FR2816307A1 - PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF KETONES - Google Patents

Abstract

The subject of the present invention is a process for the preparation of ketones corresponding to the general formula (I) R1 -CO-R2 in which R1 and R2 are as defined in claim 1, characterized in that it consists in reacting , two carboxylic acids of formula (II), R1 -COOH and of formula (III), R2 -COOH, in the gas phase and in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one at least bivalent metal cation and at least one fluoride anion.

Description

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF KETONES.

  The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of ketones.

  The invention relates in particular to fluorinated ketones and applies more particularly to ketones having at least one fluorine atom, of

  preferably three fluorine atoms in position a with respect to the carbonyl group.

  It is known to prepare an a-trifluorinated ketone according to a process which consists in reacting an organometallic compound with trifluoroacetic acid or its esters [Chem. L. S. et ai, J. Fluorine Chem. VIII, p. 117

(nineteen eighty one)].

  This process suffers from several drawbacks. It comprises several stages, preparation of the organometallic compound from bromobenzene then reaction with trifluoroacetic acid at low temperature (78 C) and hydrolysis which complicates its implementation and it is difficult to transpose to industrial scale. In addition, the reaction yield is not satisfactory

  due to the formation of by-products.

  It is also generally known to prepare a ketone from one or more carboxylic acids according to the Piria reaction which consists in reacting the carboxylic acid (s) in the gas phase, in the presence of a metal oxide which can be chosen from metal oxides

  alkaline, alkaline earth, metal oxides of the Illb, IVb and Vb groups.

  It has now been found that Piria's reaction can be conducted in

presence of a new catalyst.

  More specifically, the subject of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a ketone corresponding to the general formula:

R 1 ',. R2

  O '(I) in which: - R1 and R2, identical or different, represent a hydrocarbon group comprising from 1 to 40 carbon atoms which may be a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched acyclic aliphatic group; a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic group; a chain of the aforementioned groups, - at least one of the groups R1 and R2, does not comprise hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom in position a with respect to the carbonyl group, said process being characterized in that reacting, in the gas phase, - a carboxylic acid of formula (II): R y. OH O (II) in which R1 is as defined above, - and a carboxylic acid of formula (111): HO yR2 (III) in which R2 is as defined above, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one metal cation at

  less bivalent and at least one fluoride anion.

  In accordance with the invention, the starting point is carboxylic acids of formulas (II) and (111) but the invention includes the use of derivatives of carboxylic acids

  such as anhydrides of carboxylic acids or corresponding ketenes.

  The invention makes it possible to obtain symmetrical ketones if in formula (I),

  R1 is identical to R2 and asymmetric ketones if R1 is different from R2.

  More specifically, in formulas (I) to (111), R1 and R2 represent a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may be a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched acyclic aliphatic group; a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic group; a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched aliphatic group,

carrying a cyclic substituent.

  R1 and R2 preferably represent a linear or branched saturated acyclic aliphatic group preferably having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and

  even more preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

  The invention does not exclude the presence of an unsaturation on the hydrocarbon chain such as one or more double bonds which can be

  conjugated or not, or a triple bond.

  The hydrocarbon chain can be optionally interrupted by a heteroatom (for example, oxygen or sulfur) or by a functional group insofar as the latter does not react and a group may be mentioned in particular

such as in particular -CO-.

  The hydrocarbon chain may optionally carry one or more substituents (for example, halogen, ester) insofar as they do not interfere with the ketonization reaction. The acyclic, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched aliphatic group may optionally carry a cyclic substituent. By cycle is meant a

  carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring.

  The acyclic aliphatic group can be linked to the ring by a valential bond, a heteroatom or a functional group such as oxy, carbonyl,

carboxy, sulfonyl etc ...

