FR2495191A1 - Inspection appts. for sacrificial anodes - which provide cathodic protection for pipeline carrying oil, where oil flow drives appts. through pipe - Google Patents

Inspection appts. for sacrificial anodes - which provide cathodic protection for pipeline carrying oil, where oil flow drives appts. through pipe Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2495191A1
FR2495191A1 FR8025521A FR8025521A FR2495191A1 FR 2495191 A1 FR2495191 A1 FR 2495191A1 FR 8025521 A FR8025521 A FR 8025521A FR 8025521 A FR8025521 A FR 8025521A FR 2495191 A1 FR2495191 A1 FR 2495191A1
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FR
France
Prior art keywords
pipeline
appts
pipe
brushes
cylinders
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
FR8025521A
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French (fr)
Inventor
Edouard Ramaut
Patrick Scemama
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
PIPELINE SERVICE
Original Assignee
PIPELINE SERVICE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by PIPELINE SERVICE filed Critical PIPELINE SERVICE
Priority to FR8025521A priority Critical patent/FR2495191A1/en
Publication of FR2495191A1 publication Critical patent/FR2495191A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/04—Controlling or regulating desired parameters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L55/00—Devices or appurtenances for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems
    • F16L55/26—Pigs or moles, i.e. devices movable in a pipe or conduit with or without self-contained propulsion means
    • F16L55/28—Constructional aspects
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L2101/00—Uses or applications of pigs or moles
    • F16L2101/40—Separating transported fluids

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)

Abstract

The appts. consists of two drums connected by a universal joint. Each drum has a ring baffle, so it is carried through a pipeline by the fluid flowing along the latter. Each drum carries a circular wire brush insulated electrically from the drum. The two brushes are connected to a microvoltmeter measuring the electric current flowing through the wall of the pipeline due to the sacrifial anodes. One drum also carries a roller in which magnets are embedded to create pulses indicating the distance travelled by the drums. The pulses are used to correlate the microvoltages obtd. with the position of the brushes in the pipeline. Used esp. for the protection against corrosion of underwater pipelines carrying oil. Inspection can be undertaken without interrupting the flow of oil through the pipeline.

Description

La présente invention a trait au domaine du contrôle du bon etatdes canalisations de transport de fluide, notamment despipe-lines immerges en mer et dans lesquels peuvent circuler divers fluides comme par exemple du pétrole brut. Elle concerne tout spécialement un appareil destine à vérifier par l'intérieur d'une canalisation le bon fonctionnement des anddes solubles destines à jouer le rôle de protecteurs anti-corrosion de la. canalisation métallique
On -s-ait que, pour assurer une. protection.contre la corrosion des longs pipe-lines, notamment ceux immerges en mer, on fixe à l'extérieur-des canalisations et a intervalles réguliers des anodes solubles qui délivrent progressivement un courant électrique de protection cathodique.The present invention relates to the field of checking the good condition of the fluid transport pipes, in particular pipelines submerged at sea and in which various fluids can circulate, such as, for example, crude oil. It especially relates to an apparatus intended to verify from the inside of a pipeline the proper functioning of soluble anddes intended to play the role of anti-corrosion protectors. metal pipeline
We do that, to ensure a. protection.control corrosion of long pipelines, especially those submerged at sea, are fixed outside-pipes and at regular intervals soluble anodes which gradually deliver an electric current of cathodic protection.

Jusqu'à ce jour, les moyens de vérification de ces anodes solubles sont constitués par des systèmes que l'on doit immerger au voisinage du pipe-line ou encore qui sont d mettre en contact avec les parois externes de celui-ci. De ce fait, les appareils mis en oeuvre doivent être manipulés par des plongeurs ou transportes par sous-marins ; selon la variante précitée, ils sont télécommandés depuisla surface.de l'eau. Ces procédés sont d'exploitation onéreuse et leur champ d'application est limité par les problèmes de profondeur et de conditions météorologiques. To date, the means of verification of these soluble anodes consist of systems which must be immersed in the vicinity of the pipeline or which are to be brought into contact with the external walls of the latter. Therefore, the devices used must be handled by divers or transported by submarines; according to the aforementioned variant, they are remote-controlled from the surface of the water. These methods are expensive to operate and their field of application is limited by problems of depth and weather conditions.

