FI127778B

FI127778B - Extracted lignocellulosic material and uses thereof

Info

Publication number: FI127778B
Application number: FI20175293A
Authority: FI
Inventors: Mari Kallioinen; Mika Mänttäri
Original assignee: Lappeenrannan Teknillinen Yliopisto
Priority date: 2017-03-29
Filing date: 2017-03-29
Publication date: 2019-02-15
Also published as: FI20175293L

Abstract

The present invention relates to the fields of purification of liquids. Specifically, the invention relates to a method for removing or separating dissolved contaminants from an extraction liquid and to a method for producing a liquid containing hemicellulose and/or an adsorbent containing lignin and/or other components. In particular the invention concerns the use of an adsorbent lignocellulosic material for removing dissolved contaminants from a liquid.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the fields of purification of liquids. Specifically, the invention relates to a method for removing or separating dissolved contaminants from 5 an extraction liquid and to a method for producing a liquid containing hemicellulose and/or an adsorbent containing lignin and/or other components. In particular the invention concerns the use of an adsorbent lignocellulosic material for removing dissolved contaminants from a liquid.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The pulp and paper industry is one of the heaviest users of water in the industrial economy using even tens of cubic meter of water for every ton of product depending on the product and process. Pulp and paper mills produce wastewater in volume which must be treated before water can either be recycled for use in the mills or safely discharged. Improving the recovery of contaminants stemming from pulp and paper 15 mill process and waste water is therefore imperative.

Wood biomass is mainly composed of carbohydrates, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin is of great interest for various material applications, such as carbon fibres and phenolic-based chemicals. Cellulose has been utilized efficiently in the production of e.g. paper, paperboard, card stock, inactive fillers in drug tablets 20 and thickeners or stabilizers in processed foods. Hemicelluloses can be used for replacing compounds originating from oil and thus in manufacturing of several products.

Pulping processes are used for separating cellulose from lignin, hemicellulose and other components of lignocellulosic materials. The recovery of hemicelluloses from wood is done by extraction, for instance with pressurised water. In the extraction also 25 other compounds than hemicelluloses are dissolved into the wood extraction liquid.

Thus, to enable the further use of hemicelluloses, they have to be separated, purified and concentrated from the wood extraction liquid. This can be done with membrane filtration. However, lignin and its derivatives and small organic compounds present as impurities in the wood extract cause remarkable membrane fouling, which decreases 30 significantly the efficiency of membrane filtration step.

Hemicellulose fractions can be recovered from wood extract and purified for instance with expensive oil-based, polymeric adsorbents or with activated carbon. Thus, a

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 waste fraction containing lignin and adsorbents is produced and it is difficult to utilize lignin from this fraction for further applications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It is an aim of the invention to overcome at least some of the above mentioned disad5 vantages, e.g. to reduce impurities of the wood extract, and to provide a method of separating contaminants such as lignin and/or other components from a liquid such as an extraction liquid of lignocellulosic material. In this way fractions (e.g. effluents) containing an increased amount of components of interest, such as hemicelluloses, are obtained.

The present invention is based on the concept of using extracted lignocellulosic material as an adsorbent for the removal of impurities such as lignin from liquids. The present invention thus provides a single method by combining production of adsorbents for separating contaminants and separation of contaminants.

An adsorbent which comprises a finely divided lignocellulosic material, which has 15 been subjected to extraction to remove dissolving hemicellulose components and optionally smaller molar mass carbohydrates therefrom, is provided in the present invention. In some embodiments, the lignocellulosic material is extracted with an aqueous solution, which may contain acidic or buffering components, to remove a significant portion of the hemicelluloses and optionally other compounds contained therein. 20 The material thus obtained has surprisingly been found to efficiently remove contaminants, such as dispersed or dissolved contaminants, from liquids.

A liquid removed from the lignocellulosic material (for example a wood extraction liquid containing lignin) is discharged through an adsorbent bed and thus lignin and/or other compounds of the liquid are precipitated and/or bound on or within said adsor25 bent. In this way the liquid is purified from lignin and optionally other components.

The present invention utilizes cold adsorbent or lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction for precipitating and bound lignin and/or other contaminants of a liquid within an adsorbent. Temperature of an adsorbent is lower than the temperature of an extraction vessel or a liquid, thus surprisingly enabling enhanced precipitation of 30 components such as lignin. Other cooling methods than contacting the liquid with the adsorbent are not necessarily needed for said liquid.

