FI20176132A1

FI20176132A1 - Fuel compositions

Info

Publication number: FI20176132A1
Application number: FI20176132A
Authority: FI
Inventors: Merja Kouva; Mikko Aalto; Ulla Kiiski; Markku Kuronen
Original assignee: Neste Oyj
Priority date: 2017-12-18
Filing date: 2017-12-18
Publication date: 2019-06-19
Also published as: WO2019121125A1

Abstract

Fuel compositions comprising at least one diesel component and at least one primary alcohol, as well as the use of at least one primary alcohol for improving the cold properties of fuel compositions, are described.

Description

FUEL COMPOSITIONS

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to fuel compositions comprising diesel components and at least one primary alcohol and to the use of primary alcohols for improving cold properties of fuel compositions comprising diesel components.

BACKGROUND ART

Crude oils and middle distillates obtained from crude oils of petroleum origin by distillation, such as gas oil, diesel oil or heating oil, contain, depending on their origin, different amounts of n-paraffins. At low temperatures, typically below 0°C, the crude oils and middle distillates are prone to waxing or gelling, which are terms for the solidification of the oils and distillates into a partially crystalline state, where the n-paraffins crystallize out as lamellar crystals, which crystals have a tendency to agglomerate. At temperatures below the cloud point (CP), the oils thus begin to get a cloudy appearance. The crystallization and agglomeration may cause deterioration of the flow properties of the oils and distillates, causing disruption in transport, storage and/or use of the oils and distillates. Thus, the cold properties of crude oils and distillates make them difficult to handle and/or use during the winter time.

When transporting the oils and distillates through pipes, pumps and filters the crystallization and agglomeration may, especially during winter time, lead to deposits on the walls of the pipes, pumps and filters, for example in vehicle fuel systems, and may even lead to a complete blockage thereof. This may result in prevention of reliable metering of the oils and distillates and also in a complete interruption of the supply. Thus, the engine relying on the supply of the oil and/or distillate may get starved of fuel, which may result in that it stops running.

The storage temperature of a fuel, such as oils and distillates, is recommended to be higher than it’s cloud point. To ensure flowability of the oils and distillates during winter, it may be necessary to store the oils and distillates in tanks that are heated. Further, most diesel engine cars are equipped with a fuel filter heater. The fuel filter heater cannot, however, melt crystallized and agglomerated particles that are in the fuel system, resulting in that fuel supply can be problematic at cold start. Known methods to deal with the problems of crystallization and agglomeration include elimination of the n-paraffins thermally, mechanically and/or chemically.

Several approaches have been described to achieve transportation of fuels that have good cold temperature operability. U.S. Patent No. 9,006,501 B2 discloses a process for producing a renewable fuel blend, wherein a biologically derived feedstock is hydrotreated, and C14, C16, and C18 normal paraffins (n-paraffins) are recovered from the hydrotreated effluent and blended with a renewable middle distillate. During this process, n-paraffins are provided to the blend in quantities such that the blend does not require a pour point reducing treatment to achieve a low pour point. This process is, however, complicated by requiring a step of recovering C14, C16, and C18 n-paraffins.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0163542A1 discloses a synergistic fuel oil composition that enhances the cold temperature operability of the fuel. The composition comprises a petroleum-based component and a renewable fuel component. Biodiesel, ethanol, and biomass are mentioned as examples of renewable fuel components. Under ASTM D7467, however, only 6% to 20% biodiesel can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only minor, modifications.

It is also generally known that biodiesels, e.g., fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), made by the trans-esterification process are inherently more sensitive to cold temperature operability compared to typical petroleum-derived fuels. In some cases fatty acid methyl esters can cause higher particle emissions and smoke development in a colddriven engine. The volume of fatty acid methyl esters allowed in diesel fuels may also be limited. European standards EN 16734 and EN 16709 specify the requirements and test methods for diesel fuels that contain fatty acid methyl esters. According to EN 16734, B10 diesel fuel is diesel fuel that contains only up to 10 vol-% fatty acid methyl esters. According to EN 16709, high fatty acid methyl ester diesel fuels (B20 and B30) contain only up to 20 vol-% or 30 vol-% fatty acid methyl esters.

