FI130113B - Building and method for determining indoor emissions in a building - Google Patents

Abstract

The object of the invention is a building and a method for determining the emissions of the building's indoor air. The building comprises a room (9) and a frame structure, which comprises at least the following structural parts: lower floor, upper floor and outer walls (1). In the method: a) the emission values of one or more indoor air pollutants are measured separately for each mentioned structural part (1); b) it is checked if all the mentioned structural parts (1) meet the desired conditions of the emission limit value parameters, and - if they do not, changes are made to those structural parts that do not meet and the measurements of these structural parts are performed again, - if they do, then: c) the whole is measured the values of one or more indoor air pollutant emissions for the building, d) it is checked if the entire building meets the desired conditions of the limit value parameters for indoor air emissions - if it does not meet, changes are made to the structural components and we return to step a) or c) to perform the measurements again, - if it meets, then: e) the measured indoor air emissions are recorded.

Description

CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD OF BUILDING INDOOR AIR EMISSIONS

TO DETERMINE

FIELD OF INVENTION TECHNOLOGY

The object of the invention is a building and a method for determining indoor air emissions in a building according to the patent claims presented below. The object of the invention is especially a way to build buildings with clean and healthy indoor air.

STATE OF THE ART

The indoor air of buildings may contain pollutants that cause health problems, such as molds or chemical substances. Impurities can come from building and decoration materials, structures damaged by moisture, human activities or from outside the apartment and other living spaces. Pollutants are particulate or gaseous substances that can be divided into organic and inorganic compounds.

In terms of indoor air, significant inorganic gaseous compounds are e.g. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds as well as nitrogen oxides and ammonia. — Indoor air can contain hundreds of organic gaseous compounds, the concentrations of which are usually very low. The total amount of organic substances present in indoor air is often described by the total amount of volatile organic substances concentrations

N TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compounds).

O

N p. 25 —For health reasons, 3 different limit values have been given for pollutants in the indoor air, such as concentrations of chemical substances. There are methods for measuring concentrations

E standardized. > 5 The indoor air in buildings is of course constantly being improved with various solutions.

N 30 Traditionally, individual low-emission building components and materials have been chosen, such as paint, floor surface material or ventilation filtration. The solutions used are typically expensive, and still cannot satisfactorily eliminate the symptoms.

Indoor air quality management is discussed, for example, in the following publications: Järnström,

H. et al, Indoor air quality management in different phases of a construction project

Rakennusteollisuus RT ry [online] Järnström H., Reference values for building material emissions and indoor air quality in residential buildings VTT [online], and in patent publications WO 2006107308 A1, NL 2017703B1.

PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION

The purpose of the present invention is to reduce or even eliminate the aforementioned problems occurring in the state of the art.

The purpose of the present invention is to create a building with healthy indoor air.

One purpose of the present invention is to create a building whose structures are inhospitable to mold damage.

One purpose of the present invention is to create a building whose structures are inhospitable to moisture damage.

One of the purposes of the present invention is to create a building with — the total amount of indoor air pollutants such as organic matter concentrations (TVOC) is small, controlled and known.

N One purpose of the present invention is to create indoor air in buildings

N testing method that makes it possible to build an even better indoor air

N. . — Buildings with 25. o

O z One purpose of the present invention is to create a building whose emissions 3 to the indoor air have been measured with standardized tests. ~ 0

N 30 One purpose of the present invention is to create a building whose combined effect of the chemicals used in the building components on the indoor air of the building is known.

One of the purposes of the present invention is to achieve a certified indoor climate of the building by monitoring the indoor climate of the building in real time during its use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

E.g. —for realizing the purposes mentioned above, the building, method and other objects of the invention according to the invention are characterized by what is presented in the attached independent patent claims.

The application examples and advantages mentioned in this text apply, where applicable, to the building according to the invention, the method as well as to other objects of the invention, even if it is not always mentioned separately.

A typical building according to the invention comprises a room space and the frame structure of the building. The frame structure comprises at least the following structural parts: lower base, upper base and outer walls. The mentioned structural parts individually, but also the entire building, measurably meet the pre-defined values of one or more indoor air pollutant emission limit value parameters. Indoor air pollutant emission measurements taken include one or more or all of the following: — TVOC emission; — Emission of individual VOC compounds;

N — Formaldehyde emission;

N — Ammonia emission; = 25 — Sensory evaluation,

S The bottom floor, top floor and outer walls are of load-bearing construction, welded together