  As examples of cyclic substituents, it is possible to envisage cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic, in particular cycloaliphatic substituents comprising 6 carbon atoms in the ring or benzenic, these cyclic substituents themselves being optionally carriers of any substituent insofar as they do not do not interfere with the reactions involved in the process of the invention. We can mention in

  in particular, alkyl and alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

  Among the aliphatic groups carrying a cyclic substituent, more particularly are targeted cycloalkylalkyl groups, for example, cyclohexylalkyl or aralkyl groups having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms, in particular benzyl

or phenylethyl.

  In formulas (I) to (111), Ri and R2 may also represent a carbocyclic group, saturated or unsaturated, preferably having 5 or 6 carbon atoms in the ring; a heterocyclic group, saturated or unsaturated, comprising in particular 5 or 6 atoms in the ring including 1 or 2 heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen atoms; an aromatic, monocyclic, preferably phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl or polycyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, preferably condensed or not, preferably

naphthyl.

  As soon as one of the groups R1 and R2 comprises a ring, this can also be substituted. The nature of the substituent can be arbitrary as long as it does not interfere with the main reaction. The number of substituents is generally at most 4 per cycle but most often equal to

1 or 2.

  Among all the meanings given above for R, and R2, they preferably represent a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a phenyl group. As mentioned previously, at least one of the groups R. and R2 does not contain hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom in position a with respect to the carbonyl group. Thus, one of the carbon atoms in the ca position relative to the carbonyl group is a tertiary carbon atom. It can be represented by the formula (R3) (R4) (R5) C - in which R3, R4 and R5 represent in particular, a halogen atom, preferably a fluorine atom; a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; groups R3, R4 and

  R5, which can also form a ring, for example, a phenyl group.

  As examples of carboxylic acids comprising a tertiary carbon atom, mention may be made of pivalic acid, benzoic acid,

perfluorinated carboxylic acids.

  Indeed, the invention applies very particularly to the preparation of fluorinated ketones from carboxylic acids, one of which is at least one fluorinated aliphatic carboxylic acid more particularly corresponding to the formula (la) R -yOH f ( la) in which: - Rf represents a perfluorinated chain of formula: - [CF2] p-CF3

  in said formula, p represents a number ranging from 0 to 10.

  The preferred aliphatic carboxylic acids correspond to the formula (la) in which Rf preferentially represents the groups: -CF3

- CF2-CF3

  The invention also applies to the preparation of fluorinated ketones from fluorinated aromatic carboxylic acids more particularly corresponding to the formula (lib): Rf OH (lib) in which Rf has the meaning given above but represents

  preferably a trifluoromethyl group.

  As examples of carboxylic acids of formula (IIa) or (Lib), there may be mentioned: - trifluoroacetic acid, - pentafluoroacetic acid,

  - o- m- and p-trifluoromethylbenzoic acids.

  As regards the carboxylic acid of formula (111), preference is given to those corresponding to formula (111) in which R2 represents: - a linear or branched alkyl group, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, of preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, - a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, - an aryl group having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably a phenyl or naphthyl group , - an arylalkyl group having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably a

benzyl group.

  As examples of carboxylic acids of formula (lib), there may be mentioned more particularly: - acetic acid, - acetic anhydride, propanoic acid, - butanoic acid,

- pentanoic acid.

  In accordance with the process of the invention, the ketonic reaction of the carboxylic acid is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least

  at least one at least bivalent metal cation and at least one fluoride anion.

  Use is preferably made of a catalyst comprising at least

  a rare earth cation and at least one fluoride anion.

  By "rare earth" is meant the lanthanides having an atomic number of

  57 to 71 and yttrium as well as scandium.

  The catalyst which can be used in the process of the invention comprises a

  active material possibly deposited on an inert support.

  The active ingredient comprises at least one compound comprising an at least divalent metal cation, preferably a rare earth cation and a fluoride anion which can be provided in the form of a simple salt, (most often a rare earth trifluoride) or a double salt providing the fluoride anion such as

  fluocarbonate, fluoborate, fluosilicate etc ...

  It is more particularly a rare earth chosen from lanthanides, yttrium scandium and their mixtures, preferably lanthanides such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium

and the lutetium.

