FI129435B - Manufacturing method of carbon blocks - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention relates to a production process for carbon pieces in particular by a continuous process, and to a product obtained by this process. In the process, a biomaterial-based raw material is used by forming fractions obtained from a fractionation of biomass, a mixture which is treated to produce a piece of carbon. In the process, a mixture of raw materials or a foam thereof is heat-treated and charred and optionally activated. The process according to the invention is suitable as a continuous production process for carbon piece products.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing carbon bodies, and to products manufactured by this method. In particular, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of carbonized bodies from a biomaterial-based starting material according to the preamble of claim 1, in particular by a continuous process. The invention also relates to a carbon body produced by the method, in particular a multilayer body. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Various carbon products are used in many different applications, such as cleaning applications, for example in the cleaning of gases and liquids, or in various purifiers, as a filler or as a catalyst filler. Carbon bodies in particular are generally suitable for use in thermal insulation as well as in various filters. Porous carbon, in turn, is used in particular as a support for catalysts due to their high specific surface area N.

N <Q It is known to produce carbonized and possibly activated carbon products by both continuous and batch processes. Continuous processes such as rotating drums

I = and screw processes can be utilized for powdered and lumpy feeds, but 2 these do not work for pieces or other shaped products. In patent publications

O S US2016244674 A1 and WO0189993 A1 disclose a rotary continuous N manufacturing process for carbon products. The product produced in the process is exposed to a certain temperature profile by keeping different parts of the oven at different temperatures. Carbon products travel in the furnaces with a rotating motion.

Fi-rotating continuous furnaces, such as flat furnaces, have so far been used mainly in the porcelain, glass and metal industries, for example. A continuous roller-type oven has been described e.g. CN 105174257 A. However, such furnaces have not been used for bio-based products because they are not typically used with products that generate highly volatile components that are condensed or potentially utilized as a heat source at various stages of the process in question. In general, however, carbon products are now increasingly being made from biomaterial-based feedstocks. CN105289563 A, on the other hand, discloses a process for regenerating activated carbon using a tunnel furnace with different temperature zones. Activated carbon is first stored in an air-conditioned room, after which it is placed in separate tanks where it is regenerated. CN 107381569 A also describes a process for producing spherical activated carbon. Batch processes have been used especially for the production of carbon bodies. In batch processes, a certain amount of product to be processed is loaded into a batch furnace and processed. All steps are performed either in the same batch furnace or the piece is transferred from one batch furnace to another, possibly via intermediate storage. Such batch processes do not allow heat to be recycled or recovered during the process and include several intermediate steps to make the parts. The batch process for the production of carbon bodies has been described e.g. in CN 105293490 A.

N11 Patent publication GB1162571 A describes a coke production process in which bituminous carbon is fed to a process in which it is formed in a furnace into a layer S of a certain thickness due to the heat generated by combustion.

x a © When choosing the manufacturing process of a carbon product, it is important to take into account the starting materials used, 3 the desired form of the final product and the economy of the process.

O Based on the above, there is still a lot of room for improvement in the production methods of carbon bodies. In particular, the use of ecological feedstocks needs to be intensified and the utilization of industrial by-products needs to be further increased. Above all, a continuous manufacturing method specifically for carbon bodies has not yet been successfully developed. Nor has any process succeeded in optimizing all the advantageous properties of the product to be manufactured at the same time as being environmentally friendly and economical. The desired features are, in particular, continuous operation and efficient utilization of process flows. General Description of the Invention It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel process for the preparation of carbon bodies from bio-based starting materials. In particular, it is intended to provide a continuous manufacturing process for the production of carbonized and possibly activated bulk products using an ecological and cost-effective process which, however, achieves the necessary physical and chemical properties of the product to be manufactured for use. The idea is that the method according to the invention can be used to produce parts or shaped parts with different shapes and different properties in an energy-efficient manner. It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel multilayer body, the different layers of which may have different properties, but the product is preferably N monolithic.

