FR2567682A1 - Electron multiplying device with stabilised gain - Google Patents

Electron multiplying device with stabilised gain Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2567682A1
FR2567682A1 FR8411097A FR8411097A FR2567682A1 FR 2567682 A1 FR2567682 A1 FR 2567682A1 FR 8411097 A FR8411097 A FR 8411097A FR 8411097 A FR8411097 A FR 8411097A FR 2567682 A1 FR2567682 A1 FR 2567682A1
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France
Prior art keywords
gain
temperature
stabilised
active layer
layer
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FR8411097A
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French (fr)
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FR2567682B1 (en
Inventor
Claude Boiziau
Claude Faure
Georges Germain
Claude Le Gressus
Jean-Pierre Vigouroux
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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Priority to FR8411097A priority Critical patent/FR2567682B1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04Electron multipliers

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  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)

Abstract

The device comprises means of regulating the temperature of the active layer of the dynodes about 0 DEG C.

Description

DISPOSITIF MULTIPLICATEUR D'ELECTRONS A GAIN STABILISE
La présente invention a pour objet un dispositif multiplicateur dlélectrons à gain stabilisé.
STABILIZED GAIN ELECTRON MULTIPLIER
The present invention relates to an electron multiplier device with stabilized gain.

Un dispositif multiplicateur d'e'lectrons comprend classiquement des dynodes constituées chacune par une couche active capable, sous l'effet d'un bombardement par des électrons dits primaires, de réémettre des lectrons dits secondaires, ces derniers etant en nombre supérieur aux preniers. OW obtient ainsi un facteur multiplicateur, ou gain, supérieur à l'unité.  An electron multiplier device conventionally comprises dynodes each consisting of an active layer capable, under the effect of bombardment by so-called primary electrons, of re-emitting so-called secondary electrons, the latter being in greater number than the captors. OW thus obtains a multiplier factor, or gain, greater than unity.

Bien que l'on s'efforce de maintenir les conditions opératoires constantes (tensions stabilisé see, vide partiel dans le dispositif) on constate que les caractéristiques d'un tel dispositif, et notamment son gain, varient. Although efforts are made to keep the operating conditions constant (stabilized voltages see, partial vacuum in the device), it can be seen that the characteristics of such a device, and in particular its gain, vary.

La présente invention a pour but de remédier à cet inconvénient. A cette fin, l'invention préconise de munir le dispositif de moyens aptes à réguler la température des dynodes autour de 0 C. Le dispositif peut également comprendre des moyens aptes à réguler le pression partielle qui règne dans 1 enceinte du dispositif, ces deux moyens pouvant d'ailleurs etre confondus si l'enceinte est fermée : il suffit alors de réguler la température de l'ensemble du dispositif autour de 0 C.  The object of the present invention is to remedy this drawback. To this end, the invention recommends providing the device with means capable of regulating the temperature of the dynodes around 0 C. The device may also include means capable of regulating the partial pressure which prevails in 1 enclosure of the device, these two means can also be confused if the enclosure is closed: it then suffices to regulate the temperature of the entire device around 0 C.

Sans que la portée de l'invention dépende de quelque manière de l'interprétation qui suit, les inventeurs pensent pouvoir donner de ce résultat surprenant l'explication suivante. Without the scope of the invention in any way depending on the interpretation which follows, the inventors think they can give this surprising result the following explanation.

Dans l'atmosphère résiduelle de l'enceinte d'un tube multiplicateur d'électrons règne une pression partielle d'eau non nulle. Une couche d'eau monomoléculaire peut être adsorbée sur la couche de maté riau actif des dynodes. On sait que la présence de traces d'eau multiplie par plusieurs centaines le coefficient d'émission secondaire, par mise en oeuvre d'un effet tunnel résonnant. Les inventeurs ont montré que cette eau pouvait etre désorbée sous l'effet du bombardement électronique et qu'il s'agit là d'une des sources principales de l'instabilité du gain. Si, selon l'invention, on régule la température de la couche active des dynodes autour de 00C, on stabilise la couche d'eau adsorbée, donc 1 gain du dispositif.La couche d'eau adsorbée entraîne d'autres bienfaits car elle empêche le vieillissement de la couche active, en régénérant la sous-couche dont les atomes d'oxygène ont tendance à disparaître par désorption électroniquement stimulée et un retardant l'adsorption de contaminants. In the residual atmosphere of the enclosure of an electron multiplier tube, there is a non-zero partial pressure of water. A layer of monomolecular water can be adsorbed on the layer of active material of the dynodes. We know that the presence of traces of water multiplies the secondary emission coefficient by several hundred, by implementing a resonant tunnel effect. The inventors have shown that this water could be desorbed under the effect of electronic bombardment and that this is one of the main sources of the instability of gain. If, according to the invention, the temperature of the active layer of the dynodes is regulated around 00C, the layer of adsorbed water is stabilized, therefore 1 gain of the device. The layer of adsorbed water has other benefits because it prevents the aging of the active layer, by regenerating the sub-layer whose oxygen atoms tend to disappear by electronically stimulated desorption and delaying the adsorption of contaminants.

La régulation de température peut être obtenue par effet Peltier. Temperature regulation can be obtained by the Peltier effect.

L'eau peut être remplacée par une autre molécule susceptible de produire le même effet tunnel. Water can be replaced by another molecule capable of producing the same tunneling effect.

Cette molécule doit entre de préférence oxydante pour régénérer la sous-couche, et doit présenter une énergie de chimisorption supérieure à celle des contaminants pour en retarder l'adsorption.This molecule must preferably be oxidizing to regenerate the undercoat, and must have a higher chemisorption energy than that of the contaminants to delay adsorption.