L'invention vise à remédier 9. ces inconvénients et a pour but de proposer. un procé.dé et appareillage à fonctionnement automatique permettant d'sffectuer le contrôle des anodes solubles en restant à l'abri de l'environnement extérieur du pipe-line, Elle offre cet effet un contrôleur intra-tube apte. être mis en.place et à fonctionner à l'intérieur de la tuyauterie, pendant l'exploitation de cette der nire,-au même titre que.ies racleurs connus de.pipe-1nes qui sont
lancés. dans les canalisations a partir des gares. ou stations prévues à cet effet.En.outre, un tel contrôleur présente l'avantage d'être propulsé directement par le fluide transporté dans la canalisation, L'énergie utilisée pour le déplacement étant donc délivrée par les pompes qui existent normalement sur l'installation. The invention aims to remedy 9. these drawbacks and aims to propose. a process and apparatus with automatic functioning allowing to carry out the control of the soluble anodes while remaining sheltered from the external environment of the pipeline, It offers this effect a suitable intra-tube controller. be put in place and operate inside the piping, during the operation of the latter, in the same way as the known pigs of pipette which are
launched. in the pipelines from the stations. or stations provided for this purpose. In addition, such a controller has the advantage of being propelled directly by the fluid transported in the pipeline, the energy used for the displacement therefore being delivered by the pumps which normally exist on the installation.

Le nouveau dispositif selon.l'invention est essentiellement constitué par la combinaison de : deux cylindres étanches reliés par
chacun articulation mis/de coupelles de propulsion et d'une brosse métal .tique circulaire en contact avec la canalisation mais isolée,electri- quement desdits cylindres ; avec un bras articulé solidaire des cylindres et portant à ses extrémités d'un côte une roulette d'appui sur la paroi interne de la canalisation et, de l'autre coté, une roulette dite "active" munie d'aimants, cette dernière étant connectée par cable, ainsi que ehacune des brosses, à une unité de comptage d'impulsions électriques et de stockage d'informations ; les différences de potentiel, qui apparaissent entre deux points le long des parois internes de la canalisation du fait du courant de protection cathodique, sont ainsi mesurées par les brosses métalliques et enregistrées dans l'unité de mise en mémoire des informations.The new device according to the invention essentially consists of the combination of: two sealed cylinders connected by
each articulation put / of propulsion cups and of a circular metallic brush in contact with the pipeline but electrically insulated from said cylinders; with an articulated arm secured to the cylinders and carrying at its ends on one side a support wheel on the internal wall of the pipe and, on the other side, a so-called "active" wheel fitted with magnets, the latter being connected by cable, as well as each of the brushes, to an electrical pulse counting and information storage unit; the potential differences, which appear between two points along the internal walls of the pipe due to the cathodic protection current, are thus measured by the metal brushes and recorded in the information storage unit.

En pratique, les deux cylindres de base sont reliés par cardans ou système équivalent et fonctionnent comme un train de racleurs munis de leurs coupelles et entraînés- par la circulation du fluide qui alimente le pipe-line à contrôler. In practice, the two basic cylinders are connected by cardans or equivalent system and operate like a train of scrapers fitted with their cups and driven by the circulation of the fluid which feeds the pipeline to be checked.

Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, les brosses métalliques explorent de point eh point toute la ligne de circulation de fluide et permettent laemesure des différences de potentiel générées par le courant de protection cathodique émis par les anodes solubles et qui-eircule dans la paroi du pipe-line. Par ailleurs, la roulette active à aimants périphériques provoque la création d'impulsions électriques qui permettent des comptages à distance et la mesure de la vitesse du train de cylindres. According to a characteristic of the invention, the metal brushes explore point by point the entire fluid circulation line and allow the measurement of potential differences generated by the cathodic protection current emitted by the soluble anodes and which circulates in the wall of the pipeline. In addition, the active wheel with peripheral magnets causes the creation of electrical pulses which allow remote counting and measurement of the speed of the train of cylinders.

D'autres caractéristiques-apparaîtront au cours de la description qui suit, relative à un mode de réalisation non limitatif illustré par la figure I (unique) qui représente un type de-dispositif conforme à la définition générale de l'invention. Other characteristics will appear during the description which follows, relating to a nonlimiting embodiment illustrated by FIG. I (single) which represents a type of device in accordance with the general definition of the invention.

