FI62902C - EXHAUST EFFICIENCY FOR OIL EFFICIENCY - Google Patents

Description

1 62902

A method for measuring energy and power consumption The present invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1.

Energy, and especially electricity, is produced in very 5 different ways, each with a different cost structure. Electricity costs consist of two main components: fixed annual costs and variable costs. Fixed costs include e.g. capital costs of production facilities and 10 fixed operating costs. Fixed costs are strongly dependent on the amount of production capacity, ie efficiency. They are expressed in units of FIM / kW, a. Variable costs include e.g. fuel costs and variable operating costs. Variable costs 15 are proportional to the energy produced. They are expressed in units of FIM / MWh.

Curve P in Figure 1 depicts the annual time distribution of electrical power demand and the area within it for annual energy demand. Electricity is optimally generated by 20 production methods A, B, C, etc. so that the total annual cost is as low as possible.

Assume that the production method A

fixed costs are a (FIM / kW, a), variable costs are A (FIM / MWh), 25 - energy produced WÄ (MWh) and

- production capacity P & (kW), as well as production method B

fixed costs are b (FIM / kW, a), variable costs are B (FIM / MWh), 30 - energy produced W_ (MWh) and

D

power capacity B ^ (KW), etc.

In this case, the total annual cost of electricity production can be given by the formula: P · a + W. · A + P, · b + W, · B (1) a A b b r i / .0 2 62902

In order for an electricity producer to be able to sell electricity to wholesale buyers as cost-accurately as possible, the sales tariff should follow formula (1) plus distribution, sales, etc. costs. However, this is practically impossible, as there are dozens of different production methods. The tariff would be far too complicated. In practice, the aim is to comply with the polluter pays principle in a tariff in which electricity is divided into two components; basic electricity and peak electricity (Figure 2). The tariff thus has 10 forms: P · e + W · E + P · F + W · W., (2) β © Γ 1 * J?

In addition, there are power-independent basic charges. In addition, power charges are staggered according to the size of the power purchase and energy charges according to the time of day.

15 The buyer can optimally divide his electricity purchase into basic electricity (E) and peak electricity (F).

The tariff is structured in such a way that it seeks to direct consumption in such a way that the load is distributed as evenly as possible over time, 20 i.e. the peak operating time, which is represented by the formula:

WE + EF

T = - = - £ (3)

Pe + pf (3) should be as large as possible.

Power plants continue to sell electricity to large and 25 small consumers. Power plants also strive for the principle of cost-effectiveness. The ideal would then be a retail tariff that follows their own purchasing structure (2) plus distribution, sales, etc. costs. However, current technology would make electricity metering too expensive relative to the amount of electricity sold.

Power plants sell electricity to large consumers at a power tariff (Figure 3), which takes the form:

Pg ’6 + Wg * G (M

35 In addition, there are fixed, non-efficacy charges.

3 62902 This tariff form gives a satisfactory result if the peak operating time w T = -pS_ (5) g 5 is what it was assumed to be when the tariff was drawn up.

In practice, however, it may deviate from this, in which case other consumers may benefit at the expense of others and the revenue of the power plant may decrease.

Electricity is sold to small consumers at an energy tariff of 10 (Figure 3) in the form: WG · G (6)

In addition, there are fixed annual fees.

Power measurement is currently too expensive in relation to electricity sold to small consumers. Tariff 15 is cost equivalent as long as the peak operating time T is what it was assumed to be when it was drafted. In practice, however, the operating time is constantly changing, for example due to the proliferation of new consumer appliances, energy-saving measures, etc. This knows the financial risks for 20 power plants as well as the benefits to other consumers at the expense of others.

Nor does the tariff form in any way motivate the leveling of consumption over time, which would be very important for the energy economy of the whole country.

25 All the above tariff forms may involve different energy prices during the day and night, which is intended to reduce the annual variation in total consumption over the year.

It is known to measure wholesale electricity in such a way that 30 consumption meters (MWh meters) are read hourly. with a print-meter (Figure U). In this case, consumption and its time distribution, hourly powers, etc. possible necessary (and even unnecessary) additional information are obtained from the data by computer processing. Electricity is divided into basic and peak electricity by computer processing.

35 The measurement method is the best possible, but also very expensive. Its cost is about 50,000 rak / a per measuring point.

»62902 u

In printometer measurement and printing, e.g. measuring element, driving element, memory registers as many as measurement periods (practically tens of thousands of copies) and computer processing.

5 In this case, information is obtained e.g. the load curve (Figure k), the stability curve (by computer processing) and the energy of the measuring point and the sum energy of several measuring points (by computer processing).

A disadvantage of using a printometer, in addition to the very expensive price, is that it requires constant monitoring and maintenance.