For the production of cold operable bio-based fuels, alternative fuel compositions and blending methods are needed that are economical and have no volume restrictions on the amount of bio-based fuel.

The cloud point of a fuel blend is a highly nonlinear combination of the cloud points of the original fuels. According to the state of the art, a blend will normally have a poorer cloud point than the weighted mean of the cloud points of its components. Therefore, while the cloud point of a fuel may be improved by adding a component that has a remarkably better cold property, the use of this component will cause an increase in the cost of production.

There is thus a need for fuel compositions with good cold properties that also blend components in an economical way.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention was made in view of the problems of the background art described, and the object was thus to find a solution to the problems of the disadvantageous cold properties of crude oils and distillates by providing new fuel compositions with improved cloud point as well as novel uses for improving the cold properties of a fuel composition.

Thus, one object of the present invention is to provide a fuel composition with improved cold properties, which composition comprises at least one diesel component and at least one primary alcohol.

Preferably, the primary alcohol comprises at least one alcohol selected from 1-octanol and/or 1-nonanol.

In one embodiment of the present fuel composition, the primary alcohol is present in the composition in an amount of about 1 to 95 vol-%, preferably about 1 to 90 vol-%, more preferably about 1 to 50 vol-%, even more preferably about 1 to 30 vol-%, most preferably about 1 to 20 vol-%, wherein all amounts are based on the total volume of the fuel composition.

According to a further embodiment, the diesel component comprises renewable diesel and/or fossil based diesel.

Preferably, the fuel composition has a cetane number of 51 or more, according to EN ISO5165 or EN 15195.

In one embodiment, the measured cloud point of the composition is in the range from

-50 to 10°C, preferably from -40 to -10°C, measured by ASTM D7689.

Preferably, the carbon number of the renewable diesel is mainly in the range of CISCI 8. The amount of the paraffinic component in the range of carbon number C15-C18 is at least 70 wt-%, more preferably more than 80 wt-%, most preferably more than 90 wt-%.

In a preferred embodiment, with the provision that the diesel is renewable diesel, the measured cloud point of the fuel composition, measured by ASTM D7689, is lowered at least 1°C, preferably at least 5.5°C, more preferably at least 6.5°C, most preferably at least 7°C, compared to the calculated cloud point of the fuel composition.

In another preferred embodiment, with the provision that the diesel is fossil based diesel, the measured cloud point of the fuel composition, measured by ASTM D7689, is lowered at least 0.4°C, preferably at least 2°C, more preferably at least 4°C, most preferably at least 5°C, compared to the calculated cloud point of the fuel composition.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the fuel composition further comprises at least one fuel additive.

Preferably, the at least one fuel additive is selected from the group consisting of lubricity additives, antioxidants, cetane improvers, stabilizers, cold flow improvers, antifoams, corrosion inhibitors, injector cleanliness additives, metal deactivators, dispersants, demulsifiers, dyes, markers, static dissipaters, and combinations thereof.

A further object of the present invention is to provide the use of at least one primary alcohol in a fuel composition comprising at least one diesel component, for improving the cold properties of the fuel composition.

In one embodiment, the primary alcohol is present in the composition in an amount of about 1 to 95 vol-%, preferably about 1 to 90 vol-%, more preferably about 1 to 50 vol%, even more preferably about 1 to 30 vol-%, most preferably about 1 to 20 vol-%, wherein all amounts are based on the total volume of the fuel composition.

In one embodiment, the measured cloud point of the composition is in the range from -50 to 10°C, preferably from -40 to -10°C, measured by ASTM D7689.