  In the process of the invention, more particularly the

  cerium (111), lanthanum (111) and / or neodymium (111) fluoride.

  The active material can be deposited on a support.

  The nature of the support can be variable. This is how the present invention may be suitable, in particular, active carbon, silica gels, silica-alumina mixtures, alumina, clays (and more particularly, kaolin,

  talc or montmorillonite), bauxite, magnesia and diatomaceous earth.

  In the catalyst, the active phase content represents from 5 to 100% of the

weight of catalyst.

  The catalysts can be in different forms in the process of the invention: powder, shaped products such as granules (for example, extruded or balls), pellets, which are obtained by extrusion, molding,

  compaction or any other type of known process.

  To prepare the supported catalyst useful for the implementation of the process of the present invention, it is possible to use conventional techniques, known in themselves, for the preparation of supported metal catalysts. Reference may be made, in particular, to the preparation of the various catalysts for the work: [J. F. LEPAGE "Contact catalysis", design, preparation and implementation

  using industrial catalysts, Technip Edition (1978)].

  A known method for the preparation of supported catalysts consists in dissolving the rare earth salt chosen in water, and in pouring the solution obtained onto particles of the inert support. The whole is then dried and

  calcined so as to remove the water and leave the active material on the support.

  In accordance with the process of the invention, the ketonization reaction is carried out in the gas phase, bringing the carboxylic acid (II) into contact with

  carboxylic acid (111), in the presence of the catalyst as defined.

  Generally, the quantity of carboxylic acids used is such that the ratio between the number of moles of carboxylic acid (111) and the number

  moles of carboxylic acid (II) varies between 1 and 20, preferably between 3 and 8.

  According to the invention, the process is carried out in the gas phase. This expression is understood to mean that the various reactants are vaporized under the reaction conditions but the process does not exclude the presence of a possible liquid phase resulting either from the physical properties of the reactants, or

  implementation under pressure or the use of an organic solvent.

  The carrier gas is optional and is generally a gas or a mixture of gases not reactive under the reaction conditions. Gases such as nitrogen, air, argon or helium can be used. Advantageously, the volume ratio between the carrier gas and the carboxylic acid (II) varies between 0 and 10, from

preferably between 0.1 and 2.0.

  The temperature of the ketonization reaction is generally between 200 C and 500 C, and preferably 250 C and 450 C, and even more

  preferably between 280 C and 300 C.

  The reaction pressure is preferably atmospheric pressure but it is also possible to carry out the process under reduced pressure which can drop to 100 mm of mercury when the starting reagents

are not very volatile.

  In accordance with the process of the invention, the starting reagents, namely the carboxylic acids, are vaporized. They are introduced in contact with the catalyst,

  preferably entrained by a carrier gas.

  The contact time, which is defined as the ratio between the apparent volume of catalyst and the flow rate of the gas flow (which includes the carrier gas), can vary widely, and is most often between 0.2 and 100 seconds. The

  contact time is preferably chosen between 0.4 and 10 seconds.

  As regards the practical implementation of the invention, one begins by preparing the catalytic bed which is constituted by the catalytic active phase deposited on a support (for example, sintered glass) which allows the circulation of the gases without elution of the catalyst. Then the reagents are used and

several variants are possible.

  It is possible to vaporize each of the reactants (II) and (111), in different chambers, then to carry out the mixing in a mixing chamber and to introduce the resulting gas flow onto the catalyst. The carrier gas can be introduced in parallel with said gas flow or else at the level of the

mixing chamber.

  Another variant consists in preparing a solution comprising the reactants (11) and (111), then in vaporizing said mixture and in introducing it onto the catalyst, in parallel with the carrier gas. Another practical embodiment of the invention consists in melting one of the carboxylic acids by heating it to its melting point and

  a gas stream comprising the other carboxylic acid is passed over it.

  This flux saturates with the first carboxylic acid and is then brought into contact

with the catalyst.