E honeycomb plate built from metal profiles. Emissions measurements 2 of a certain structural part are made so that all surfaces of the structural part are open. © & 30 A typical method according to the invention for determining the indoor air emissions of a building — is performed for a building that comprises at least the following structural parts: lower floor, upper floor and external walls. The method comprises at least the following steps: a) the emission values of one or more indoor air pollutants are measured separately for each mentioned structural part; b) it is checked if all the mentioned structural parts meet the desired conditions of the emission limit value parameters, and o if they do not, changes are made to those structural parts that do not meet the conditions and the measurements of these structural parts are carried out again in step a), o if all the mentioned structural parts meet the conditions, then : c) measure the emission values of one or more indoor air pollutants for the entire building, d) check if the entire building meets the desired indoor air emission limit value parameters o if not, make changes to the structural components and return to step a) or c) to perform the measurements again, o if the entire building meets the conditions, then: e) the measured indoor air emissions are recorded.

The bottom floor, top floor and outer walls of the building are load-bearing structures made of honeycomb panels made of metal profiles welded together. In step a) the values of the emission parameters of a certain structural part are measured so that all surfaces of the structural part are open.

N According to the invention, the structural parts of the building are tested for indoor air emissions

N 25 first individually or in smaller groups. When each structural part has been found to be sufficiently 3 low-emission, the entire building with all z separately tested structural parts is also tested and approved. In this way, the building has been experimentally tested and known in terms of chemical emissions. The chemical behavior of the building is known with the precision of up to 5 chemicals. In the building — used chemicals

N 30 — the combined effect is known. The emissions produced by different substances and building components and their behavior together are precisely known. It is easy to organize tests and measurements in a standardized way.

In one form of application, the entire building is manufactured indoors, whereby the dry chain of construction is managed. The risk of moisture damage is very low. 5 In one embodiment, measurements of indoor air pollutant emissions comprise one or more or all of the following: — TVOC emission; — Emission of individual VOCs; — Formaldehyde emission; - Ammonia emission; — Sensory evaluation.

These are typical emissions that tell about the quality of the indoor air.

In one application form, the same indoor air pollutant emissions are measured from both individual structural parts and the entire building. It simplifies the method and improves its reliability. In one application form, individual structural parts are partially or completely measured for different emissions than for the entire building.

The specified values and conditions of the indoor air pollutant emission limit value parameters can be selected to suit each situation. For example, the values and conditions of the parameters can be selected according to the M1 emission classification of Finnish building materials. according to A building designed according to the invention is better than before, for example

N with M1 classification level parameters. a

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N 25 In one form of application, both individual structural parts and the entire building have

S the same pre-defined values and conditions of the limit value parameters in Erää

In the E application form, the values and conditions of the boundary value parameters are partially or completely different from those for the entire building. © & 30 The invention enables for the first time a practical and economical way to achieve very strict limit values.

In one —application form, the desired values and conditions of the emission limit value parameters of each structural part are selected from the following: — TVOC emission 3 and 28 days after placement in the test chamber: <50 ug/m?h or model room concentration <10 ug/m?; — Emission of individual VOCs 3 and 28 days after placement in the test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m$; — Formaldehyde emission 3 and 28 days after placement in the test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m?; — Ammonia emission 28 days after placement in the test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m?; — Sensory evaluation: all 15 evaluator evaluations passed, result >0.

If the structural parts are designed to meet the exemplary numerical values presented above, a building will be achieved that eliminates the symptoms to a large extent.

In one application form, the desired values and conditions of the limit value parameters of indoor air emissions for the entire building are selected from the following: — TVOC concentration: <20 ug/m3; — Concentration of individual VOC compounds: <2 ug/m3; — Formaldehyde content: <5 ug/m3; — Ammonia emission: <5 ug/m3; ; — Sensory evaluation: odor accepted when at least 5 evaluators.

N If the buildings are designed with the exemplary numerical values shown above

N to fulfill, a building is achieved that removes the symptoms to a large extent. o 25 - In one form of application, the values of the emission parameters are measured by the standard

E according to CEN/TS 16516:2013. ©

S In one application, emission measurements are made using emission chamber technology

N 30 utilizing the ISO 16000-9 standard.

In one form of application, sensory evaluation has been done in accordance with the standard ISO 16000-28.

The standards CEN/TS 16516:2013, ISO 16000-9 and ISO 16000-28 are generally known in the field, and are therefore not explained in more detail here. Their content can be considered to be part of this application as applicable.

In one form of application, the building comprises one or more of the following structural parts: — partition wall, — door, — window, — floor coverings, — wall coverings, — thermal insulation, — sound insulation, — fire insulation, — sealing materials between structural parts, — fastening materials between structural parts, — fixed furniture, — loose furniture, : — other equipment.