& In the continuous process for the production of carbon bodies according to the invention, a mixture is first formed from the biomaterial-based starting material. This mixture or the foam formed therefrom is subjected to a heat treatment, after which it is carbonized and optionally activated. The continuous production process is carried out using 3 one or more tunnel furnaces and at least two furnace zones, each furnace zone> being independent in terms of temperature, gas atmosphere and gas supply and collection. At least two furnace zones differ in at least one of the above characteristics.

As described above, a continuous production process for biomaterial-based carbon bodies is provided, in which the fractions generated in the process are utilized as a heat source or alternatively condensed and utilized internally or externally as energy or raw material. More specifically, the invention is characterized by what is set forth in the characterizing parts of the independent claims. The invention provides considerable advantages. The method makes it possible to produce carbon pieces in a continuous process utilizing efficient heat and the recovery of various components. The continuous process clearly reduces the intermediate steps required in the method, because after feeding into the first furnace zone, the piece does not need to be intermediate, but moves from one stage to the other through the furnace zones, and the finished carbon piece is discharged from the last furnace zone. A wide variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks can be used as starting materials in the invention, such as various plants and parts thereof, by-products of various fractionation processes, as well as peat and biogas plant digests and other partially biodegraded or treated materials. The bio-based feedstocks used in the invention reduce the need for fossil feedstocks and reduce the carbon footprint of the product N. This also makes use of the side fractions of the fractionation process.

S E Thus, the manufacturing method according to the invention has the advantage of environmental friendliness, simple technology and low energy consumption. Energy consumption 3 can be reduced by utilizing the energy of the gas streams used in the different process steps> by recovering them and utilizing them, for example, in preheating. The volatile fractions generated in the carbonization step can also be utilized as an energy source or heat can be recovered from them by condensation, in which case these liquid fractions can also be utilized in other processes. Non-condensable gases can be burned and the energy thus produced can be utilized, for example, in process, heating or electricity generation, etc. With the production method according to the invention, it is also possible to recycle biomaterial-based products by regenerating them. The product can be regenerated directly by heating or alternatively by crushing, after which it can be used as a raw material for a new mixture. Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawing shows a simplified diagram of the steps of the method according to one embodiment. Drawings Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the steps of a method according to one embodiment. Embodiments The present invention relates to a continuous process for producing carbon bodies, and to a multilayer body to be produced by this method. N In the following, the products to be manufactured are commonly referred to as “carbon body” and N “body” as synonyms for each other. It is a three-dimensional carbon product with some O-shape. The shape of the body is not limited in any way. +

OE In the context of the present invention, the term "continuous" means a process in which the workpieces are in continuous movement from one step to another or in which the workpieces are moved directly to the next process step without> storage between steps, in particular by moving the pieces from one oven zone to another. with the external environment. In practice, this means that the furnace assembly used in the method has an inlet and an outlet between which the piece moves forward from one stage to another without separate measures. In the case where the furnace assembly contains only one tunnel furnace, the feed and outlet naturally mean the feed of this particular tunnel furnace from which the piece is placed in the furnace and the outlet from which the finished carbon body exits the furnace. In the case of several tunnel furnaces, the feed of the furnace assembly means the feed of the first tunnel furnace in order from which the piece is placed in the furnace, and the outlet means the outlet of the last tunnel furnace in order. Carbon bodies are “monolithic”, which in this context means that their body structure consists of the same substance throughout, ie the carbon body is “one substance”. The process according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 1. The process according to the present invention for producing charred bodies from a biomaterial-based starting material comprises forming a mixture of the starting material from a fraction obtained from biomass fractionation, then shaping or foaming the mixture and shaping the formed foam. The shaped mixture or foam is subjected to a heat treatment, after which it is carbonized.