Considerable advantages are obtained by the invention. The novel adsorbents have excellent absorption and adsorption properties and they can be used for precipitating

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 lignin and/or other components at a lowered temperature. Indeed, the lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction purifies extraction liquor by removing lignin and/or other wood extraction compounds. This increases the purity of target compounds such as hemicelluloses.

Furthermore, the method of the present invention can be used as a preliminary purification step before conventional separation technologies. Indeed, the adsorbents can be combined with other separation processes to achieve a pre-purification step. In a particularly specific embodiment, the method of the present invention is combined with conventional mechanical separation operations, such as membrane filtration.

The treatment improves the efficiency of membrane filtration which is used to purify and concentrate hemicelluloses. Both the filtration capacity and purity of the final product are improved. Pure liquids containing hemicellulose enable efficient further processing of hemicelluloses e.g. by preventing membrane fouling during membrane filtrations.

The intensified biorefinery process of the present invention enables the use of lowcost wood-based adsorbents instead of the expensive oil-based polymeric adsorbents for removal of impurities such as lignin. The present adsorbent materials as well as the liquid to be contacted with the adsorbent can be produced by a straightforward method using inexpensive starting materials. In particular, the material and liquid are 20 produced from lignocellulosic raw-materials obtained as by-products in other processes. In a specific embodiment the adsorbent and the liquid used in a method of the present invention are obtained from the same starting lignocellulosic material.

In the adsorbent on which the lignin has been adsorbed the lignin:carbohydrate ratio is higher than in virgin wood material. The adsorbent containing precipitated and/or 25 bound lignin has an increased heating value. Thus, the wood based adsorbent material with precipitated lignin (i.e. the adsorbent contacted with a liquid containing lignin) may be utilized for producing energy, e.g. manufacturing pellets.

In summary, the method of the present invention is an intensified method, which both 1) facilitates the recovery of a liquid comprising components such as hemicelluloses 30 as purified and concentrated fractions from wood extracts and 2) produces solid wood-based material, which is excellent e.g. for manufacturing pellets for heating purposes. The intensified process combines an extraction process and a further downstream purification process (adsorption) into one process where the residual lignocellulosic material (such as saw dust from the previous extraction), which has been sub35 jected to extraction, is utilised as a purification material (adsorbent). The present

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 invention utilizes all the wood material fed to a process and no waste fractions are produced. Therefore, the present invention improves the total material yield.

In addition to other advantages the method of the present invention is very simple, efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly.

The invention is defined by the features of the independent claims. Specific embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.

The present invention relates to a method for separating dissolved contaminants (e.g. a lignin component and/or other components) from an extraction liquid, wherein the method comprises discharging an extraction liquid through an adsorbent which com10 prises a cooled finely divided lignocellulosic material, which has been subjected to extraction to remove hemicellulose and/or other components therefrom, to precipitate and/or bind lignin and/or other components with the adsorbent (e.g. on or within the adsorbent).

Also, the present invention relates to a method for producing a liquid containing hem15 icellulose and/or other components and/or an adsorbent containing impurities (e.g.

lignin and/or other components), wherein the method comprises contacting a liquid with an adsorbent which comprises a finely divided lignocellulosic material, which has been subjected to extraction to remove hemicellulose and/or other components therefrom, to bind and/or precipitate impurities (e.g. lignin and/or other components) with 20 the adsorbent (e.g. on or within the adsorbent) and optionally recovering a modified liquid contacted with the adsorbent, wherein said liquid cools when contacted with the adsorbent.

Further features and advantages of specific embodiments will be discussed in more detail in the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a graph showing UV absorbance values of various aqueous liquids having various contaminants;

Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the effect of ratio of extracted sawdust and extraction liquor on the removal of UV absorbing material; and

Figure 3 is a graph illustrating filtration capacity when extraction liquor (108) and extraction liquor pretreated with extracted wood (109) is ultrafiltered to concentrate and purify hemicelluloses.

