FR2861306A1 - Shiitake extract is used in feedstuff compositions for lactating animals to increase the content of immunoglobulins, especially IgA, in their colostrum and milk - Google Patents

Abstract

The use of shiitake extract to prepare a composition intended to increase milk immunoglobulins is new.

Description

USE OF SHIITAKE TO INCREASE RATE

  The invention relates to the field of passive protection of mammals and, more particularly, via breast milk. Thus, the present invention relates to the use of a Shiitake extract to increase the level of dairy immunoglobulins.

  The protection of animals can be ensured by the administration of antibiotics, for both livestock and pets. These have a therapeutic use aimed at eradicating a present infection (curative purpose), or preventing a possible infection (prophylactic goal). But antibiotic use sooner or later leads to the selection of resistant bacteria. The immediate consequence of antibiotic resistance in breeding is therapeutic failure. In addition, for human health, the risk can be twofold: risks posed by residues in meat consumption and risks due to contamination of humans by zoonotic bacteria resistant to antibiotics used in humans.

  Moreover, since the newborn mammal does not have its own functional immune system, the only way for the newborn to survive a viral infection, in particular of digestive origin, is through lactogenic passive immunity, conveyed from mother to offspring via breast secretions (colostrum and milk).

  The present invention therefore aims to provide a composition capable of solving the above problems and in particular by promoting passive immunity of newborn mammals and avoiding the provision of antibiotics.

  The work of the Applicant has made it possible to demonstrate that the use of Shiitake makes it possible to obtain the composition having the desired properties.

  Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) is a mushroom also known as chinese scented mushroom, wood lentin or oak lentin. This edible forest mushroom in Japan is known in many Asian countries (China, Korea, etc ...) as one of the best mushrooms for its taste and fragrance. Shiitake is grown on wood and, in most cases, is used dried. Drying gives the opportunity to preserve it while preserving its aroma and taste.

  The pharmacological effects of Shiitake have been described by the Chinese physician Wu Shui who lived in the Ming Dynasty (1364-1644). According to this doctor, Shiitake increases vigor and vitality and is very effective in the preventive treatment of cerebral hemorrhage. The medical properties of Shiitake have been studied and anti-viral, antibiotic, antitumor and hypolipidemic actions have been demonstrated.

  Thus, the functional properties of several chemical constituents extracted from Shiitake are known since about thirty years.

  Beta glucans, which are polysaccharides isolated from plants including Shiitake, have immunostimulatory properties and preemptively strengthen the nonspecific and specific immune defenses against several infectious agents bacterial, viral and parasitic. Beta glucans (1> 3, 1 → 6) can be used to fight against parasitic infections caused by protozoa such as amoebiasis (Gold et al., 1990, Ann, Trop Med Paras., Vol 84, pages 573-80), leishmaniasis (Goldman et al., 1991, Parasite Immunol., Vol. 13, pages 137-45), trypanosomiasis (Gonzalez et al., 1991, Infect Immunol., Vol. 59, pages 863-867) or coccidiosis (Yun et al., 1998, Microbiol Immunol., vol 42, pp. 457-465).

  In addition to their anti-infectious properties, beta glucans have been studied because of their antitumor properties. Thus, the administration of an aqueous extract of the fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes inhibits the development of experimental tumors induced in mice (Ikekawa et al., 1969, Cancer Res., Vol 29, pages 734-5). Langerin, a polysaccharide isolated from Shiitake, is also described as having antitumor properties (Chihara et al., 1970, Cancer Res., Vol 30, pp. 2776-81).

  Remarkably, the work of the Applicant has made it possible to demonstrate that the oral administration to lactating females of a Shiitake extract promotes the production of immunoglobulins (Ig) and, more particularly, immunoglobulins A (IgA ) by the mammary gland.

  Therefore, the present invention relates to the use of a Shiitake extract for the preparation of a composition for increasing dairy immunoglobulins.

  Breast milk antibodies are proteins grouped into five classes called IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE and IgG. In milk secretory IgA is found. A secretory IgA is formed of two IgA molecules linked by a protein or J chain that protects against digestion.

  These IgAs fight against microorganisms, inhibit viral and bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells.

  In addition, the ratio of immunoglobulin classes changes when switching from colostrum to milk. For example, in sow, - in colostrum, IgG predominate and derive serum from a selective concentration process whereas IgA is synthesized at 60% in the udder, the remaining 40% being from the serum.

  - In milk, IgA is the major immunoglobulin and is synthesized at 80% in the udder.