Preferably, the carbon number of the renewable diesel is mainly in the range of C15C18. The amount of the paraffinic component in the range of carbon number C15-C18 is at least 70 wt-%, more preferably more than 80 wt-%, most preferably more than 90 wt-%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 illustrates the measured and calculated cloud point (°C) as a function of vol-% of 1-octanol for a fuel composition comprising 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and RD1 (CP -16.1 °C), where RD1 is Renewable Diesel 1.

Figure 2 illustrates the measured and calculated cloud point (°C) as a function of vol-% of 1-octanol for a fuel composition comprising 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and RD2 (CP -33.6°C), where RD2 is Renewable Diesel 2.

Figure 3 illustrates the measured and calculated cloud point (°C) as a function of vol-% of 1-octanol for a fuel composition comprising 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and FD1 (CP -28.5°C), where FD1 is Fossil Diesel 1.

Figure 4 illustrates the measured and calculated cloud point (°C) as a function of vol-% of 1-nonanol for a fuel composition comprising 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and RD1 (CP -16.1 °C), where RD1 is Renewable Diesel 1.

Figure 5 illustrates the measured and calculated cloud point (°C) as a function of vol-% of 1-nonanol for a fuel composition comprising 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD3 (CP -14.3°C), where FD3 is Fossil Diesel 3.

Figure 6 illustrates the measured and calculated cloud point (°C) as a function of vol-% of 1-nonanol for a fuel composition comprising 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD1 (CP -28.5°C), where FD1 is Fossil Diesel 1.

Figure 7 illustrates cloud point behaviour of mineral diesel fuel blends.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In describing the embodiments of the invention specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

When describing the embodiments of the present invention, the combinations and permutations of all possible embodiments have not been explicitly described. Nevertheless, the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims or described in different embodiments does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. The present invention envisages all possible combinations and permutations of the described embodiments.

20176132 prh 18-12-2017

The terms “comprising”, “comprise” and “comprises” herein are intended by the inventors to be optionally substitutable with the terms “consisting of”, “consist of” and “consists of”, respectively, in every instance.

Alcohols are straight-chain primary alcohols, and may range from as few as 2-6 carbons to as many as 22-26. They are derived e.g. from natural fats and oils or by fermentation, and are widely used in industry.

Cloud point refers to the temperature for a fuel or fuel composition below which n-paraffins are no longer soluble but precipitate out from the fuel or fuel composition in the form of small wax crystals, giving it a cloudy appearance, and the fuel thus gets more difficult to move within the fuel lines and systems of vehicles. The lower the cloud point of a particular fuel is, the more suitable it is in colder environments. Cloud point can be evaluated using, e.g., a method defined in ASTM D2500, D5771, D5772, D5773, D7689, or EN 23015.

Cloud point is measured and given as temperature (T, here °C).

Cetane number is a rating assigned to diesel fuels to rate its combustion quality, and is a measure of the fuel’s delay of ignition time, i.e. the amount of time between the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber and the actual start of combustion of the fuel. A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air.

Fuel compositions, diesel components, diesel, diesel fuel or fuel is any fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place without any spark as a result of compression of inlet air mixture and injection of fuel. The most common type of diesel fuel is a fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil. Other sources include e.g. biomass, animal fat, biogas, natural gas, and coal liquefaction. The diesel preferably used according to the present invention may be renewable diesel and/or fossil diesel.

In renewable diesel the amount of the paraffinic component in the range of carbon number C15-C18 is at least 70 wt-%, more preferably more than 80 wt-%, most preferably more than 90 wt-%. Optionally, in renewable diesel the amount of the paraffinic components in the range of carbon number C3-C14 is less than 25 wt-%, such as less than 20 wt-%, less than 10% wt-%, or less than 7 wt-%. Further, optionally in renewable diesel the amount of the paraffinic components in the range of carbon number C19-C24 is less than 25 wt-%, such as less than 20 wt-%, less than 10 wt-%, or less than 5 wt-%. A renewable diesel has a weight ratio of i-paraffins to n-paraffins of at least 2.3, at least 3, or at least 4.