The power tariff measurement of large consumers (formula (Π)) takes place in such a way that, on the one hand, the cumulatively consumed energy is measured and, on the other hand, a certain period of time (e.g.

15 15 »30 or 60 min) maximum energy consumed during the reading interval. The latter occurs in such a way that the clock device resets the energy meter indicating zero at the above-mentioned period, the pointer pushes the second pointer forward, which does not return to the 0 position but remains the largest in question. period energy in the reading range.

Ko. the average power for the period is obtained by dividing the energy according to the indicator by the measurement time.

The maximum meter is read, for example, once a month and reset. In order to ensure that the consumer's occasional power peaks do not unduly affect the price of electricity, the billing is based on the average of the powers of the two months with the highest power peaks. Another separate real-time clock or remote control device can transfer the energy measurement from one counter to another if the energy 30 is differently priced at night and during the day. The cost of this measurement method is about 1500 rak / a.

For maximum measurement and its printing, e.g. a measuring element, a timing element, one or more registers according to the time dependence of the energy and a body indicating the raw energy of the time period 35.

5 62902

In this case, the peak power between the reading periods and the energy are obtained as information, in which case the energies of the different measuring points can be added arithmetically. However, this method does not provide a load curve 5 or a stability curve. In addition, the peak power of different measurement points cannot be added together (the peaks at different measurement points may be at different times, so the common peak of the measurement points is not the sum of the peaks of the different points).

Still, the gauges need to be read e.g., monthly and they 10 require some maintenance. The measurement costs are approximately FIM 1,500 / year.

For small consumers, only the energy consumed is measured with a kWh meter. It may also include a control clock or remote control tied to a relay time, if the energy is 15 different prices at night and during the day. The meter is usually read once a year and the measurement costs are about FIM 150 / year.

The measurement requires, among other things, a measuring element and one or more registers.

The energy consumed is obtained as information, and the energies of several measurements can be added together.

However, this method cannot be used to determine the load curve, the stability curve, or the peak power.

The object of the present invention is to obviate the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a completely new and simpler method for measuring energy and power consumption.

The invention is based on the idea that the power to be measured is divided in advance into power steps, each of which is assigned its own energy-measuring register, whereby each register is allowed to measure and register a predetermined energy consumption value, after which the measurement is transferred to the next register. After a predetermined measurement period, the measurement is transferred back to the first register to start a new measurement-35 period. In this case, the readings of the different registers after the desired number of measurement periods give an approximation of the power stability curve.

More specifically, the method according to the invention is mainly characterized by what is set out in the characterizing part of claim 1,

The invention provides considerable advantages.

Thus, the invention makes it possible to find out both the stability curve and the energy consumed by simple means. In addition, the energy consumption of different measurements can be summed.

The invention will now be examined in more detail with the aid of the accompanying drawing figures 6-8, which in principle show the measurement method according to the invention.

The measured power is divided into pre-programmed power steps or.,. Ρη (Figure 6). There can be a meaningful number of stairs (minimum 2) with an accuracy of 15 measurements. As many registers as power stages are needed in the measuring machinery. In addition to the measuring element, a timer is needed which starts the measuring process from the beginning after a pre - programmed measuring period (the length of the period 20 can be infinitely adjustable, e.g.

10 min ... 2 h).

The measurement takes place as follows: At the beginning of the measurement period, the meter measures energy in register 1 until a pre-programmed amount of 25 energies has been added (eg 1 kWh, 10 kWh, 100 kWh or 1000 kWh).

The calculation is then automatically transferred to register 2 and further to the upper registers until the timer starts from the beginning of the measurement period. In this case, the measurement starts again for register 1 and continues as before 30,

The following example illustrates the measurement: EXAMPLE 1:

Assume that the peak power of the consumer is 100 kW. It is further assumed that a 5-step power measure provides 35 sufficient information. A meter with 5 registers is used, in which the measurement is transferred from one register to another after 10 kWh.

62902 7

Since the power stage is 100 kW / 5 · 20 kW and the measurement is transferred from one register to another after 10 kWh, the timer is set to 30 min (0.5 h x 20 kW = 10 kWh).

