement d'une batterie plus encombrante sous le capot. Dans ce contexte, l'invention a pour but de proposer une chambre de combustion permettant d'améliorer la capacité de démarrage à froid du moteur qui en est doté. A cette fin, la chambre de l'invention, par ailleurs conforme à la définition générique qu'en donne le préambule ci-dessus, est essentiellement caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend en outre une bougie implantée dans la culasse, et en ce que l'extrémité chaude de cette bougie est disposée dans le col. Cette chambre est ainsi particulièrement applicable à la réalisation d'un moteur diesel adapté au froid.  However, if the temperature at the end of compression passes below a threshold that is a function of the architecture of the engine, the latter starts with difficulty or does not start at all. Two approaches are generally followed to compensate for the adverse cold start conditions of diesel engines. The first is to combat the cold, for example by increasing the temperature of the glow plug, or by installing air heaters on admission. However, the technological limits of glow plugs, especially high temperature ceramic candles, are now very difficult to push back, and the introduction of an air heater at the inlet is both expensive. and intrusive. The second approach is to increase the power transmitted to the engine by the starter, which involves increasing the power of the battery powering the starter. However, not only this second optimization route is also expensive, but it also poses serious congestion problems, hindering the installation of a larger starter motor and the housing of a larger battery under the hood. In this context, the invention aims to provide a combustion chamber to improve the cold start capability of the engine that is equipped. To this end, the chamber of the invention, moreover in conformity with the generic definition given in the preamble above, is essentially characterized in that it further comprises a candle implanted in the cylinder head, and in that the hot end of this candle is arranged in the neck. This chamber is particularly applicable to the realization of a diesel engine adapted to the cold.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront clairement de la description qui en est faite ci-après, à titre indicatif et nullement limitatif, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels : -les figures 1 à 4 sont des demi vues en coupe axiale d'une chambre de combustion connue du document de brevet précité, FR 2 880 915; et - la figure 5 est une demi vue en coupe axiale d'une chambre de combustion conforme à l'invention.  Other features and advantages of the invention will emerge clearly from the description which is given below, by way of indication and in no way limiting, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIGS. 1 to 4 are half sectional views axial of a combustion chamber known from the aforementioned patent document, FR 2 880 915; and - Figure 5 is a half view in axial section of a combustion chamber according to the invention.

Comme annoncé précédemment, l'invention concerne une chambre de combustion pour moteur thermique du type dit "à col sonique" et décrit dans le document de brevet FR 2 880 915. Cette chambre de combustion comprend une culasse 1, 30 un piston 2 d'axe Z, et un injecteur 3 implanté dans la culasse 1 sur l'axe Z.  As previously announced, the invention relates to a combustion chamber for a heat engine of the so-called "sonic neck" type and described in patent document FR 2 880 915. This combustion chamber comprises a cylinder head 1, a piston 2 of Z axis, and an injector 3 implanted in the yoke 1 on the Z axis.

Le piston 2, qui est monté coulissant dans un cylindre (non représenté) suivant l'axe de symétrie Z de ce piston et de ce cylindre, présente une face frontale incluant un téton central 21, une couronne périphérique 23, et une dépression 22, encore appelée "bol", définie entre le téton 21 et la couronne 23. La culasse 1, qui est généralement plate sur toute sa surface pour un moteur diesel conventionnel, présente dans le cas ici considéré d'une chambre à col sonique une partie conique 11 qui entoure l'injecteur 3, et qui fait face à une partie par exemple plate 211 du téton central 21 du piston 2. Le téton central 21 présente par ailleurs une génératrice inclinée 212 qui conduit à la dépression 22 et qui confère au téton central la forme d'un tronc de cône. La forme du bol 22 du piston 2 et celle de la culasse 1 sont typiquement obtenues par usinage. La face frontale du piston 2 et la culasse 1 sont ainsi conformés pour donner à la chambre, qu'ils délimitent ensemble dans le cylindre, une forme de tuyère ou de Venturi radial présentant, en coupe axiale (c'est-à-dire dans le plan des figures), une zone évasée convergente C, une zone évasée divergente D, et un col K par lequel ces zones C et D se raccordent l'une à l'autre. L'injecteur 3 (figure 1) injecte le carburant dans la chambre par une pluralité de trous placés sur un cône dont l'angle d'ouverture, encore appelé "angle de nappe", 30 est choisi pour que l'axe moyen des jets 4 de carburant passe sensiblement au milieu du col K.  The piston 2, which is slidably mounted in a cylinder (not shown) along the axis of symmetry Z of this piston and of this cylinder, has a front face including a central pin 21, a peripheral ring 23, and a depression 22, also called "bowl", defined between the pin 21 and the ring 23. The cylinder head 1, which is generally flat over its entire surface for a conventional diesel engine, has in this case considered a sonic chamber chamber a conical portion 11 which surrounds the injector 3, and which faces a portion for example flat 211 of the central nipple 21 of the piston 2. The central pin 21 also has an inclined generatrix 212 which leads to the depression 22 and which gives the central nipple the shape of a truncated cone. The shape of the bowl 22 of the piston 2 and that of the cylinder head 1 are typically obtained by machining. The front face of the piston 2 and the cylinder head 1 are thus shaped to give the chamber, which they delimit together in the cylinder, a radial shape of nozzle or venturi having, in axial section (that is to say in the plane of the figures), a convergent flared zone C, a diverging flared zone D, and a neck K through which these zones C and D are connected to each other. The injector 3 (FIG. 1) injects the fuel into the chamber through a plurality of holes placed on a cone whose opening angle, also called "ply angle", is chosen so that the average axis of the jets 4 of fuel passes substantially in the middle of the K-neck.