N Each of the mentioned structural parts meets one or more of the separately mentioned

Predefined values of N indoor air pollutant emission limit value parameters. a 25 In step a) of the method, the emission values of one or more indoor air pollutants are also measured for this or these structural parts. This ensures that all

E construction parts and their combinations have sufficiently low emissions.

S In one application form, in step a) of the method, several structural parts

N 30 emissions are measured together. For example, the bottom floor, top floor, outer wall or partition can be measured so that the structural parts that may be attached to it, such as doors,

windows, floor coverings, wall coverings, thermal insulation, sound insulation, fire insulation, sealing materials between structural parts and/or fastening materials between structural parts are attached to each other in their final intended way. Thus, there are fewer components to be tested in step a) of the method. At the same time, we get better certainty about the combined effect of structural components on emissions.

In one embodiment, the building comprises an air conditioning system. In this case, in step c) of the method, the emission values of one or more indoor air pollutants are measured for the entire building, when the building's ventilation system has been in operation for a certain period of time, for example at least, exactly or at most 1, 3 or 7 days.

In one embodiment, the building comprises one or more of the following

HVAC components: — heating system, — water system, — air conditioning system, — electrical system, — cooling system, — automation system.

In one form of application, in step a) of the method, the building is also measured. Emission values of one or more indoor air pollutants of HVAC components.

OF

N In one application form, in step c) of the method, the emission values of one or more indoor air pollutants are measured for the entire building a 25, when one, two or more of the HVAC structural components have been in operation for a certain period of time, for example i at least, exactly or at most 1, 3 or 7 days. © 5 In one form of application, in step a) of the method, a specific structural part is measured

N 30 emission parameter values so that all surfaces of the structural part are open. In this way, emissions from all sides of the structural part can be measured.

In one form of application, the structural parts of the building's frame structure are load-bearing structures made of metal, such as steel, for example a honeycomb plate built from welded together metal profiles. In one form of application, the lower floor, upper floor and outer walls of the building are load-bearing structures made of metal, such as steel, for example a cellular sheet built from welded together metal profiles. In one embodiment, the cell plate is a FIXCEL& cell plate. Metals, such as the FIXCEL® honeycomb plate, are non-organic structures. The risk of moisture damage or mold on the metal sheet is small. Metallic structures, such as FIXCEL® honeycomb panels, are practically emission-free building materials and therefore enable good indoor air. — Metallic sheet structures, such as FIXCEL® cellular sheet, can be arranged very tightly, even to meet the vapor barrier properties required of the structures, which helps e.g. in the control of the tightness and humidity of the building.

In one application form, the method includes the following steps: f) one or more of the following properties of the building's indoor air are measured with sensors: temperature, air humidity, CO2 concentration, concentration of highly volatile organic compounds (VVOC), concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOC); g) the information produced by the sensors on the properties of the indoor air is compared with the limit values set for them, and if one or more limit values are exceeded,

N h) a building maintenance alarm is given, for example to the maintenance staff.

N The building's indoor air can thus be monitored after the building is completed and

N 25 during use. This way it is known that the building's indoor climate stays at the desired 3 values. The measurement can be continuous. In this way, it can be ensured that the indoor air quality of, for example, a school or z hospital does not have time to deteriorate due to, for example, a machine breakdown or a long-lasting 3 years of water. c/o

S 30 For measurements, comparisons, data transfer, controlling the system and issuing maintenance alerts, conventional tools such as a computer, the program code arranged to be run on it, and data transfer connections can be used.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PATTERNS

The invention is explained in more detail in the following by referring to the attached diagrammatic drawing, where

The figures show a vertical cross-sectional view of the outer wall according to the invention and

Figure 2 — shows the method according to the invention as a flowchart.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF DRAWINGS

Figure 1 shows a vertical cross-section of the load-bearing outer wall 1 of the building according to the invention. The wall is cut off at the top and bottom edges in the picture. In the picture, on the right side is the inside of the building, i.e. room 9, and on the left side is the outside of the building 10. The supporting frame of the wall is a 100 mm thick FIXCEL& cell board 5 built from steel profiles that are seamed together. 3, a leveler is applied to the surface and paint 2 is applied on top of it. A 400 mm thick heat insulation board 6 is attached to the outer surface of the FIKCEL& cell board 5 as thermal insulation. A fiberglass net 7 is attached to the exterior surface of the heat insulation board and plaster 8 is applied on top of it.