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the present context, the term “lignocellulosic material” comprises plant dry matter composed of carbohydrate polymers including cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. “Lignocellulosic material” includes virgin lignocellulosic material such as wood 5 chips or saw dust from, for example, softwood, for example spruce, pine or larch, or from hardwood, such as birch, poplar, aspen, alder, eucalyptus or mixed tropical hardwood, or mixtures thereof. “Lignocellulosic material” also includes recycled lignocellulosic materials as well as waste lignocellulosic material, such as by-products from industry and agriculture such as corn stover, sugarcane, bagasse, cotton, straw etc.

and saw mill, pulp mill and paper mill discards.

The term “aqueous liquids” means liquids in which there is at least some water present including for example, industrial effluents such as hot water extraction liquors, extraction liquors from wood pulping mills, waste waters from pharmaceutical plants, waste waters from oil refineries, as well as agricultural run-offs and waterways such 15 as canals and rivers, other bodies of water such as reservoirs, and natural or manmade ponds or lakes.

The term “contaminants” comprises inorganic and organic compounds, typically dissolved in aqueous liquids. Similarly, “impurity” can be defined in the same way. “Components” can be defined in the same way or may comprise contaminants.

Examples of “organic contaminants” include but are not limited to detergents, disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform, food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, such as fats and grease, insecticides and herbicides, comprised of for example, a huge range of organohalides and other chemical compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, in25 eluding fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion by-products, from storm water runoff, volatile organic compounds, such as industrial solvents, from improper storage, chlorinated solvents, for example polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), and trichloroethylene, perchlorate, various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products, and pharma30 ceutical drugs and their metabolites as well as compounds dissolved from wood in different treatments such as lignin and its derivatives and wood lipophilic and phenolic extractives. “Organic components” can be defined in the same way or may comprise organic contaminants.

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 “Inorganic contaminants” include but are not limited to sulfur dioxide from industrial discharges, ammonia from food processing waste, industrial by-products, nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, and heavy metals from e.g. acid mine drainage. “Inorganic components” can be defined in the same way or may comprise inorganic contami5 nants.

“Organic compounds” includes but is not limited to compounds and substances comprising mixtures of compounds such as those found in industrial effluents including for example phenolic compounds, resinous and fatty acids, nitrogenous compounds, such as drug or pesticide residues or proteins, polymeric compounds and oils.

“Inorganic compounds” includes but is not limited to sulfur dioxide from industrial discharges, ammonia from food processing waste, industrial by-products, nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, and heavy metals from e.g. acid mine drainage.

“Extraction Liquor” or “extraction liquid” is a solution into which organic substances have been extracted from lignocellulosic material.

“Chips” includes wood chips, bark chips and nutshells. In particular, “chips” refers to slate-like or plate-like particles.

“Saw dust” stands for finely divided wood material obtained from mechanical processing of wood and bark for example by sawing and typically comprising irregularly shaped particles or spherical or cubical particles. Commonly, the particles of saw dust 20 are smaller in size than “chips” and pass through sieves of Tyler Mesh 10 or greater, in particular up to at least Tyler Mesh 80.

As used herein “membrane filtration” refers to a technique which is used to separate particles from a liquid for the purpose of purifying it, in other words a solvent is passed through a semi-permeable membrane. Membrane filtration techniques include nano25 filtration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration and reverse osmosis.

As used herein “precipitation” refers to a creation of a solid from a solution. Precipitation utilized in the present invention is carried out by a decreased temperature either alone or in combination with other methods such as lowering the pH or by adding antisolvents.

As mentioned above, the present invention relates to a method of removing contaminants from a liquid, typically an aqueous liquid. The liquid is contacted with an adsorbent. By means of the invention, it has surprisingly been found that lignocellulosic

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 material that has been subjected to extraction to remove hemicellulose components is an excellent adsorbent. When contacted with a liquid the extracted lignocellulosic material, which is finely divided, removes at least a portion of contaminants from liquids by binding the contaminants to the adsorbent.

The liquids are typically aqueous although the present technology is suitable also for treating non-aqueous liquids or anhydrous liquids. Thus, the “liquid” can be for example be formed by an organic liquid, such as a polar or non-polar organic liquid. Such liquids are typically selected from the group of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols ketones, aldehydes, ethers, esters as well as various hydrocarbon liquids, which may be halogenated.

Many industrial effluents are aqueous, and the present technology is particularly suitable for processing of such flows.