Renewable diesel is produced by using a hydrotreatment step comprising catalytically hydrotreating renewable raw material comprising fatty acids, triglycerides, fatty acid esters, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the feedstock comprises feeds containing glycerides or fatty acids, preferably comprising vegetable oil, animal fat, fish fat, fish oil, algae oil, microbial oil and/or wood and/or other plant based oil, or recyclable waste and/or residue thereof or any combination thereof. Recyclable waste comprises material such as used cooking oil, free fatty acids, palm oil side streams, sludge, and side streams from vegetable oil processing. Renewable raw material is hydrotreated into n-paraffins and an isomerising step comprising catalytically isomerising the n-paraffins into branched chain paraffins, which adjusts the cloud point in order to meet winter operability requirements. As it is chemically identical to ideal conventional diesel, it requires no modification or special precautions for the engine. Other methods of producing renewable diesel are also available and applicable.

Fossil based diesel may be a fossil based diesel having a boiling point range of 150400°C. Fossil based diesel is a diesel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil diesel is typically millions of years, and may sometimes exceed 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes, but are generally considered to be non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made.

In a fossil based diesel at least 90% of the composition is in carbon number range C9C22. In the examples below the amount of n-paraffins C18 or higher were in the range 1.2-4.9 vol-% according to gas chromatography. Test results for the amounts of n paraffins C18 or higher were: FD1 1.2 vol-%, FD2 4.9 vol-%, FD3 (blend 63 vol-% FD1 + 37 vol-% FD2) 2.6 vol-%.

1-octanol has been found to be a promising diesel fuel component due to its emission benefits (e.g. SAE 2013-01-2690, SAE 2014-01-1253, SAE 2015-24-2491, SAE 201601-2179). Derived cetane number of 1-octanol is modest, i.e. 34 according to SAE 2014-01-1253. 1-octanol can be produced from lignocellulose based platform molecules furfural and acetone (SAE 2013-01-2690). 1-octanol represents the 3^rdgeneration renewable diesel fuel.

1-nonanol is found widespread in nature, e.g. in oils of orange, lemon and citronella.

By blending 1-octanol and/or 1-nonanol with diesel component reasonable cetane numbers are achievable and the EN 590 requirements can be met. EN 590 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization that describes the physical properties that all automotive diesel fuel must meet if to be sold in the European Union and several other European countries.

Thus, according to the present invention, it was surprisingly found that primary alcohols such as 1-octanol and 1-nonanol, have a positive effect on the cloud point behaviour when blended with diesel component, preferably renewable diesel and/or fossil based diesel. The cloud point of a fuel or fuel composition is a very important parameter, as explained above.

The theoretical calculated cloud point was calculated and then compared with the measured cloud point for fuel compositions comprising varying vol-% of 1-octanol, or 1-nonanol together with renewable diesel or fossil based diesel. The results thereof are given in the examples below and in the figures.

The calculated cloud point is the anticipated mathematical cloud point value (weighted mean value) for a fuel blend based on the cloud point values of the different fuel components and their portions.

The cloud point (°C) for 1-octanol, or 1-nonanol and the fuel compositions comprising renewable diesel or fossil based diesel and 1-octanol, or 1-nonanol was measured according to ASTM D7689, which is a standard test method for cloud point of petroleum products and liquid fuels. This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products, biodiesel, and blends that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness, using an automatic instrument. The test method covers the range of cloud point temperatures from -50°C to +6°C.

The calculated cetane number is the anticipated mathematical cetane number value (weighted mean value) for a fuel blend based on the cetane number values of the different fuel components and their portions. The measured cetane number was measured according to ASTM D6890.

The oxygen content of the fuel compositions was calculated from oxygen content of alcohols and blending ratio.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided to better illustrate the claimed invention and are not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. To the extent that specific materials are mentioned, it is merely for purposes of illustration and is not intended to limit the invention. One skilled in the art may develop equivalent means or reactants without the exercise of inventive capacity and without departing from the scope of the invention. It will be understood that many variations can be made in the procedures described herein while still remaining within the bounds of the present invention. It is the intention of the inventors that such variations be included within the scope of the invention. The volume percentages given in relation to fuel components refer to vol-% of the total volume of the fuel composition.