L'appareil', très schématiquement représenté sur cette figure est conçu pour être mis en place à l'intérieur de la canalisation (ou pipe-line) 1, sur laquelle sont normalement installés des systèmes d'anodes solubles 2, ou autre moyen équivalent, qui délivrent un courant de protection cathodique anti-corrosion dont. la circulation est figurée par des petites flèches le-long de la paroi 1.
Il se compose-de deux mobiles 3 et 4, du-type racleurs cylindriques munis de leurs coupelles (5, 6) en appui sur la paroi l et reliés par cardans 7 ou- autre articulation similaire Chaque cylindre (3, 4) est équipé d'une brosse métallique circulaire (8, 9) en contact avec la tuyauterie I mais isolée électriquement de sen ensemble porteur. Chaque brosse est -reliée par -cable- 10 à un appareil de-mesure,
par exemple microvolmètre 11, qui delivre ses informations à l'unité de stockage d'informations 12 constitué par exemple par un magnétophone ou une série de mémoires.Le cylindre de tête 3 est muni d'une batterie d'accumulateurs 13.The device ', very schematically shown in this figure is designed to be placed inside the pipe (or pipeline) 1, on which are normally installed soluble anode systems 2, or other equivalent means , which deliver a cathodic anti-corrosion protection current including. circulation is represented by small arrows along the wall 1.
It consists of two mobiles 3 and 4, of the cylindrical scraper type provided with their cups (5, 6) bearing on the wall l and connected by cardan joints 7 or- other similar articulation Each cylinder (3, 4) is equipped a circular metal brush (8, 9) in contact with the piping I but electrically insulated from its carrier assembly. Each brush is -connected by -cable- 10 to a measuring device,
for example microvolmeter 11, which delivers its information to the information storage unit 12 constituted for example by a tape recorder or a series of memories. The head cylinder 3 is provided with an accumulator battery 13.

Le dispositif comporte en outre, solidaire du cylindre 4, un bras articulé 14 dont les branches sont maintenues par ressort articulé 15 et comportent sur une extrémité une roue d'appui 16 circulant sur la paroi 1 et, à l'autre extrémité, une roulette 17 comportant à sa périphérie des aimants incrustés 18 qui actionnent, lors de la rotation de la roulette, un interrupteur à lames souples 19, lequel délivre des impulsions permettant le comptage de la distance parcourue ainsi que la vitesse d'avancement de l'ensemble. Ces données sont également transmises par cable 20 à l'unité de stockage 12, après traitement et mise en forme par un circuit électronique. The device further comprises, integral with the cylinder 4, an articulated arm 14 whose branches are held by articulated spring 15 and comprise on one end a support wheel 16 circulating on the wall 1 and, at the other end, a caster 17 comprising at its periphery inlaid magnets 18 which actuate, during the rotation of the caster, a switch with flexible blades 19, which delivers pulses allowing the counting of the distance traveled as well as the speed of advance of the assembly. These data are also transmitted by cable 20 to the storage unit 12, after processing and shaping by an electronic circuit.

L'ensemble du contrôleur intra-tube (3, 4, 14) est propulsé dans le sens de la flèche 21 par le fluide de la canalisation à contrôler, par exemple du pétrole brut, à une vitesse prédéterminée de l'ordre de 1 à 1,5 mètre par seconde. The entire intra-tube controller (3, 4, 14) is propelled in the direction of arrow 21 by the fluid in the pipeline to be controlled, for example crude oil, at a predetermined speed of the order of 1 to 1.5 meters per second.

Lors de son avancement automatique au sein du pipe-line, le contrôleur mesure en continu, grâce à ses brosses métalliques (8, 9) qui explorent la ligne, la différence de potentiel entre deux points de la tuyauterie. Cette différence de potentiel es-t provoquée par la résistivité du métal du pipe-line soumis au courant de protection cathodique généré par les anodes solubles (2). A l'extrémité du pipe-line, les informations enregistrées dans l'unité 12 sont extraites de l'appareil et reproduites sur papier de façon à obtenir l'image de l'évolution de densité de courant de protection cathodique en fonction de la longueur de la ligne. Cette image permet de vérifier en tous points du pipe-line le bon fonctionnement des anodes solubles. During its automatic advancement within the pipeline, the controller continuously measures, using its metal brushes (8, 9) which explore the line, the potential difference between two points in the piping. This difference in potential is caused by the resistivity of the metal of the pipeline subjected to the cathodic protection current generated by the soluble anodes (2). At the end of the pipeline, the information recorded in unit 12 is extracted from the device and reproduced on paper so as to obtain the image of the evolution of cathodic protection current density as a function of length. of the line. This image makes it possible to check at all points of the pipeline the correct functioning of the soluble anodes.