  Another embodiment of the invention is to use an organic solvent, inert under the reaction conditions and which is chosen so that it dissolves the carboxylic acid (II) and the carboxylic acid (111) implemented. According to the invention, use is preferably made of an aprotic solvent having a boiling point above 60 ° C. and preferably between 60 ° C. and

300 C.

  As aprotic solvents which can be used in the process of the invention, there may be mentioned aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylenes; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenzene; cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane; sulfones like the

  dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane cyclic carboxamides such as N-

  methylpyrrolidone; aromatic nitriles such as benzonitrile.

  Several solvents can also be used.

  The quantity of carboxylic acid (II) used in the solvent is generally such that the solvent / carboxylic acid (11) molar ratio is

  between 0 and 20 and preferably between 0 and 5.

  Thus, an organic solution comprising the carboxylic acid (11), the carboxylic acid (111) is prepared, then said mixture is vaporized and introduced onto

  the catalyst, in parallel with the carrier gas.

  At the end of the reaction, all of the gases are condensed and the unreacted reactants and the products obtained are separated by distillation or fractional crystallization. It is also possible to separate these, by fractional condensation. In the more specific case of trifluoroacetone, the latter is

  recovered as a hydrate, by trapping the gas flow in the water.

  w The process of the invention makes it possible preferably to obtain a ketone

  corresponding to formula (I) of perfluorinated type.

  The process of the invention is perfectly suited to the preparation of

m-trifluoroacetophenone.

  The examples which follow illustrate the invention without however limiting it.

EXAMPLES

  In the various examples which follow, the abbreviations TT, RR have the following meaning: number of moles of carboxylic acid transformed Conversion rate = TT = in% number of moles of carboxylic acid introduced number of moles of ketone formed Real Yield = RR = in% number of moles of carboxylic acid introduced

Example 1

  In a cylindrical glass reactor, successively: - 5 ml of quartz - 1 ml of CeF3 catalyst - 5 ml of quartz

  The mixture is heated to 350 ° C. with a nitrogen flow of 2 I / h.

  A mixture of 30 g of acetic acid and 20 g of m- acid is injected

  trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, at a mixing rate of 2 ml / h.

  After 2 hours of reaction, the following results are obtained by gas chromatography: -TT m-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid: 5% - RR m-trifluoromethylacetophenone: 1%

Example 2

  Example 1 is reproduced, but replacing acetic acid with

Acetic anhydride.

  The results obtained are recorded in table (I):

Table I

  TT acid catalyst RR m-trifluoromethyl-

  m-trifluoromethylbenzoic acetophenone LaF3 95% 20% NdF3 98% 22%

Claims (19)