Example 1

Cloud point was calculated and measured for 1-octanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and renewable diesel RD1 (CP -16.1°C).

Further, the cetane number was calculated and measured, and the oxygen content was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1, where it can be seen that a difference between the measured and calculated cloud point of as much as 5.3°C can be achieved for a fuel composition comprising 75 vol-% 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and 25 vol-% RD1 (CP -16.1 °C). The difference between measured and calculated cloud point for 1-octanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and RD1 (CP -16.1 °C) is also illustrated in figure 1.

Table 1. The measured and calculated cloud point for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and RD1 (CP -16.1 °C).

1-octanol vol-%	ASTM D7689 measured cloud point °C	Calculated (linear) cloud point °C	Difference °C	Cetane no calc.	ASTM D6890 measured cetane no	O-content calc, wt-%
0	-16.1	-16.1	0	81.5		0
5	-17.9	-16.3	1.6	79.1		0.6
10	-18.1	-16.5	1.6	76.7	72.9	1.2
15	-18.2	-16.7	1.5	74.3		1.8
20	-18.4	-16.9	1.5	72	68.5	2.5
30	-19,0	-17.3	1.7	67.2		3.7
40	-19.5	-17.7	1.8	62.4		4.9
50	-20.3	-18.2	2.1	57.7		6.2
75	-24.5	-19.2	5.3	45.7		9.2
100	-20.2	-20.2	0	33.8		12.3

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Example 2

Cloud point was calculated and measured for 1-octanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and renewable diesel RD2 10 (CP -33.6°C).

Further, the cetane number was calculated and measured, and the oxygen content was calculated. The results are shown in Table 2, where it can be seen that a difference between the measured and calculated cloud point of as much as 6.9°C can be achieved for a fuel composition comprising 40 vol-% 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and 60 15 vol-% RD2 (CP -33.6°C). The difference between measured and calculated cloud point for 1-octanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and RD2 (CP -33.6°C) is also illustrated in figure 2.

Table 2. The measured and calculated cloud point for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and RD2 (CP -33.6°C).

1-octanol vol-%	ASTM D7689 measured cloud point °C	Calculated (linear) cloud point °C	Difference °C	Cetane number calc.	ASTM D6890 measured cetane no	O-content calc, wt-%
0	-33.6	-33.6	0	76.4		0
5	-33.9	-32.9	1.0	74.3		0.6
10	-34.2	-32.3	1.9	72.1	70.6	1.2
15	-34.2	-31.6	2.6	70		1.8
20	-34.6	-30.9	3.7	67.9	62.6	2.5
30	-34.7	-29.6	5.1	63.6		3.7
40	-35.1	-28.2	6.9	59.4		4.9
50	-33.6	-26.9	6.7	55.1		6.2
75	-25.8	-23.6	2.2	44.5		9.2
100	-20.2	-20.2	0	33.8		12.3

Example 3

Cloud point was calculated and measured for 1-octanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and FD1 (CP -28.5°C).

Further, the cetane number and the oxygen content were calculated. The results are shown in Table 3, where it can be seen that a difference between the measured and calculated cloud point of as much as 3.9°C can be achieved for a fuel composition 10 comprising 75 vol-% 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and 25 vol-% FD1 (CP -28.5°C). The difference between measured and calculated cloud point for 1-octanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and FD1 (CP 28.5°C) is also illustrated in figure 3.

Table 3. The measured and calculated cloud point for fuel compositions comprising 15 varying percentages of 1-octanol (CP -20.2°C) and FD1 (CP -28.5°C).