L'invention n'est bien entendu pas limitée au mode d'exécution susdécrit et s'étend à tous les équivalents techniques visant le même but par des moyens de même fonction.  The invention is of course not limited to the embodiment described above and extends to all technical equivalents aiming at the same goal by means of the same function.

Claims (4)

REVENDICATIONS 1. Dispositif pour le contrôle à l'intérieur et pendant l'exploitation d'un pipe-line (1), du fonctionnement des anodes solubles (2) de protection cathodique contre la corrosion, caractérisé en ce qu il est constitué par la combinaison de : deux cylindres étanches (3, 4) reliés par articulation (7), munis chacun de coupelles de propulsion (5, 6) et d'une brosse métallique circulaire (8, 9) en contact avec la canalisation (1) mais isolée électriquement desdits cylindres ; avec un bras articulé (14) solidaire des cylindres et portant à ses deux extrémités d'un côte une roulette (15) d'appui sur la paroi interne de la canalisation (1), de l'autre coté une roulette "active" (17) munie d'aimants (18), cette dernière étant reliée par cable (20) -ainsi que chacune desdites brosses (8, 9)- à une unité mesure et de de comptage d'imputsions et de stockage d'informations (12) ; les différences de potentiel, générées entre deux points le long des parois internes de la canalisation du fait du courant de protection cathodique, étant mesurées par les brosses métalliques (8, 9) et enregistrées dans ladite unité. 1. Device for the control inside and during the operation of a pipeline (1), of the functioning of the soluble anodes (2) of cathodic protection against corrosion, characterized in that it consists of the combination of: two sealed cylinders (3, 4) connected by articulation (7), each provided with propulsion cups (5, 6) and a circular metallic brush (8, 9) in contact with the pipe (1) but isolated electrically from said cylinders; with an articulated arm (14) integral with the cylinders and carrying at its two ends on one side a caster (15) bearing on the internal wall of the pipe (1), on the other side an "active" caster ( 17) provided with magnets (18), the latter being connected by cable (20) - as well as each of said brushes (8, 9) - to a measurement and counting unit for imputation and storage of information (12 ); the potential differences, generated between two points along the internal walls of the pipe due to the cathodic protection current, being measured by the metal brushes (8, 9) and recorded in said unit. 2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le premier cylindre (3), muni de batteries d'alimentation (13), est connecté par cardans (7) au second cylindre (4), l'ensemble des cylindres et du bras (14) étant propulsé en rotation par le fluide circulant dans le pipe-line. 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the first cylinder (3), provided with supply batteries (13), is connected by cardans (7) to the second cylinder (4), all the cylinders and the arm (14) being propelled in rotation by the fluid circulating in the pipeline. 3. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les aimants (18) de la roulette dite "active", situés à la périphérie de celle-ci, actionnent un interrupteur à lames souples (19) dont les impulsions sont dirigées par le câble (20) à l'unité de comptage (12) et en ce que les brosses (8, 9) sont reliées par des éléments de cable (10) à un microvoltmetre (11) qui transmet lui-même ses infolmations à ladite unité. 3. Device according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the magnets (18) of the so-called "active" roller, located at the periphery thereof, actuate a switch with flexible blades (19), the pulses are directed by the cable (20) to the counting unit (12) and in that the brushes (8, 9) are connected by elements of cable (10) to a microvoltmetre (11) which transmits itself even his information to the said unit. 4. Dispositif selon la revendication 3, caracteriseven ce que l'unité du comptage et de stockage d'informations (12) est constituée par des mémoires électroniques ou par un magnétophone.  4. Device according to claim 3, caracteriseven that the unit for counting and storing information (12) is constituted by electronic memories or by a tape recorder.
FR8025521A 1980-12-02 1980-12-02 Inspection appts. for sacrificial anodes - which provide cathodic protection for pipeline carrying oil, where oil flow drives appts. through pipe Withdrawn FR2495191A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8025521A FR2495191A1 (en) 1980-12-02 1980-12-02 Inspection appts. for sacrificial anodes - which provide cathodic protection for pipeline carrying oil, where oil flow drives appts. through pipe