In the example of Figure 2, in step a) of the method, the emission values of each structural part are measured. In step b) it is checked if the mentioned structural parts individually fulfill the desired conditions of the emission limit value parameters. If any structural part does not meet

N conditions, corrections are made and we return to step a) for that, i.e. measure

N structural part emissions again. Emission values can be measured separately for everyone

N 25 for structural part 2-8 of the outer wall. Structural parts should often be measured in practical combinations of 3. For example, the entire outer wall 1 shown in Figure 1 can be one structural part to be measured in step a) of method z. However, when using more complex structural units, 3 has its risks. If in step b) of the method it is noticed that the emissions of an entire 5 wall 1 are in some part too high, it can be difficult to figure out which or which

N 30 of its parts are the reason for this. When the measurements and comparisons of steps a) and b) have been performed in the method for all structural parts, and the emissions of the structural parts have been found to be sufficiently low, the entire building will be examined. Now the entire building is assembled and in step c) the indoor air emission parameter values are measured for the entire building in accordance with the standards CEN/TS 16516:2013, ISO 16000-9 and ISO 16000-28.

In step d), it is checked whether the entire building meets the conditions of the indoor air emission limit value parameters. If necessary, corrections are made and the measurements of step c) are returned. In some cases, you may have to go back to measuring individual structural parts, steps a) and b). Finally, when in step d) the emissions of the entire building have been found to be sufficiently low, the results of step e) are recorded and the building can be put into use. During use, the properties of the building's indoor air are monitored using sensors. If any limit value is exceeded; a maintenance alarm is given and — the situation is checked. This way, for example, water leaks do not have time to affect you for a long time.

The invention is not intended to be limited to the presented examples, but the independent patent requirements determine the protection circle. The dependent claims present several advantageous applications of the invention. 9

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Claims (23)