5 Suppose that the power of the consumer varies during the different measurement periods as follows:

Period Elapsed Time Power Energy 1 0.5 h 30 kW 15 kWh 2 1 h 50 kW 25 kWh Ί0 3 1.5 h 100 kW 50 kWh 1 * 2 h 110 kW 55 kWh 5 2.5 h TO kW 35 kWh 6 3 h 60 kW 30 kWh t 15

The energies (kWh) measured in the different registers periodically are as follows:

Section Rec. 1 Reg. 2 Reg. 3 Reg. U Rek. 5 20 1 10 5 - 2 10 10 5 3 10 10 10 10 10 b 10 10 10 10 15 5 10 10 10 5 25 6 10 10 10 -

Amount 60 55. 1 * 5 25 25

By reading the energies accumulated in the registers, the information according to Figure 7 is obtained for the above-mentioned 3 h. It can be seen from Figure 7 that a stability curve can be constructed on the basis of the energy measured in the different registers alone. Only the peak of the curve requires an estimation procedure because the true peak is not known. This disadvantage can also be eliminated if the meter is provided with a peak indication.

g 62902

In the method according to the invention, only a measuring element, a timer, a 2 ... n register and, if necessary, an element measuring the maximum energy of the time period are required.

5 The following Tables 1 and 2 compare the properties with previously known methods: TABLE ϊ Equipment and costs _. ,. . kWh peak kWh- „,.

Printometn ... Invention Measurement Measurement 10 A measuring element is a is a must

The timer is is not is

More than 10,000 registers 1--2 1-2 2-10

Data processing computer manual manual manual 15 Peak entry is not required is not required

When measuring costs FIM 50000 / a FIM 1500 / a FIM 150 / a 200 FIM / a (with peak measurement FIM 1500 / a)] t TABLE 2 Information available

Printometer kWh-peak- kWh- Invention 2 5 measurement measurement

Load curve computer: 11a no no no

Sum of load curves computer: 11a no no no

Persistence curve computer: 11a no no manual 30 Power peak computer: 11a is neither required or manual

The sum of the power peaks in computer 11a is not approximately

Energy consumption computer: 11a on is on 35 Sum of energy consumption manually manual manual I Reading range_ 1 h 1 month 1a 1a 9 62902

When comparing the curves of Figure 8, it can be seen that the method according to the invention provides a simple but cost-accurate tariff. It can be seen that by correctly selecting the power levels of 5 different registers, a tariff corresponding to the costs can be obtained with an energy tariff alone.

EXAMPLE 2:

If the total cost of energy production, including all capital, raw energy, refining, 10 loss and overhead costs, and taxes and profits, is as follows:

Production method A: 15 p / kWh

Production method B: 20 p / kWh

Production method C: 25 p / kWh 15 Production method D: 50 p / kWh, in which case the tariff is simply:

Energy of register 1 15 p / kWh Energy of register 2 20 p / kWh Energy of register 3 25 p / kWh 20 Energy of register U 50 p / kWh,

The consumer sees by reading the different registers of his meter how much he has to pay just like in a standard kWh meter.

Within the scope of the invention, solutions different from the examples described above can also be considered.

The meter may be mechanical or electronic or a combination thereof.

There can be a minimum of 2 registers, the maximum required for the measurement accuracy. A very accurate result 30 is already obtained with 10 registers, in practice a sufficient number is 3 ... 5 pieces.

Power staggering can be achieved by either the amount of energy required to replace the register or the time of the timer measurement period, or both Set-35 rackets.

62902 10

The power levels of the registers can be equal or different.

The meter may or may not have a peak indication.

5 - Each register may (or may not) notify the consumer to which register the meter is currently measuring energy. In this case, the consumer can automatically or manually divert irrelevant consumption when the meter calculates expensive energy, 10 In other words, the tariff directs consumption from the energy economy in the right direction.

- A clock or remote control device with a daily and / or weekly and / or annual program can be connected to the meter, by which the internal measurement commands of the meter 15 can be bypassed so that the meter measures energy only for one register or part of the registers. In this case, the tariff may include energy at different prices for different power levels, eg - night and day, 20 - weekdays and weekends, - summer and winter, - during peak hours, - during annual peaks, and , water and other material flows.

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Claims (7)

1. A method for measuring energy and power consumption, and in particular electricity and power consumption, characterized in that the power (P) to be measured is divided in advance into at least two power stages, preferably their sum preferably is an approximation of the expected peak power, 10. Each power step is assigned its own register, which measures energy (REKI, REK2, ..., REKn), during a predetermined measurement period each register (e.g. a predetermined order of measurement 15 and recording a predetermined energy consumption, after which the measurement is transferred to the following register (eg REK2), and after the end of the predetermined 20 period, the measurement is transferred from the previous period. (eg REKU), which last stood in the tour, to the first register (REKI) in and for the start of a new measurement period, whereby the individual registers (REKI, REK2, ... »REKn) 25 values according to the desired number of measurement periods gives an approximatio n of the effect duration curve during the considered time interval. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that power steps (P1, 30 P2 ..... Pn), which are equally large. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that power steps (P1, P2, ..., Pn) are used, which are different in size. U. A method according to claim 1 characterized in that it uses 2 ... 20, preferably 3 · ..5, st register (REKI, REK2,.., REKn).