Chaque jet traverse donc successivement la partie convergente C caractérisée par une réduction de section, le col K, puis la partie divergente D caractérisée par une augmentation de section.  Each jet thus successively crosses the convergent portion C characterized by a section reduction, the neck K, then the diverging portion D characterized by an increase in section.

Plus précisément, au début de la phase d'injection (figure 2), le jet 41 crée, dans la partie convergente C, une surpression qui provoque une augmentation des vitesses d'air 5 dans la zone du col K. Au milieu de la phase d'injection (figure 3), la dépression créée au niveau du col K par l'augmentation des vitesses d'air conduit à une amplification de la vaporisation des jets de carburant 42 et à un meilleur mélange air/carburant. En outre, le col K constitue une singularité géométrique proche du jet et qui conduit à la création d'instabilités aérodynamiques favorables à la pulvérisation du carburant. Ainsi, à la fin de l'injection (figure 4), les jets de carburant 43 pénètrent moins profondément dans la dépression 22 dans la mesure où la phase liquide a été vaporisée plus rapidement. Par ailleurs, les pertes occasionnées lors des transformations successives d'énergie et d'état, à savoir de pression en vitesse dans le convergent C, de phase liquide en phase vapeur dans le col K, et de vitesse en pression dans la divergent D, conduisent également à réduire la pénétration des jets dans le bol 22, donc aussi à réduire l'impact du carburant sur la paroi 221 du bol 22.  More precisely, at the beginning of the injection phase (FIG. 2), the jet 41 creates, in the convergent portion C, an overpressure which causes an increase in the air velocities in the zone of the collar K. In the middle of the injection phase (Figure 3), the depression created at the neck K by increasing air velocities leads to an increase in the vaporization of fuel jets 42 and a better air / fuel mixture. In addition, the K-neck constitutes a geometrical singularity close to the jet and which leads to the creation of aerodynamic instabilities favorable to the spraying of the fuel. Thus, at the end of the injection (FIG. 4), the fuel jets 43 penetrate less deeply into the depression 22 to the extent that the liquid phase has been vaporized more rapidly. Moreover, the losses caused during the successive transformations of energy and state, namely velocity pressure in the convergent C, of liquid phase in vapor phase in the neck K, and pressure velocity in the divergent D, also lead to reducing the penetration of the jets in the bowl 22, thus also to reduce the impact of the fuel on the wall 221 of the bowl 22.

Or, cet impact, qui est naturellement élevé dans des conditions de basse température, conduit à une réduction sensible de la fraction brûlée de carburant, qui s'accompagne de génération de fumées blanches et d'instabilités de combustion rendant nécessaire la surcharge du moteur en débit injecté. Afin de limiter le recours à des artifices de démarrage de plus en plus sophistiqués et donc de plus en plus coûteux, l'invention propose d'associer aux avantages spécifiques d'une chambre de combustion à col sonique, tels que précédemment décrits, l'intérêt d'une bougie de préchauffage judicieusement disposée pour déclencher plus rapidement l'auto-inflammation du jet de carburant. Plus précisément, l'invention prévoit d'associer à une telle chambre à col sonique une bougie de préchauffage 6 implantée dans la culasse 1, et de disposer l'extrémité chaude 60 de cette bougie dans le col K, sensiblement sur l'axe moyen 4 du jet de carburant et de préférence à l'endroit où le col K présente sa section minimale. La chambre de combustion ainsi constituée est 20 idéalement applicable à la réalisation d'un moteur diesel présentant une capacité accrue de démarrage à froid.  However, this impact, which is naturally high under low temperature conditions, leads to a significant reduction in the burned fraction of fuel, which is accompanied by the generation of white smoke and combustion instabilities necessitating the overloading of the engine. flow injected. In order to limit the use of increasingly sophisticated and therefore increasingly expensive starting devices, the invention proposes to combine the specific advantages of a sonic combustion chamber, as previously described, with the advantage of a glow plug wisely arranged to trigger faster self-ignition of the fuel jet. More specifically, the invention provides to associate with such a sonic chamber a glow plug 6 implanted in the cylinder head 1, and to arrange the hot end 60 of the candle in the neck K, substantially on the average axis 4 of the fuel jet and preferably where the neck K has its minimum section. The combustion chamber thus constituted is ideally applicable to the production of a diesel engine having an increased cold start capability.