The body according to the invention is produced by a continuous process in one or more tunnel furnaces using at least two furnace zones, each of which is independent of temperature, gas atmosphere and gas supply and collection, S at least two zones differing in at least one of the above properties.

For I x.

O

In the first step of the process, a mixture is formed which contains at least 50% by weight of the dry matter fraction obtained from the fractionation of biomass. The fraction obtained from the biomass can be either untreated or treated or a mixture of these. According to one embodiment, several fractions from biomass fractionation are added to the mixture. Typically, the fractions to be added contain, for example, organic components derived from biomass, such as lignin, extractants, furfural or tannin, or monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric saccharides derived from cellulose or hemicellulose. Thus, the present invention is able to efficiently utilize various side fractions of the fractionation process. In addition, the fractions to be added may be pure or crude. The proportion of each such fraction in the solids of the mixture to be foamed may be, for example, about 0.1 to 25% by weight. According to one embodiment, the fraction obtained from the fractionation of biomass is in particular lignin or tannin, or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the proportion of lignin or tannin in the dry matter of the starting material is at least 50% by weight. According to one embodiment, the mixture formed from the biomass fractions contains at least 1% by weight of lignin, preferably at least 5% by weight of lignin, more preferably 10-90% by weight of lignin, for example 50-70% by weight of lignin, based on the dry weight of the mixture. According to one embodiment, the mixture formed from the fractions contains at least 1% by weight of lignin, preferably at least 5% by weight of lignin, more preferably 10-75% by weight of lignin, N for example 30-50% by weight of lignin, based on the total weight of the mixture.

N Typically, the lignin-containing fraction is derived from biomass, such as wood or annual or perennial plants. The fraction is obtained, for example, by extracting the biomass with aqueous solutions, for example by hot water extraction or pressurized hot water extraction or by conventional E chemical pulp digestion. Aqueous solutions preferably contain lignin-dissolving components such as alkalis, e.g. alkali metal or alkaline earth metal 3 hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides or mixtures thereof. Extraction solutions may also contain peroxides as well as organic compounds such as perforic acid or Caron's salt. The extraction can also be carried out with organic or ionic solvents.

The lignin may be in any form, such as an alkaline lignin, a thiol form, or a metal salt of a lignosulfonate. According to one embodiment, the formed mixture is shaped and subjected to a heat treatment, after which it is carbonized. According to another embodiment, the formed mixture is foamed before being subjected to heat treatment. Thus, the second step of the process comprises subjecting either the shaped mixture or the shaped foam formed therefrom to heat treatment, followed by carbonization. According to one embodiment, the body to be produced by the method is brought into a predetermined shape by means of a mold, preferably the treatment of the mixture or foam to be formed is carried out entirely in the mold. With the help of the mold, the foamed product acquires a clear shape in three dimensions, which is in no way limited. It can be, for example, a cube, a cone, a cylinder or a ball. According to a preferred embodiment, the mold must be closed. However, the mold can also be open. In one embodiment, the formed mixture comprises a liquid medium which is water, an organic solution such as an alcohol, or an ionic solution. The liquid medium can also be a mixture of several different liquids. In particular, the mixture contains a liquid medium if it is to be foamed. In this case, the liquid medium contained in the mixture acts as a blowing agent in the N mixture. By using a liquid medium with a low boiling point N, the amount of energy required to dry the foam can be reduced.

The mixture formed according to one embodiment contains a liquid medium of 0.1 to 70% by weight, preferably 1 to 50% by weight, more preferably 5 to 30% by weight, for example about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture.

O>> In one embodiment, the liquid medium used for flotation can be recovered and recycled for reuse.