One embodiment of the present invention provides a method of removing contaminants from an aqueous liquid, wherein the aqueous liquid is contacted with an adsorbent which comprises a finely divided lignocellulosic material, which has been subjected to extraction to remove hemicellulose components therefrom, to bind at least a portion of the contaminants to the adsorbent, for example in the case of extraction liquor the adsorbent binds and removes lignin from the liquor, thus providing a means to recover target compounds such as further hemicelluloses, which are useful as raw materials in the production of e.g. biopolymers, from the liquor.

In a very specific embodiment the methods and techniques provided by this invention enable wood or herbaceous biomass to be utilized very efficiently in a single process, wherein the lignocellulosic material can be separated into i) a liquid comprising lignin, hemicellulose and optionally other components, and ii) a solid lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction to remove hemicellulose and/or other components therefrom (i.e. an adsorbent) for adsorbing lignin and/or other components from a liquid.

Lignocellulosic material may be extracted to remove one or more selected from the group consisting of hemicellulose, lignin, wood lipophilic extractives and wood phenolic extractives.

In an embodiment of the invention the liquid to be contacted with the adsorbent contains hemicellulose, lignin, wood lipophilic extractives, wood phenolic extractives, oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides or any combination thereof. In a specific embodiment of the invention the modified liquid, i.e. the liquid contacted with the adsorbent, contains dissolved hemicelluloses. The principal hemicellulose in softwood is

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 galactoglucomannan, which accounts for approx. 20% of the dry material. Xylan is the main hemicellulose in hardwood and varies in content within the limits of 15-30% of the dry wood.

In an embodiment the contaminants are selected from dissolved inorganic and or5 ganic compound and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment the adsorbent is obtained by extracting lignocellulosic material with an aqueous solution, optionally containing an alkaline, acidic or buffering component, to remove a significant portion of the hemicelluloses and/or other components contained therein. The pH of the aqueous solution is typically less than or equal to 10 5.0, preferably less than or equal to 4.6, suitably in the range of 2.8 to 4.2, most preferably in the range of 3.0 to 4.0. High molar mass hemicelluloses are easier to separate from extraction liquor by ultrafiltration than hemicelluloses of lower molar mass. Removal of a significant portion of the hemicellulose and/or other components contained therein from the lignocellulosic material provides an extracted lignocellulosic 15 material.

In an embodiment the lignocellulosic material used as an adsorbent has a hemicellulose content which is at least 10 wt-%, preferably at least 20 wt- %, in particular 30 to 95 wt-%, smaller than that of the lignocellulosic material before extraction. Removal of greater amounts of hemicellulose from the lignocellulosic material increases the 20 adsorptive properties of the adsorbent.

In a further embodiment the finely divided lignocellulosic material used as adsorbent has a lignin and/or other component content which is at least 60 wt %, preferably 70 wt-%, suitably 80 wt-% of the lignin and/or other component content of the lignocellulosic material before extraction. A high lignin content is desirable as lignin has a great 25 affinity for adsorbing both inorganic contaminants, such as heavy metals, and organic contaminants, such as polymeric compounds and oils.

The adsorbent can be obtained by various means and methods. In one embodiment the adsorbent is obtained by subjecting the lignocellulosic material to hot water extraction, said hot water extraction preferably being carried out at temperature in ex30 cess of 100 °C, for example about 110 to 250 °C, in particular 120 to 200 °C, such as

145 to 200 °C. The treatment time depends on temperature. Typically the duration is 5 min to 7 days, for example 10 min to 2 days for example 15 min to 720 min. Higher temperatures and longer extraction times lead to higher extraction yields, i.e. a greater

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 amount of the hemicelluloses is extracted as temperature and time of extraction increase.

In one embodiment the lignocellulosic material is recovered after extraction and used as an adsorbent for binding and/or precipitating dissolved compounds such as lignin 5 from the aqueous liquid essentially without any intermittent washing of the lignocellulosic material. This provides an economically and environmentally sound way of binding the crudest compounds from the aqueous liquids.

In a further embodiment the lignocellulosic material is recovered after extraction and washed, and is used as an adsorbent for binding and/or precipitating dissolved com10 pounds such as lignin from the aqueous liquid. After washing, the adsorbent has a greater available surface and a larger number of functional groups available for the binding of dissolved compounds from the aqueous liquid.