Claims (2)

REVENDICATIONS . 1. Chambre de combustion pour moteur thermique, comprenant au moins une culasse (1), un piston (2), et un injecteur (3) implanté dans la culasse (1), le piston (2) étant monté coulissant dans un cylindre suivant un axe (Z) et présentant une face frontale incluant un téton central (21), une couronne périphérique (23), et une dépression (22) ou "bol" définie entre le téton et la couronne, la face frontale du piston (2) et la culasse (1) étant conformés pour donner à la chambre, qu'ils délimitent ensemble dans le cylindre, une forme de Venturi radial présentant en coupe axiale deux zones évasées, respectivement convergente (C) et divergente (D), séparées par un col (K), caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend en outre une bougie (6) implantée dans la culasse (1), et en ce que l'extrémité chaude (60) de cette bougie (6) est disposée dans le col (K).  . Combustion chamber for a heat engine, comprising at least one cylinder head (1), a piston (2), and an injector (3) implanted in the cylinder head (1), the piston (2) being slidably mounted in a following cylinder an axis (Z) and having a front face including a central pin (21), a peripheral ring (23), and a depression (22) or "bowl" defined between the pin and the ring, the front face of the piston (2 ) and the yoke (1) being shaped to give to the chamber, which they delimit together in the cylinder, a radial Venturi shape presenting in axial section two flared zones, respectively convergent (C) and divergent (D), separated by a neck (K), characterized in that it further comprises a candle (6) implanted in the cylinder head (1), and in that the hot end (60) of this candle (6) is arranged in the neck (K). 2. Application de la chambre suivant la 20 revendication 1 à la réalisation d'un moteur diesel adapté au démarrage à froid.  2. Application of the chamber according to claim 1 to the production of a diesel engine adapted for cold start.
FR0702276A 2007-03-28 2007-03-28 COMBUSTION CHAMBER FOR THERMAL MOTOR, AND APPLICATION TO A COLD ADJUSTED DIESEL ENGINE. Expired - Lifetime FR2914358B3 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0702276A FR2914358B3 (en) 2007-03-28 2007-03-28 COMBUSTION CHAMBER FOR THERMAL MOTOR, AND APPLICATION TO A COLD ADJUSTED DIESEL ENGINE.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0702276A FR2914358B3 (en) 2007-03-28 2007-03-28 COMBUSTION CHAMBER FOR THERMAL MOTOR, AND APPLICATION TO A COLD ADJUSTED DIESEL ENGINE.

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FR2914358A3 true FR2914358A3 (en) 2008-10-03
FR2914358B3 FR2914358B3 (en) 2009-02-13

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9915190B2 (en) 2015-07-13 2018-03-13 Caterpillar, Inc. Ducted combustion systems utilizing Venturi ducts

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004092556A1 (en) * 2003-04-16 2004-10-28 Westport Research Inc. Internal combustion engine with injection of gaseous fuel
FR2857698A1 (en) * 2003-07-18 2005-01-21 Renault Sa Diesel engine with direct fuel injection has angle between conical combustion chamber surface and cylinder head thrust face made for higher power and less pollution
FR2880915A1 (en) * 2005-01-20 2006-07-21 Renault Sas Diesel internal combustion engine, has cylinder head and piston`s bowl that are provided in combustion chamber and comprise duct shaped part with converging part followed by divergent part to form critical orifice

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004092556A1 (en) * 2003-04-16 2004-10-28 Westport Research Inc. Internal combustion engine with injection of gaseous fuel
FR2857698A1 (en) * 2003-07-18 2005-01-21 Renault Sa Diesel engine with direct fuel injection has angle between conical combustion chamber surface and cylinder head thrust face made for higher power and less pollution
FR2880915A1 (en) * 2005-01-20 2006-07-21 Renault Sas Diesel internal combustion engine, has cylinder head and piston`s bowl that are provided in combustion chamber and comprise duct shaped part with converging part followed by divergent part to form critical orifice

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9915190B2 (en) 2015-07-13 2018-03-13 Caterpillar, Inc. Ducted combustion systems utilizing Venturi ducts

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