By introducing the foamed mixture into the process of the invention, porous shaped carbon bodies are obtained. After flotation, the porous material mainly comprises macropores. Typically, the smallest dimension of the pores is then at least 0.01 mm. According to a preferred embodiment, the mixture is foamed before it is fed into the mold, whereby the mold is carefully filled and the foamed body is made exactly mold-shaped. The mixture can also be foamed while it is already in the mold. The mold may need to be heated to promote solidification of the foam. Especially in the case of a foamed mixture, the mold can be removed before subjecting the shaped foam to heat treatment. The mixture can be foamed by any commonly known flotation method, such as heating, mechanical stirring, a blast gas process, or a brine process. Preferably, the mixture is foamed by mechanical agitation or chemically. In the case of chemical foaming, for example, sodium bicarbonate or potassium carbonate can be used, which decompose to produce carbon dioxide and whose alkali moiety also acts as a fertilizer and activation aid. The flotation can be performed, for example, in a mixing tank. To promote foaming, a blowing agent such as a surfactant such as polysorbate may be added to the mixture, e.g. about 0.1-10% by weight of the dry matter of the mixture. According to a preferred embodiment, the flotation is carried out at normal pressure or at a low N overpressure or underpressure, for example at an absolute pressure of 0.1 to 10 bar.

N The flotation temperature is preferably above 20 ° C but below 300 ° C. The reaction is exothermic, i.e. without heating the flotation is more controllable and the shaping of the body S is easier.

x a © Other substances can be added to the mixture. In one application, 3 substances belonging to one or more of the following groups are added to the mixture:> a substance which modifies the mechanical properties of the articles to be manufactured (in particular their strength-enhancing substances), such as organic or inorganic fibers; or an insecticide in the articles being prepared. An electrically conductive agent such as a metal, an earth metal, an alkali metal, a precious metal or a salt thereof may also be added to the bodies. Furthermore, it is also possible to add various fillers, wetting agents and stabilizers to the mixture. The amounts of the above substances and components are typically about 0.01 to 25% by weight in total, especially about 0.1 to 10% by weight based on the dry weight of the starting material. According to one embodiment, the mixture or foam is dried before the heat treatment, preferably at a temperature of 50 to 120 ° C, more preferably at a temperature of 80 to 120 ° C. Drying typically takes about 5 to 300 minutes, preferably 10 to 240 minutes, for example 15 to 100 minutes. After possible drying, the mixture or foam is heat treated. According to one embodiment, the heat treatment takes place at a temperature of at most 300 ° C, for example at 50-300 ° C, preferably at 80-300 ° C. The heat treatment strengthens the mixture or foam. According to one embodiment, the residence time of the mixture or foam in the heat treatment, i.e. the duration of the heat treatment, is 5 to 300 minutes, preferably 10 to 240 minutes, for example 15 to 150 minutes. N The heat-treated body is typically carbonized in an oxygen-free gas atmosphere N at a temperature of up to 1500 ° C, preferably at a temperature of 500 to 1200 ° C, more preferably at a temperature of 600 to 1000 ° C. An inert gas phase is generally used in carbonization, which may include any gases that are substantially inert under the conditions of carbonization. E Examples of such gases are nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and argon and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the residence time or duration of the carbonization is 10 to 360 minutes, preferably 30 to 300 minutes, for example 60 to 240 minutes.

According to one embodiment, in addition to carbonization, substantially inert gas, such as nitrogen, may be fed to other stages, such as heat treatment, to keep the gas space inert, i.e. to prevent too much oxygen from entering the furnace zone. This ensures that no excessive vacuum is created in the furnace zones, which would allow air to enter the process space, possibly spoiling the product to be manufactured. An inert gas space also reduces the risk of fire and explosion. In addition, any inert gas supplied ensures that the gases flow in the zone and, if necessary, are removed from the furnace zone, for example during maintenance. Preferably, the inert gas is added within the same furnace zone at several points, in particular at least two points. According to one embodiment, the carbonized body can be further graphitized before the body can be activated by heating the body to an even higher temperature, above 1500 ° C. Graphitization can further modify the properties of a carbon body. In one embodiment, the carbonized or graphitized body may also be activated. Typically, the activation is performed at a temperature above 500 ° C, preferably at a temperature of 600-900 ° C. The specific surface area of the activated body is more than 300 m, preferably 500 to 1500 m, more preferably 600 to 1200 m. According to one embodiment, the residence time of the body in the activation step is 10-400 minutes, preferably 30-360 minutes, for example 60-300 minutes.