In a still further embodiment the lignocellulosic material recovered after extraction is dried before use as an adsorbent for binding and/or precipitating dissolved com15 pounds such as lignin and/or other components from the aqueous liquid. Drying the adsorbent increases the adsorption of dissolved compounds from the aqueous liquid.

In an embodiment, the lignocellulosic material is used as an adsorbent at conditions which are different from those employed during the extraction of the hemicelluloses.

In one embodiment the method further comprises cooling the adsorbent or lignocel20 lulosic material subjected to extraction before contacting the adsorbent with the liquid.

As an example the adsorbent or lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction is cooled by a freezer. In one specific embodiment the adsorbent or lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction has a lower temperature than the liquid, e.g. the temperature ofthe adsorbent or lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction is 0°C or more 25 than 0°C when contacted with the liquid. In a very specific embodiment the temperature of the adsorbent or lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction is less than 0°C when contacted with the liquid. The present invention may utilize a cold or frozen adsorbent to cool down the liquid and in a specific embodiment other cooling methods are not needed. The present invention thus enables reduction of method steps as well 30 as energy consumption e.g. when compared to a method comprising cooling of the liquid with a cooling coil.

When a warm or hot liquid is contacted with a cold adsorbent, the temperature of the liquid decreases and the temperature of the adsorbent increases. In a specific embodiment of the invention the temperature of the liquid to be contacted with the

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 adsorbent is the same or lower than the extraction temperature, e.g. the temperature of the liquid may be selected from 80-200 °C or 100-150 °C, such as 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, 140 °C, 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, 180 °C, 190 °C or 200°C. In a specific embodiment of the invention the temperature of the liquid to be 5 contacted with the adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of 80-200 °C or 100-150 °C and the temperature of the adsorbent or lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction is less than 0°C.

In a very specific embodiment the lignocellulosic material is subjected to extraction in an extraction chamber and the resulting extraction liquid is conducted from the ex10 traction chamber to the adsorbent. When the liquid passes through the cold adsorbent it cools down. In other words the cold adsorbent cools the liquid thereby facilitating the precipitation of contaminants and in addition the adsorption of the contaminants. Therefore the liquid contacted with the adsorbent is highly purified.

In a very specific embodiment the lignocellulosic material subjected to a first extrac15 tion is cooled and used for separating a lignin component and/or other components of an extraction liquid obtained from a second extraction. Furthermore, the lignocellulosic material subjected to a second extraction is cooled and used for separating a lignin component and/or other components of an extraction liquid obtained from a third extraction and so on. Thus the method of the present invention may be utilized 20 several times in a single continuous or batch process, comprising several extractions and purifications of extraction liquids. In other embodiments the adsorbent may be used for purifying e.g. a liquid from any kind of extraction method (e.g. not sequential to an extraction of lignocellulosic material to obtain an adsorbent) or for purifying a liquid extracted from another lignocellulosic material than used for obtaining an ad25 sorbent.

It is in some cases desirable that the extracted lignocellulosic material is functionalised. Such functionality is useful to vary the adsorbability of the material. In one embodiment the extracted lignocellulosic material is treated with a chemical agent selected from the group of alkaline compounds, acidic compounds and solvents and 30 combinations thereof to modify its adsorption properties, before use. Treatment of the extracted lignocellulosic material with a chemical agent allows diverse functionalities to be introduced to the lignocellulosic material by chemical reaction.

In one embodiment, the method of the invention is free of synthetic polymeric adsorbents.

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019

The lignocellulosic material to be extracted comes from various sources of biomass ranging from annual and perennial plants, for example grasses such as bamboo, to wood or nutshells. In an embodiment the lignocellulosic material comprises wood, such as softwood, for example spruce, pine or larch, hardwood, such as birch, poplar, 5 aspen, alder, eucalyptus, oak or mixed tropical hardwood, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the lignocellulosic material to be extracted comprises bark of the said wood(s). In another embodiment the lignocellulosic material to be extracted comprises nutshells.