I1 semble préférable que la couche d'eau adsorbée sur la couche active soit au maximum une couche monomoléculaire. Mais cette couche peut ne recouvrir que partiellement la couche active. It seems preferable that the layer of water adsorbed on the active layer is at most a monomolecular layer. However, this layer may only partially cover the active layer.

De façon précise, l'invention a donc pour objet un dispositif multiplicateur d'électrons à gain stabilisé comprenant des dynodes présentant une couche active à émission électronique secondaire, ce dispositif étant caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend des moyens de régulation de la température de la couche active autour de OOC.  Specifically, the invention therefore relates to an electron multiplier device with stabilized gain comprising dynodes having an active layer with secondary electronic emission, this device being characterized in that it comprises means for regulating the temperature of the active layer around OOC.

De toute façon, les caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront mieux après la description qui suit, d'un exemple de réalisation donné à titre explicatif, en référence à une figure unique annexée. In any case, the characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear better after the description which follows, of an exemplary embodiment given by way of explanation, with reference to a single appended figure.

Sur la figure unique annexée, le dispositif représenté est du typephotomultiplicateur et il comprend une photocathode Il, des dynodes 12 et une anode 13. Selon l'invention, ce tube est disposé dans une chambre thermostatée 14 munie d'un hublot 15 et d'un conduit 16 où circule un fluide réfrigérant apte Et maintenir le photomultiplicateur aux environs de 0 C (c'est-à-dire en pratique entre environ -10 C et 2 C). In the single appended figure, the device shown is of the photomultiplier type and it comprises a photocathode II, dynodes 12 and an anode 13. According to the invention, this tube is placed in a thermostated chamber 14 provided with a porthole 15 and a conduit 16 in which a suitable refrigerant circulates And maintain the photomultiplier around 0 C (that is to say in practice between approximately -10 C and 2 C).

Un thermocouple 17 permet de mesurer cette température. Un comparateur 18, qui reçoit une valeur de consigne Tc' est relié par ailleurs au thermocouple. Il engendre un signal d'erreur qui agit sur une électro- vanne 20, laquelle s'ouvre Si la température est trop élevée et se ferme si la température est trop basse. A thermocouple 17 makes it possible to measure this temperature. A comparator 18, which receives a set value Tc 'is also connected to the thermocouple. It generates an error signal which acts on a solenoid valve 20, which opens if the temperature is too high and closes if the temperature is too low.

Dans une telle installation, la pression partielle d'eau se trouve automatiquement stabilisée puisque le tube photomultiplicateur est fermé et possède une température constante. Dans une installation qui serait ouverte (sur une chambre de mesure par exemple), on pourrait munir chaque dynode d'un support thermostaté (par effet Peltier par exemple).  In such an installation, the partial water pressure is automatically stabilized since the photomultiplier tube is closed and has a constant temperature. In an installation which would be open (on a measurement chamber for example), each dynode could be provided with a thermostated support (by Peltier effect for example).

Claims (1)

REVENDICATIONS l. Dispositif multiplicateur d'électrcns à gain stabilisé comprenant des dynodes présentant une couche active à émission électronique secondaire, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend des moyens de régulation de la température de la couche active autour de 0 C. l. Stabilized gain electron multiplier device comprising dynodes having an active layer with secondary electronic emission, characterized in that it comprises means for regulating the temperature of the active layer around 0 C. 2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 caractérisé par le fait que les moyens de régulation de température sont aptes à réguler la température de l'ensemble du dispositif autour de OOC,  2. Device according to claim 1 characterized in that the temperature regulation means are capable of regulating the temperature of the entire device around OOC,
FR8411097A 1984-07-12 1984-07-12 STABILIZED GAIN ELECTRON MULTIPLIER Expired FR2567682B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8411097A FR2567682B1 (en) 1984-07-12 1984-07-12 STABILIZED GAIN ELECTRON MULTIPLIER

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8411097A FR2567682B1 (en) 1984-07-12 1984-07-12 STABILIZED GAIN ELECTRON MULTIPLIER

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FR2567682A1 true FR2567682A1 (en) 1986-01-17
FR2567682B1 FR2567682B1 (en) 1986-11-14

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2609211A1 (en) * 1986-10-01 1988-07-01 Galileo Electro Optics Corp HIGH FREQUENCY MICROCHANNEL GALETTE DEVICE
WO2022032335A1 (en) * 2020-08-14 2022-02-17 Adaptas Solutions Pty Ltd Electron multipliers having improved gain stability

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3555333A (en) * 1968-10-17 1971-01-12 Wagner Electric Corp Electron multiplier tube having combined supporting-cooling means

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3555333A (en) * 1968-10-17 1971-01-12 Wagner Electric Corp Electron multiplier tube having combined supporting-cooling means

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 19, no. 6, mars 1980, pages 832-834, New York, US; P.A.BENEDETTI et al.: "Thermoelectric photocathode cooler allowing rapid interchange of end-on photomultipliers" *
RADIO, FERNSEHEN, ELEKTRONIK, vol. 26, no. 21/22, novembre 1977, pages 702-708, Berlin, DD; J.KULLMANN et al.: "Anwendung von Fotovervielfachern" *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2609211A1 (en) * 1986-10-01 1988-07-01 Galileo Electro Optics Corp HIGH FREQUENCY MICROCHANNEL GALETTE DEVICE
BE1000539A5 (en) * 1986-10-01 1989-01-24 Galileo Electro Optics Corp Cake microchannel a higher rate.
WO2022032335A1 (en) * 2020-08-14 2022-02-17 Adaptas Solutions Pty Ltd Electron multipliers having improved gain stability
US11948785B2 (en) 2020-08-14 2024-04-02 Adaptas Solutions Pty Ltd Electron multipliers having improved gain stability

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