N N In one embodiment, the body is chemically activated.

As the activating chemicals, for example, alkali metal salts, phosphoric acid, S zinc chloride or sulfuric acid or a mixture thereof can be used.

x a © According to another embodiment, the body is physically activated, whereby carbon 3 is activated by means of a gas. The gas used can be, for example, steam, carbon dioxide or a mixture of these. As a result of exothermic reactions of activation, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are removed from the material.

According to a preferred embodiment, the body is activated with steam, carbon dioxide or a mixture thereof. According to one embodiment, the water vapor, carbon dioxide or a mixture thereof preferably used for activation is fed to the activation zone in several steps, possibly by means of several feeds. Sufficient activating medium, such as steam, must be present in the activation zone at all times to prevent it from being displaced by the resulting gases, in which case activation will not work as intended. Preferably, the activating agent is fed to the activation zone from at least two separate feeds. By means of carbonization and possible activation, for example, odor-causing and other undesired components can be removed. Carbonization also reduces the risk of fire in the part when volatile components are removed during processing and improves the mechanical properties of the part when it is more resistant to stress and strain. Activation, in turn, increases the pore volume of the body, which is a beneficial property for the binding or absorption of impurities or ions. The external adsorption area of the activated porous body made of foam becomes large and the structure becomes small pores, the body mainly comprising micropores (pores below 2 nm) and mesopores (pores 2-50 nm), respectively. According to a preferred embodiment, the pore volume of the porous body after activation is more than 0.1 cm / g. More preferably, the pore volume of the body after activation is greater than 0.2 cm / g.

N for example 0.1-0.7 cm * / g.

& According to one embodiment, the carbonized, and optionally activated, body is further subjected to a post-treatment at a temperature of 80-400 ° C, preferably at a temperature of 80-200 ° C. Typically, the duration of the post-treatment is 5-300 minutes, preferably 10-240 © minutes. According to a preferred embodiment, after post-treatment, the body 3 is cooled to a temperature of 20-80 ° C, preferably 20-50 ° C. This lasts> typically 5-200 minutes, preferably 10-180 minutes. According to one embodiment, the carbon content of the carbon body of the present invention depends on the starting material used and the temperature used to carbonize the body. According to one embodiment, the carbon content of the finished carbon body is 50 to 100% by weight, preferably 75 to 100% by weight, for example 80 to 98% by weight, based on the weight of the finished body. The process according to the invention always comprises the heat treatment and carbonization of a mixture of the fractions obtained from the biomass fractions or of the foam formed therefrom. In one embodiment, these steps may be combined with one or more of the other steps of drying, activation, graphitization, post-treatment, and cooling. All steps involved in the method are performed in furnace zones. According to a preferred embodiment, the process according to the invention comprises drying, heat treatment, carbonization, activation, post-treatment and cooling of a mixture of the fractions obtained from the biomass fractions or of the foam formed therefrom. The continuous production method according to the invention uses at least two furnace zones, each of which is independent in terms of temperature, gas atmosphere and gas supply and collection, the at least two zones differing in at least one of the above-mentioned properties. According to one embodiment, each process step is performed in its own furnace zone.

N N According to another embodiment, one or more process steps may be performed in the same furnace zone, for example, carbonization and possible activation may be performed in the same furnace zone.

The continuous process according to the invention uses one or more tunnel kilns, one tunnel kiln comprising one or more kiln zones, but so that the tunnel kiln (s) as a whole comprise at least two kiln zones. Thus, the method according to the invention may comprise 1-6 tunnel kilns.