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8025521A FR2495191A1 (en) 1980-12-02 1980-12-02 Inspection appts. for sacrificial anodes - which provide cathodic protection for pipeline carrying oil, where oil flow drives appts. through pipe

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FR2495191A1 true FR2495191A1 (en) 1982-06-04

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4230401A1 (en) * 1991-09-16 1993-03-18 Ludwig Rinner Vibratory transport system - has elastic supporting members on housing protruding towards surface and inclined to feed direction
WO1997011307A1 (en) * 1995-09-22 1997-03-27 University Of Durham Surface traversing vehicle
US6460616B1 (en) 1996-08-15 2002-10-08 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Traction apparatus
US6722442B2 (en) 1996-08-15 2004-04-20 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Subsurface apparatus
US6775872B1 (en) 1998-01-17 2004-08-17 University Of Durham Surface-traversing vehicle
WO2005075708A1 (en) * 2004-01-30 2005-08-18 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. System and method for measuring electric current in a pipeline
US6953086B2 (en) 2000-11-24 2005-10-11 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Bi-directional traction apparatus
US7051587B2 (en) 2003-04-30 2006-05-30 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Traction apparatus
WO2008110625A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Caen Rfid S.R.L. Apparatus for measuring sacrificial anode wear
US7821247B2 (en) 2005-01-27 2010-10-26 Shell Oil Company System and method for measuring electric current in a pipeline

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2980854A (en) * 1956-06-28 1961-04-18 Gulf Research Development Co Pipeline surveying
US3284702A (en) * 1963-04-26 1966-11-08 Camco Inc Apparatus for detecting coating holidays in metal pipeline walls utilizing helically wound pick-up coils and selfcontained power system
US4061965A (en) * 1976-05-24 1977-12-06 Mobil Oil Corporation Method and apparatus for monitoring a cathodically protected corrodible hollow member

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2980854A (en) * 1956-06-28 1961-04-18 Gulf Research Development Co Pipeline surveying
US3284702A (en) * 1963-04-26 1966-11-08 Camco Inc Apparatus for detecting coating holidays in metal pipeline walls utilizing helically wound pick-up coils and selfcontained power system
US4061965A (en) * 1976-05-24 1977-12-06 Mobil Oil Corporation Method and apparatus for monitoring a cathodically protected corrodible hollow member

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4230401A1 (en) * 1991-09-16 1993-03-18 Ludwig Rinner Vibratory transport system - has elastic supporting members on housing protruding towards surface and inclined to feed direction
WO1997011307A1 (en) * 1995-09-22 1997-03-27 University Of Durham Surface traversing vehicle
AU700878B2 (en) * 1995-09-22 1999-01-14 University Of Durham Surface traversing vehicle
GB2305407B (en) * 1995-09-22 1999-09-01 Univ Durham Surface traversing vehicle
AU700878C (en) * 1995-09-22 2002-02-07 University Of Durham Surface traversing vehicle
US6431079B1 (en) * 1995-09-22 2002-08-13 Ernest Appleton Surface traversing vehicle
US6460616B1 (en) 1996-08-15 2002-10-08 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Traction apparatus
US6722442B2 (en) 1996-08-15 2004-04-20 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Subsurface apparatus
US6775872B1 (en) 1998-01-17 2004-08-17 University Of Durham Surface-traversing vehicle
US6953086B2 (en) 2000-11-24 2005-10-11 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Bi-directional traction apparatus
US7051587B2 (en) 2003-04-30 2006-05-30 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Traction apparatus
WO2005075708A1 (en) * 2004-01-30 2005-08-18 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. System and method for measuring electric current in a pipeline
EA009913B1 (en) * 2004-01-30 2008-04-28 Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. System and method for measuring electric current in a pipeline
AU2005210467B2 (en) * 2004-01-30 2008-10-16 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. System and method for measuring electric current in a pipeline
NO337787B1 (en) * 2004-01-30 2016-06-20 Shell Int Research System and method for measuring electric current in a pipeline
US7821247B2 (en) 2005-01-27 2010-10-26 Shell Oil Company System and method for measuring electric current in a pipeline
WO2008110625A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Caen Rfid S.R.L. Apparatus for measuring sacrificial anode wear

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