  1 - Process for the preparation of a ketone corresponding to the general formula: R 1'y R2 O (I) in which: - R1 and R2, identical or different, represent a hydrocarbon group comprising from 1 to 40 carbon atoms which can be a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched acyclic aliphatic group; a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic group; a chain of the aforementioned groups, - at least one of the groups R1 and R2, does not comprise hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom in position ax relative to the carbonyl group, said process being characterized in that reacting, in the gas phase, - a carboxylic acid of formula (II): R I'OH   O (II) in which R1 is as defined above, - and a carboxylic acid of formula (111): HO y-R2 O in which R2 is as defined above, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least minus one metal cation at   less bivalent and at least one fluoride anion.   2- A method according to claim 1 characterized in that the catalyst   includes at least one rare earth cation and at least one fluoride anion.   3- A method according to claim 2 characterized in that the catalyst comprises a rare earth chosen from lanthanides, I'yttrium scandium and their mixtures, preferably lanthanides such as lanthanide, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium,   dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium.   4 - Method according to one of claims 2 and 3 characterized in that the   catalyst is cerium (111), lanthanum (111) and / or neodymium fluoride. - Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the carboxylic acids correspond to the formulas (II) or (111) in which R1 and R2 represent: - an acyclic linear or branched aliphatic group, - an acyclic aliphatic group carrying a substituent cyclic, optionally substituted, preferably a benzene ring, which can be linked to the ring by a valential bond, a heteroatom or a functional group, - a carbocyclic group, saturated or not, preferably having 5 or 6 carbon atoms in the ring; a heterocyclic group, saturated or unsaturated, comprising in particular 5 or 6 atoms in the ring including 1 or 2 heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen atoms; an aromatic, monocyclic, preferably phenyl or pyridyl carbocyclic or heterocyclic group or   polycyclic condensed or not, preferably naphthyl.   6 - Process according to claim 5 characterized in that the carboxylic acids correspond to the formulas (II) or (111) in which R1 and R2 represent a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 12 atoms of   carbon, preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a phenyl group.   7 - Method according to one of claims 1, 5 and 6 characterized in that   the carboxylic acid of formula (II) comprises a tertiary carbon atom located in position a with respect to the carbonyl group and which can be represented by the formula (R3) (R4) (R5) C - in which R3, R4 and R5 represent a halogen atom, preferably a fluorine atom; a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; groups R3, R4 and R5, which can   also form a ring, preferably a phenyl group.   8- A method according to claim 7 characterized in that R3, R4 and R5   represent a fluorine atom or a phenyl group.   9- A method according to claim 1 characterized in that the carboxylic acid of formula (II) is a fluorinated aliphatic carboxylic acid corresponding to formula (la): RfR - OH O (lia) in which: - Rf represents a chain perfluorinated with formula: - [CF2] p -CF3   in said formula, p represents a number ranging from 0 to 10.   - Method according to claim 9 characterized in that the carboxylic acid corresponds to formula (la) in which Rf represents the groups: - CF3 - CF2-CF3   11- Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the carboxylic acid of formula (II) is a fluorinated aromatic carboxylic acid corresponding to the formula (lib): Rf OH (llb) in which Rf has the meaning given previously in the claim   8, preferably a trifluoromethyl group.   12- Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the carboxylic acid of formula (la) or (lib) is chosen from - trifluoroacetic acid, - pentafluoroacetic acid,   - o- m- and p-trifluoromethylbenzoic acids.   13- A method according to claim 1 characterized in that the carboxylic acid of formula (111) is a carboxylic acid corresponding to the formula (111i) in which R2 represents: - a linear or branched alkyl group, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, - a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, - an aryl group having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably a phenyl or naphthyl group, an arylalkyl group having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably a benzyl group.   14 - Process according to claim 1 characterized in that the carboxylic acid of formula (111) is chosen from - acetic acid, acetic anhydride, - propanoic acid, - butanofque acid, - pentanoic acid.   - Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the carboxylic acid of formula (II) is trifluoroacetic acid and the acid of formula (111) is acetic acid.   16 - Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the amount of carboxylic acids used is such that the ratio between the number of moles of carboxylic acid (111) and the number of moles of carboxylic acid (II)   varies between 1 and 20, preferably between 3 and 8.   17- The method of claim 1 characterized in that the contact time which is defined as the ratio between the apparent volume of catalyst and the flow rate of the gas flow (which includes the carrier gas), is between 0.2 and 100   seconds, preferably between 0.4 and 10 seconds.   18- The method of claim 1 characterized in that one implements a carrier gas or a mixture of non-reactive gases under the conditions of   the reaction, preferably nitrogen, air, argon or helium.   19- A method according to claim 18 characterized in that the volume ratio between the carrier gas and the carboxylic acid (II) varies between 0 and 10, of preferably between 0.1 and 2.0.   20- A method according to claim 1 characterized in that one uses an organic solvent, preferably aprotic, which solubilizes the carboxylic acids. 21 - Process according to claim 1 characterized in that the temperature of the ketonization reaction is between 200 C and 500 C, and preferably 250 C and 450 C, and even more preferably between 280 C and 300 C.   22- A method according to claim 1 characterized in that the pressure   reaction is atmospheric pressure.   23- A method according to claim 1 characterized in that one vaporizes the starting reagents namely the carboxylic acids and then they are introduced into the   contact with the catalyst, preferably entrained by a carrier gas.