  The composition of the present invention contains a Shiitake extract. Advantageously, this extract is water-soluble and contains between 5 and 20% by weight of carbohydrate polymers with a molar mass greater than 10 kD.

  More particularly, the extract used comprises: carbohydrate polymers with a molar mass greater than 10 kD (comparable to lentinan or the like). between 5 and 20% and, preferably, 8.9%, of carbohydrate polymers of 1 to 10 kD: between 0 and 5% and, preferably, 1.2%, of the monosaccharides: between 8 and 12% and preferably, 9.5% of the alditols: between 40 and 60% and, preferably, 46.3%, other non-carbohydrate constituents such as minerals and nitrogenous material: between 30 and 40% and preferably 34.1%.

  The Shiitake extract used in the context of the invention is advantageously used between 0.05 and 5 per thousand, preferably between 0.25 and 2.5 per thousand, and even more preferably between 0.25 and 2.5. and 1 per thousand dry weight in the diet. Due to the type of use described in the context of the present invention, it is obvious that, by food ration, the feed ration of pregnant or lactating female mammals is considered.

  Advantageously, the composition which is the subject of the present invention contains between 5 and 50% Shiitake extract and, preferably, 10%.

  The present invention contemplates three preferred forms of implementation, namely: the use of Shiitake extract in the drink of pregnant or lactating female mammals, the Shiitake extract being advantageously water-soluble, the use of Shiitake extract with the other elements of the diet of pregnant or lactating female mammals to prepare a compound food, - the use of Shiitake extract extemporaneously mixed with the diet of pregnant or lactating female mammals.

  Those skilled in the art know different processes for Shiitake extract that can be used in the context of the invention. For example, the methods described by Hirashama et al. (Int.J. antimicrolol Agents, 1999, vol 11, pages 151-7) and in US Patent 4207312. The Shiitake extract used in the context of the invention is advantageously obtained according to the following process: ) harvesting and washing the fruiting bodies of Shiitake, (b) mixing and grinding said fructifications with water, (c) heating between 90 and 100 ° C of the ground mixture thus obtained, (d) removing the insoluble products by filtration, (e) concentration of the supernatant by evaporation under vacuum.

  The composition used in the context of the present invention may further contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of lactogenic active agents, antiseptic active agents, immunomodulatory active agents, vitamins, probiotics, organic acidifiers, other extracts mushrooms and trace elements.

  A preferred lactogenic active in the context of the present invention is galacturonic acid, derived from carrot pectin.

  The antiseptic active agents advantageously used in the context of the present invention are eucalyptus essential oil and / or echinacea essential oil.

  The immunomodulatory active agents advantageously used in the context of the present invention are larch essential oil, thyme essential oil, cinnamon essential oil, perilla essential oil, lemon grass essential oil, essential oil of peppermint and / or garlic essential oil.

  The vitamins advantageously used in the context of the present invention are vitamin C and / or vitamin E. Other mushroom extracts that may be used in the context of the present invention are a Maitake extract and / or a Reishi extract.

  The trace elements advantageously used in the context of the present invention are zinc and / or selenium.

  All these elements that the composition used in the context of the present invention may contain are elements well known to those skilled in the art and commercially available.

  The present invention also relates to the use of a Shiitake extract as defined above for the preparation of a composition intended to increase dairy immunoglobulins and, more particularly, IgA. Preferably, the immunoglobulins and, more particularly, the IgA are increased in the colostrum.

  The present invention is applicable to all types of mammals as well as mammals used in farms such as pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, rabbits and pets such as dogs and cats that the man.

  Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will appear on reading the following examples concerning the study of the effect of a Shiitake extract on the immunoglobulin composition of sow's milk and on piglets fed by said milk. These examples are given for illustrative purposes and can not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention.

1. Experimental conditions.

I.1. Experimental apparatus.

  This test concerns sows from the end of gestation to weaning. As a result, sows stay in the pregnant room and then in the maternity ward.

  The pregnant room has places divided into rows of boxes (sows blocked), on integral grating concrete and do not have a watering trough (watering is provided by the soup). The soup diet is performed in three meals a day automatically followed by two meals of water during the day.

  The room is ventilated but not heated.

  The maternity rooms consist of individual boxes on wire and concrete grating, distributed around a central corridor. Sows have individual troughs and feeding is manual: two meals a day followed by two meals of water.

  Piglets have at the age of seven days of a auget to receive an early feeding and this until weaning. A waterer is installed for each litter. Vacuum ventilation is provided by preheated fresh air intake in the false ceiling and low extraction.

I.2. Animals.