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1-octanol vol-%	ASTM D7689 measured cloud point °C	Calculated (linear) cloud point °C	Difference °C	Cetane no calc.	O-content calc, wt-%
0	-28.5	-28.5	0	49.1	0
5	-28.5	-28.1	0.4	48.3	0.6
15	-28.5	-27.3	1.2	46.8	1.8
30	-27.8	-26.0	1.8	44.5	3.7
50	-27.3	-24.4	2.9	41.5	6.2
75	-26.2	-22.3	3.9	37.6	9.2
100	-20.2	-20.2	0	33.8	12.3

Example 4

Cloud point was calculated and measured for 1-nonanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and renewable diesel RD1 (CP -16.1°C).

The results are shown in Table 4, where it can be seen that a difference between the measured and calculated cloud point of as much as 6.6°C can be achieved for a fuel composition comprising 50 vol-% 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and 50 vol-% RD1 (CP -16.1 °C).The difference between measured and calculated cloud point for 1-nonanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) 10 and RD1 (CP -16.1 °C) is also illustrated in figure 4.

Table 4. The measured and calculated cloud point for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and RD1 (CP -16.1 °C).

1-nonanol vol-%	Measured ASTM D7689 cloud point °C	Calculated (linear) cloud point °C	Difference °C
0	-16.1	-16.1	0
15	-18.1	-15.1	3.0
30	-18.9	-14.0	4.9
50	-19.2	-12.6	6.6
100	-9.1	-9.1	0

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Example 5

Cloud point was calculated and measured for 1-nonanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD3 (CP -14.3°C).

The results are shown in Table 5, where it can be seen that a difference between the measured and calculated cloud point of as much as 2.0°C can be achieved for a fuel 20 composition comprising 50 vol-% 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and 50 vol-% FD3 (CP

-14.3°C). The difference between measured and calculated cloud point for 1-nonanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD3 (CP -14.3°C) is also illustrated in figure 5.

Table 5. The measured and calculated cloud point for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD3 (CP -14.3°C).

1-nonanol vol-%	Measured ASTM D7689 cloud point °C	Calculated (linear) cloud point °C	Difference °C
0	-14.3	-14.3	0
15	-14.2	-13.5	0.7
30	-13.9	-12.7	1.2
50	-13.7	-11.7	2.0
100	-9.1	-9.1	0

Example 6

Cloud point was calculated and measured for 1-nonanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD1 (CP -28.5°C).

The results are shown in Table 6, where it can be seen that a difference between the measured and calculated cloud point of as much as 5.1 °C can be achieved for a fuel 10 composition comprising 30 vol-% 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and 70 vol-% FD1 (CP

-28.5°C). The difference between measured and calculated cloud point for 1-nonanol and for fuel compositions comprising varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD1 (CP -28.5°C) is also illustrated in figure 6.

Table 6. The measured and calculated cloud point for fuel compositions comprising 15 varying percentages of 1-nonanol (CP -9.1 °C) and FD1 (CP -28.5°C).

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1-nonanol vol-%	Measured ASTM D7689 cloud point °C	Calculated (linear) cloud point °C	Difference °C
0	-28.5	-28.5	0
15	-28.4	-25.6	2.8
30	-27.8	-22.7	5.1
50	-22.9	-18.8	4.1
100	-9.1	-9.1	0

Comparative example 1

Two mineral diesel blends having different cloud points were blended. The cloud points of the blends were measured by a method defined in EN 23015. Measured cloud point values (Y-axis) for mineral diesel blends (X-axis) are presented in Table 7 and Figure 5 7, respectively. The calculated linear values in Table 7 are based on linear behaviour which means a weighted mean of cloud points of the components. The linear behaviour is an average of the cloud points, and it is in other words accomplished by weighting the cloud points of components by the volume percent of components in the blend. Analysis shows that the poorer cloud point component dominates.