According to a preferred embodiment, each process step is performed in its own tunnel kiln. Preferably, the furnace zones used in the method are joined together so that the body can move directly from one furnace zone to another without coming into contact with the surrounding conditions. According to a preferred embodiment, the body moves from one step to another, in particular without substantially lowering the temperature of the body. According to one embodiment, the furnace zones form a single furnace assembly with a feed and an outlet, wherein the mixture or foam fed to the furnace assembly is obtained from the outlet of the furnace assembly as a carbonized body. The furnace assembly may comprise one or more tunnel furnaces. That is, furnace zones are included in a furnace with inlet and outlet. Preferably, the carbon body to be manufactured remains in the same position throughout the process, moving linearly from step to step. According to a preferred embodiment, the furnace zones are arranged so that the body travels on different surfaces on a horizontal surface. According to one embodiment, the pieces to be produced by the method move from one N step to another, for example by means of a belt, a roller or carriages, preferably with a belt, N more preferably with a horizontal belt.

S According to a preferred embodiment, the pieces move inside the furnace assembly E by a continuously moving belt or by several separate successive belts.

© Separate belts make it possible to control the speed of the workpiece 3, ie the delay 3 separately in each oven zone.

N According to a preferred embodiment, each tunnel furnace has a separate belt.

According to another embodiment, the pieces move through the kiln zones in carriages which are either independent or form a so-called train. Preferably, the carriages are closed, so that each carriage can have its own gas phase, making it easier to control both the gas phase and the temperature. The heat transfer of the furnace zones can be performed either directly or indirectly, preferably by superheated gas or electricity. The manufacturing method of the present invention enables an energy efficient process by utilizing the energy of the gas streams used in the various process steps. According to a preferred embodiment, during the process, the volatile gas fractions at different stages are condensed, whereby thermal energy is recovered from them. At the same time, liquid fractions are formed that can be utilized in other processes. Liquid fractions can be recovered or incinerated. Volatile gas fractions and any non-condensable gases can also be combusted to produce energy and utilized internally or externally as energy or raw material. The generated energy can be utilized, for example, in the process, heating or electricity generation. According to one embodiment, the heat energy recovered can be utilized in the internal heating of the process, i.e. in the heating of raw materials or a building, for example. According to another embodiment, the thermal energy can be sold to third parties.

N N According to one embodiment, the heat released during cooling, for example, can be utilized in the drying or heat treatment step or for inerting the material.

S E Preferably, at least 10% by mass of the raw material entering the process is converted to a gas during the process. In particular, the independent furnace zones 3 according to the present invention allow efficient recovery and utilization of volatile components.

O The present invention enables an energy efficient process by utilizing the energy of gas streams generated at different process stages. This is made possible in particular by the independent furnace zones according to the invention, each of which is independent in terms of temperature, gas atmosphere and gas supply and collection. With the help of independent furnace zones, the conditions of each stage can be optimized and the resulting gas fractions can be utilized as efficiently as possible. In one embodiment, the body article can be washed to reduce any inorganic materials. The washing can be carried out, for example, with water, aqueous acids, bases or some other solution, especially an aqueous solution. The body can then optionally be dried by well-known drying methods. The present invention also relates to a carbon body produced by the method. Especially a multilayer body produced by the method. Namely, the carbon body to be produced by the method according to the present invention can also be produced in parts, for example layer by layer. This is done by using the same method multiple times for a single song. This provides multilayer bodies according to the present invention. When different manufacturing conditions are used, such as temperature, gas atmosphere, and residence time, different properties are obtained for the different layers. The method of the present invention can also recycle N biomaterial-based materials by regenerating them into carbon bodies. Depending on the composition of the N recyclable material, it can be directly regenerated by heating by the process of the present invention, or alternatively, S can be crushed and used as a raw material for a new mixture which is subjected to the process of the invention E.