  For each diet, 8 non-primiparous sows of the LW * LR (Large White * LandRace) breed and similar sanitary history are used. The allotment is carried out the day before the trial start date (date of incorporation of Shiitake extract into the diet) and three weeks before the expected date of birth.

  Sows are introduced and allotted in maternity 5 days before farrowing. The birth is caused 24 hours before the scheduled date. Each sow is followed individually and the possible treatments noted on the scopes. Piglets from the same group of sows (test or control) may be adopted in order to obtain homogeneous litters if necessary.

  Piglets from these sows are curly and followed individually. Piglets will be conducted identically to out-of-control driving (antibiotic injection, tail cutting and tooth trimming at MB).

I.3. Experimental foods.

  The extract of Shiitake is diluted in water and distributed once a day in water meals for sows in gestation and maternity room (2gr per 100 ml of water or per kg of food). The quantities of additive distributed will be adjusted to the daily consumption of sows at the rate of 2 kg / ton of food equivalent.

  The pregnant and lactating sow food remains unchanged.

The piglet food remains unchanged.

  II. Assays performed and variables tested.

II.1. Immunoassay

  Two samples of milk were taken per sow: at the time of the Low birth (TMB) and after 7 days of breastfeeding (T7).

  The milk samples are centrifuged. IgA is assayed in sow milk by ELISA technique (IgA pig ELISA Quantification, Bethyl Laboratories, ref E100).

II.2. Zootechnical variables.

  at. Variables measured and listed on piglets are.

  weight at birth, at 7, 14 and 21 days (at weaning), pathologies and deaths (causes), b. The variables calculated on the litters and the piglets are: - the GMQ (Daily Average Gain) of range and individual (0-21j, 0-7j, 7- 14j, 14-21j), - the parameters of technical management such as the number of piglets born alive, weaner pigs, dead piglets at birth, dead piglets during weaning, etc ...

- the frequency of pathologies.

III. Results.

  Regarding the milk content of IgA at parturition, treated sows have higher levels than control sows at the 10% threshold, whereas serum IgA levels remain unchanged between treated and control sows. Table 1 below shows the dosages of IgA in the milk of control sows and treated sows expressed in mg / ml of milk at birth (MB).

Table 1

  Control sows Treats treated with IgA milk MB 6.38 7.88 The litters of treated sows have fewer pathologies after 7 days and 21 days of breastfeeding. It is important to note that more than 95% of pathologies are digestive (diarrhea). Spawns from treated sows show a weight variability that tends to decrease during lactation compared to the control. The range or individual ADGs in the 14-day weaning period are also higher for treated animals.

  Table 2 below shows the average litter sizes of control sows and sows at farrowing (MB), 7 days after farrowing (7d), 14 days after farrowing (14d) and 21 days after farrowing farrowing (21j). These averages relate to the weight of the piglets, the mean daily gain (ADG) of the calculated range of the 7-day MB (0-7 days), 7 days to 14 days (7-14 days), 14 days to 21 days ( 14-21j) and BM at 21 days (0-21j) and the percentage of piglets suffering from Patho 7 days after farrowing (7d), 14 days after farrowing (14d) and 21 days after farrowing (21d).

Table 2

  Control sows Treated sows Weight MB (kg) 11 12.15 Weight 7d (kg) 24 24, 4 Weight 14d (kg) 39 42.4 Weight 21d (kg) 55 60.4 GMQ 0-7d (g / d) 1603 1743 GMQ 7-14d (g / d) 2306 2576 GMQ 14-21d (g / d) 2260 2575 GMQ 0-21d (g / d) 2040 2298 Patho 7d (%) 15 0 Patho 14d (%) 25 19 Patho 21d (%) 21 4

Claims (8)

  1) Use of a Shiitake extract for the preparation of a composition for increasing milk immunoglobulins.   2) Use according to claim 1, characterized in that said Shiitake extract is water soluble.   3) Use according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said Shiitake extract contains between 5 and 20% by weight of carbohydrate polymers of molar mass greater than 10 kD.   4) Use according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said Shiitake extract is used between 0.05 and 5 per thousand by dry weight in the diet.   5) Use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that said composition contains between 5 and 50% Shiitake extract and preferably 10%.   6) Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said composition contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of lactogenic active agents, antiseptic active agents, immunomodulatory active agents, vitamins, probiotics, organic acidifiers , other mushroom extracts and trace elements.   7) Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the increased milk immunoglobulin are IgA.   8) Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the increased milk immunoglobulin are immunoglobulins present in the colostrum.