Table 7. Cloud points of mineral diesel blends

Volume percent (%) of	Volume percent (%) of diesel with cloud point -4.3°C	Measured cloud point of blend °C	Calculated (linear) cloud point of blend °C
	diesel with cloud point -27.8°C
80%	20%	-18.8	-23.1
60%	40%	-13.3	-18.4
40%	60%	-9.5	-13.7
20%	80%	-6.4	-9.0

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Figure 7 shows that components with poorer cloud point values dominated in the mineral diesel blends. The term “poorer” means a higher temperature value of a cloud 15 point, and the term “better” means a lower temperature value of a cloud point.

SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS

According to the present invention 1-alcohols have a good effect on the cloud point when added to fuels/fuel compositions without having a negative effect on other fuel 20 properties. Good results are surprisingly achieved especially when adding 1-octanol or

1-nonanol to fuel blends comprising fossil diesel and/or renewable diesel. The fuel blends obtained have lower cloud point enabling a lower storage temperature, and also indicating a better cold filter plugging point.

Claims

1. Fuel composition comprising at least one diesel component and at least one primary alcohol.

2. Fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the primary alcohol comprises at least one alcohol selected from 1-octanol and/or 1-nonanol.

3. Fuel composition according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the primary alcohol is present in the composition in an amount of about 1 to 95 vol%, preferably about 1 to 90 vol-%, more preferably about 1 to 50 vol-%, even more preferably about 1 to 30 vol-%, most preferably about 1 to 20 vol-%, wherein all amounts are based on the total volume of the fuel composition.

4. Fuel composition according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the diesel component comprises renewable diesel and/or fossil based diesel.

5. Fuel composition according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the fuel composition has a cetane number of 51 or more, according to EN ISO 5165 or EN 15195.

6. Fuel composition according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the measured cloud point of the composition is in the range from -50 to 10°C, preferably from -40 to -10°C, measured by ASTM D7689.

7. Fuel composition according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the amount of the paraffinic component in the range of carbon number C15-C18 is at least 70 wt-%, more preferably more than 80 wt-%, most preferably more than 90 wt-%.

8. Fuel composition according to any one of the previous claims, wherein, with the provision that the diesel is renewable diesel, the measured cloud point of the fuel composition, measured by ASTM D7689, is lowered at least 1°C, preferably at least 5.5°C, more preferably at least 6.5°C, most preferably at least 7°C, compared to the calculated cloud point of the fuel composition.

9. Fuel composition according to claims 1 to 7, wherein, with the provision that the diesel is fossil based diesel, the measured cloud point of the fuel composition,

20176132 prh 18-12-2017 measured by ASTM D7689, is lowered at least 0.4°C, preferably at least 2°C, more preferably at least 4°C, most preferably at least 5°C, compared to the calculated cloud point of the fuel composition.

10. Fuel composition according to any one of the previous claims, further

5 comprising at least one fuel additive.

11. Fuel composition according to claim 10, wherein said at least one fuel additive is selected from the group consisting of lubricity additives, antioxidants, cetane improvers, stabilizers, cold flow improvers, anti-foams, corrosion inhibitors, injector cleanliness additives, metal deactivators, dispersants, demulsifiers,

10 dyes, markers, static dissipaters, and combinations thereof.

12. Use of at least one primary alcohol in a fuel composition comprising at least one diesel component for improving the cold properties of the fuel composition.

13. Use according to claim 12, wherein the primary alcohol comprises at least one alcohol selected from 1-octanol and/or 1-nonanol.

15 14. Use according to any one of claims 12-13, wherein the primary alcohol is present in the composition in an amount of about 1 to 95 vol-%, preferably about 1 to 90 vol-%, more preferably about 1 to 50 vol-%, even more preferably about 1 to 30 vol-%, most preferably about 1 to 20 vol-%, wherein all amounts are based on the total volume of the fuel composition.

20 15. Use according to any one of claims 12-14, wherein the diesel component comprises renewable diesel and/or fossil based diesel.

16. Use according to any one of claims 12-15, wherein the measured cloud point of the composition is in the range from -50 to 10°C, preferably from -40 to -10°C, measured by ASTM D7689.