2 © Regeneration can also be performed by modifying the finished carbon body using the> method. A new carbon layer can be formed on the finished carbon body, for example by means of the method according to the invention, in order to bring new properties to the body. This can also be done, for example, by removing a part of the recyclable carbon body, for example by cutting off its surface layer, and recoating it by means of the method according to the invention. Industrial Applicability The process of the invention can be utilized to make a variety of carbon bodies that are generally suitable for use as other carbon products. The present method is also suitable for the regeneration of carbon bodies as well as for the production of multilayer bodies. The method of manufacturing carbon bodies according to the invention has the advantage of e.g. its continuity, economy and ecology. The invention is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth above, but rather to be broadly construed within the scope defined by the appended claims. References Patent literature US2016244674 Al N WOO0189993 A1 & GB1162571 A O CN105289563 +

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Claims (23)

Claims A process for the preparation of carbonized bodies from a biomaterial-based feedstock, which comprises: - forming a mixture of the feedstock containing at least 50% of the fraction from dry matter biomass fractionation, - the body is produced by a continuous process in one or more tunnel kilns using at least two kiln zones, each independent of temperature, gas atmosphere and gas supply and collection, with at least two zones differing in at least one of the above characteristics, temperature, gas atmosphere and gas feed and collection. The method of claim 1, wherein the single tunnel kiln comprises one or more kiln zones. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the furnace zones are connected together so that the body can move directly from one furnace zone to another. O A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the furnace zones N are included in a furnace having a feed and an outlet, wherein the shaped mixture fed to the furnace or the shaped foam formed therefrom is recovered from the furnace = outlet as a carbonized body after the last furnace zone. E O A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture or foam 3 is formed into a predetermined shape by means of a mold, preferably the treatment of the shaped mixture or foam is carried out entirely in the mold. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the shaped mixture or foam passes through the process while remaining in the same position. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the shaped mixture or foam is in continuous motion as it passes through the furnace zones. Process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture or foam is dried before the heat treatment, preferably at a temperature of 50 to 120 ° C, more preferably at a temperature of 80 to 120 ° C. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture or foam is heat treated at a temperature of at most 300 ° C, for example at 50-300 ° C, preferably at 80-300 ° C, to strengthen the mixture or foam. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heat-treated body is carbonized in an oxygen-free gas atmosphere at a temperature of at most 1500 ° C, preferably at 500-1200 ° C, more preferably at 600-1000 ° C. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the carbonized body - is activated with carbon dioxide, water vapor or a mixture thereof at a temperature above 500 ° C, preferably at a temperature of 600-900 ° C, wherein the carbon has a specific surface area of more than 300 m * / g, preferably 500-2500 m ”/ g, more preferably 600-1200 m”. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the carbonized and N 25 - optionally activated body is subjected to a post-treatment at a temperature of 80 to 400 ° C, preferably at a temperature of 80 to 200 ° C, and then cooled to a temperature of 20 to 80 ° C, preferably to a temperature of 20-50 ° C. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising drying, heat treatment, carbonization, activation, post-treatment and cooling of a mixture of foam from fractions> 30 fractions or foam formed therefrom. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each step is performed in a separate kiln zone, preferably each step is performed in a separate tunnel kiln. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heat transfer in the processing steps of the method is performed either directly or indirectly, preferably with superheated gas or electricity. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture comprises - a liquid medium which is water, an organic solution or an ionic solution or a mixture thereof. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture is foamed before it is fed into the mold. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volatile gas fractions during the process are condensed or combusted and utilized internally or externally as energy or raw material. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 10% by mass of the raw material entering the process is converted to a gas during the process. o A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pieces are transferred from one N step to another by means of one or more separate belts. N 25 S A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the piece is made in E parts, for example layer by layer, using the same method several times for one piece. O>> 30 A multilayer body made by the method of claim 21. The porous body of claim 22, wherein the pores have a minimum pore size of at least 0.01 mm. oO O OF OF OF I a a O MN O © O O OF