The lignocellulosic material is finely divided. In an embodiment the lignocellulosic ma10 terial comprises sawdust. The sawdust can comprise wood sawdust or bark sawdust or a combination thereof. In a still further embodiment the lignocellulosic material to be extracted comprises chips. The chips can be either chips of wood, chips of bark or nutshells, or a combination thereof. The diversity of sources of lignocellulosic materials allows embodiments of the invention to be carried out anywhere where there is a 15 source of lignocellulosic material without incurring heavy transportation costs.

The particle sizes of the lignocellulosic material can vary. In an embodiment the adsorbent comprises lignocellulosic material having a dso particle size of 0.05 mm to 6.0 mm, preferably 0.1 to 5.0 mm, suitably 0.2 to 3 mm.

In another embodiment, the adsorbent comprises finely divided lignocellulosic mate20 rial having particles which pass sieves of Tyler Mesh 10 to 80.

The adsorbability of the adsorbent is directly proportional to the dso particle size of the lignocellulosic material.

The liquid is contacted with the adsorbent to remove dissolved inorganic or organic compounds from the liquid. In an embodiment the liquid is contacted with the adsor25 bent at a ratio between the lignocellulosic material and the liquid amounting to from

0.01:1 to 0.25:1 by mass, preferably at least 0.04:1 by mass, suitably about 0.2:1 by mass. The ratio is adjusted dependent on the amount of contaminants in the liquid.

In further embodiments the liquid can be contacted with a synthetic adsorbent material, simultaneous with the lignocellulosic adsorbent material, or before contacting the 30 liquid with the lignocellulosic material, or after contacting the liquid with the lignocellulosic material. In an embodiment, the adsorbent material is a mixture of both lignocellulosic material and a synthetic adsorbent material. In one embodiment the adsorbent further comprises a synthetic adsorbent material, preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic type adsorbents, modified aromatic type adsorbents,

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019 methacrylic adsorbents and mixtures thereof. The synthetic adsorbent can be selected to be specific for a particular type of contaminant removing it from the aqueous liquid. This allows for the removal of contaminants that are, e.g. particularly difficult to wash from the lignocellulosic adsorbent.

The adsorbent material is suitable to be used several times. In an embodiment adsorbent material onto which at least a portion of the contaminants from the liquid have been adsorbed is recovered and reused as an adsorbent material. The recycling and reuse of the adsorbent material is both environmentally and economically advantageous.

Ina further embodiment the recovered adsorbent material is dried, washed, and dried, before reuse as an adsorbent material. In one embodiment the adsorbent material is washed with a washing agent selected from the acids and bases. Thus, the washing agent may contain for example a weak or strong inorganic or organic acid, such as a mineral acid or a carboxylic acid, or a base, for example as a weak or strong inorganic base, such as an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, ammonium hydroxide or an organic amine. Washing with an acid washing agent allows for the selective removal of contaminants that are soluble in acid from the adsorbent material. Washing with a basic washing agent then provides the removal of contaminants that are soluble in basic washing agents from the adsorbent, to provide a washed adsorbent material 20 that is essentially free from adsorbed contaminants. Washing with an acid can be carried out before or after washing with a base.

As described above, the adsorbent is useful for removal of contaminants from liquids. In some embodiments the contaminants are organic compounds. In one embodiment the liquid contains organic compounds selected from the group of phenolic com25 pounds, such as lignin, resinous and fatty acids, nitrogenous compounds, such as drug or pesticide residues or proteins, polymeric compounds and oils and combinations thereof.

The adsorbent can be arranged for contact with the liquid in various ways. In an embodiment the adsorbent is arranged in an adsorption zone, and the liquid is conducted 30 through that zone and intimately contacted with the adsorbent in the zone. This provides a constant flow of a modified liquid.

In a further embodiment the adsorption zone comprises a filtration bed formed by the adsorbent.

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019

In one embodiment the adsorbent is mixed with the aqueous liquid to form a slurry in which the contaminants of the aqueous liquid are contacted with the adsorbent and bonded to the adsorbent.

The method results in the provision of a modified liquid. In an embodiment a modified 5 liquid which has a reduced content of contaminants (such as lignin and/or other components) is recovered as an effluent of the adsorption zone.

In one embodiment the aqueous phase of the slurry is separated from the dispersed material and recovered as a modified liquid with a reduced content of contaminants.

In a further embodiment the portion of contaminants adsorbed onto the adsorbent 10 material is at least 20 %, in particular at least 30 %, preferably at least 50 %, by weight of the amount of contaminants present in the liquid.