PATENT CLAIMS 1. Building comprising a room space (9) and a frame structure comprising at least the following components: a lower floor, an upper floor and external walls (1), wherein — said components (1) each individually and — the entire building measurably meets the predefined one or more emission limit values for pollutants in the indoor air, whereby the measurements made of emission values for pollutants in the indoor air include one or more or all of the following: — TVOC emission; — Emission of individual VOC compounds; — Formaldehyde emission; - Ammonia emission; — Organoleptic evaluation, characterized by the fact that the load-bearing structures on the lower floor, upper floor and the outer walls (1) are made of cellular plate (5) made of joined metal profiles and that measurements of emission values for air pollutants for a certain component (1) are made while all surfaces on the component are open. 2. Building according to claim 1, characterized in that the measurements made of ; emission values for pollutants in the indoor air include an organoleptic N evaluation. & x > 25 3. Building according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the desired 7 emission limit values for each component (1) have been selected from the following: E = TVOC emission 3 and 28 days after introduction into test chamber: <50 ug/m ?h or 2 model room concentration <10 ug/m?; = — Emission of individual VOC compounds 3 and 28 days after introduction into N 30 test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m?; — Formaldehyde emission 3 and 28 days after introduction into test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m?; — Ammonia emission 28 days after introduction into test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m>; — Organoleptic evaluation: — all 15 evaluations by the appraiser accepted, result > O. 4. Building according to any of preceding claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the desired emission limit values for the indoor air for the entire building are selected from the following: = TVOC concentration: <20 ug/m?; = Concentration of individual VOC compounds: <2 ug/m?; — Formaldehyde concentration: <5 ug/m?; — Ammonia emission: <5 ug/m?; — Organoleptic evaluation: smell accepted, when at least 5 appraisers. 5. Building according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that emission values have been measured according to the standard CEN/TS 16516:2013. 6. Building according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises one or more of the following components: — intermediate cradle, . — door; N — window S , & whereby said components each individually meet measurably the said a predefined one or more emission limit values for pollutants in the indoor air. z E 25 7. Building according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it includes = one or more of the following components: S — floor coverings, — wall coverings (2, 8), whereby said components each individually meet measurably said predefined one or more emission limit values for pollutants in the indoor air. 8. Building according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it includes one or more of the following components: — thermal insulation (6), — sound insulation, — fire insulation (3, 4), — sealing material between components, — fastening material between components (7), — other equipment, whereby said components each individually meet measurably the said predefined one or more emission limit values for pollutants in the indoor air. 9 Building according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it comprises one or more of the following components: — fixed furnishings, — furniture, wherein each of said components measurably meets the said predefined one or more emission limit values for pollutants in the indoor air . ; 10. Building according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the N includes one or more of the following plumbing, electrical, cooling and automation system components: N — heating system, a 25 — water system, 7 — air conditioning system, E — electrical system, > = — cooling system, 5 — automation system. No. 30 11. Method for determining indoor air emissions in a building, wherein the building comprises a room space (9) and a frame structure comprising at least the following components: a lower beam, an upper beam and outer walls (1), which method comprises at least the following steps: a) separate measurement for each of said components (1) of emission values for one or more pollutants in the indoor air; b) verification if each of the components (1) meets the desired emission limit values, and o if not, making changes to the components that do not meet the values and repeating the measurements on these components, o if yes, then applies: c) measurement for the entire building of emission values for one or more pollutants in the indoor air, d) verification if the entire building meets the desired emission limit values for the indoor air o if not, making changes to the components and returning to step a) or c) to repeat the measurements, o if yes, so applies: e) registration of the measured indoor air emissions, characterized in that the load-bearing structures on the lower floor, upper floor and outer walls (1) are formed of cellular plate (5) made of joined metal profiles and that in step a) emission values for a certain component (1) are measured for N air pollution while all surfaces of the component are open. O N p 25 12. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the measurements made of 3 emission values for pollutants in the indoor air include one or more or all of the following E: 5 — TVOC emission; o — Emission of individual VOC compounds; N 30 — Formaldehyde emission; - Ammonia emission; — Organoleptic evaluation. 13. Method according to one of the preceding claims 11 to 12, characterized in that the desired emission limit values for each component (1) to be verified in step b) are chosen from the following: = TVOC emission 3 and 28 days after introduction into the test chamber: <50 ug/m?h or model room concentration <10 ug/m$; — Emission of individual VOC compounds 3 and 28 days after introduction into test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m?; — Formaldehyde emission 3 and 28 days after introduction into test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m?; — Ammonia emission 28 days after introduction into test chamber: <5 ug/m?h or model room concentration <5 ug/m?; — Organoleptic evaluation: — all 15 evaluations by the appraiser accepted, result > O. 14. Method according to any of the preceding claims 11 to 13, characterized in that the desired emission limit values for the indoor air for the entire building verified in step d) are selected from the following: = TVOC concentration: <20 ug/m?; = Concentration of individual VOC compounds: <2 ug/m?; ; — Formaldehyde concentration: <5 ug/m?; N = Ammonia emission: <5 ug/m?; N — Organoleptic evaluation: smell accepted, when at least 5 appraisers. 2 25 I 15. Method according to any of preceding claims 11 to 14, characterized in that E emission values in steps a) and c) are measured according to the standard CEN/TS 16516:2013. 5 16. Method according to any of preceding claims 11 to 15, characterized in that the N 30 building includes one or more of the following components: — intermediate cradle, — door; — windows, whereby in step a) emission values for one or more pollutants in the indoor air are also measured for this or these components. 17. Method according to any of preceding claims 11 to 16, characterized in that the building includes one or more of the following components: — floor coverings, — wall coverings (2, 8), whereby in step a) emission values for this or these components are also measured for a or several pollutants in the indoor air. 18. Method according to any of preceding claims 11 to 17, characterized in that the building includes one or more of the following components: — thermal insulation (6), — sound insulation, — fire insulation (3, 4), — sealing material between components, — fastening material between components (7), — other equipment, whereby in step a) emission values for a ; are also measured for this or these components; or several pollutants in the indoor air. eu 19. Method according to any of the preceding claims 11 to 18, characterized in that the building includes one or more of the following components: 7 — fixed fittings, : — furniture, = whereby in step a) emission values for this or these components are also measured for one = or more pollutants in the indoor air. N 20. Method according to any of preceding claims 11 to 19, characterized in that the building includes an air conditioning system and in step c) emission values for one or more pollutants in the indoor air are measured for the entire building, when the building's ventilation system has been in operation for a certain time, for example at least 3 days. 21. Method according to any of preceding claims 11 to 20, characterized in that the building includes one or more of the following plumbing, electrical, cooling and automation system components: — heating system, — water system, — air conditioning system, — electrical system, — cooling system, — automation system, whereby in step a) emission values for one or more pollutants in the indoor air are also measured for the building's HVAC, electricity, cooling and automation system components. 22. Method according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that in step c) emission values for one or more pollutants in the indoor air are measured for the entire building, when one, two . or several plumbing, electrical, cooling or automation system components have been in operation for a certain amount of time, for example at least 3 days. a N a 25 23. Method according to one of the preceding claims 11 to 22, characterized in that the 9 method comprises the following steps: E f) measurement with sensors of one or more of the following properties of the 3 indoor air in the building: temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, 5 concentration of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC), concentration of N 30 volatile organic compounds (VOC); g) comparing the information produced by the sensors with respect to the properties of the indoor air with limit values set for them and, where one or more limit values are exceeded; h) alarm building maintenance. N N O N N o O I Ao a <t 00 Nn 00 O N