In one embodiment the lignin:carbohydrate ratio of the adsorbent material onto which at least a portion of the lignin from the liquid has been precipitated and/or bound is higher than in the adsorbent material before precipitation. Indeed, a heating value of 15 the adsorbent contacted with a liquid and thus comprising adsorbed and precipitated lignin is higher than a heating value of untreated wood material or higher than a heating value of the extracted wood biomass before adsorption and precipitation.

In a still further embodiment the modified liquid is re-contacted with an adsorbent material, for example by recycling.

As described above the liquid is typically aqueous. Such an aqueous liquid can be obtained from a number of sources. In an embodiment the aqueous liquid is selected from the group consisting of hot water extraction extracts, process liquors from wood pulping mills (e.g. black liquor), waste waters, waste waters from pharmaceutical plants, waste waters from oil refineries, and agricultural run-offs. The aqueous liquid 25 can even be drinking water from a water main. In a specific embodiment the liquid is obtained by extracting lignocellulosic material for example by hot water extraction.

In one embodiment the liquid, in particular aqueous liquid, contains dissolved hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses are very desirable and useful as raw materials in the production of e.g. biopolymers. In a further embodiment the aqueous liquid contains dis30 solved hemicelluloses and lignin compounds or fragments, and at least a part, specifically at least a majority of the lignin compounds or fragments are adsorbed to the adsorbent to provide a modified aqueous liquid. In an embodiment the modified aqueous liquid obtained by adsorption of the lignin (i.e. lignin compounds or fragments) is conducted to a molecular or membrane filtration step for recovering hemicelluloses.

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019

In one embodiment the liquid contains hemicellulose and/or other organic compounds selected from the group of phenolic compounds, such as lignin, heterogenous polysaccharides, resinous and fatty acids, nitrogenous compounds, such as proteins, polymeric compounds and oils and combinations thereof, and/or inorganic compounds, 5 or any combination thereof.

As mentioned above hemicelluloses are very desirable and useful as raw materials. In an embodiment at least a portion of the recovered hemicelluloses is directed to further processing for use in industry, e.g. as a substrate in the production of speciality chemicals such as sugars and alcohols. In a further embodiment at least a portion of 10 the recovered hemicelluloses is refined for use e.g. as packing and packaging material.

As mentioned above adsorption and/or precipitation of lignin compounds or fragments on an adsorbent is very desirable. In a specific embodiment the adsorbent material onto which at least a portion of the lignin from the liquid has been precipitated and/or 15 bound is directed to further processing for use in producing pellets or briquets. In another specific embodiment the adsorbent material onto which at least a portion of the lignin from the liquid has been precipitated and/or bound is used for energy production. As used herein “energy production” refers to e.g. production of heat by burning said adsorbent material, pellets or briquets.

It is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed are not limited to the particular structures, process steps, or materials disclosed herein, but are extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used 25 for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.

While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present invention in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can 30 be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.

The following non-limiting example illustrates the invention:

20175293 prh 23 -01- 2019

EXAMPLES

Adsorbent

Saw dust of soft wood was extracted in batch mode cooking vessel for 90 minutes at 160 °C. The extraction liquor contained hemicelluloses and impurities such as lignin.

The residual saw dust was separated from extraction liquor and used to purify the extraction liquor from impurities.

Wood materials after extraction of dissolving compounds (mainly hemicelluloses and smaller molar mass carbohydrates) have proved to have excellent absorption properties.

Figure 1 illustrates the effect of extracted sawdust on the UV absorbances of aqueous liquids having various contaminants. The UV absorbance of the extraction liquor (104), of water after treatment with extracted sawdust (101), and of extraction liquor after treatment with extracted sawdust (103) is shown. The UV absorbance due to dissolution of contaminants from sawdust is subtracted from the UV absorbances of the extraction liquor after treatment with extracted sawdust (102).

The wood material after extraction purifies extraction liquor by removing lignin compounds as will appear from Figure 1. More than 50% of lignin (UV absorbing material) was removed from the extraction liquor without significant change in the hemicellulose content when dried material was used.

Figure 2 illustrates the effect of ratio of extracted sawdust and extraction liquor on the removal of UV absorbing material. Data was measured at five different ratios: 0 g extracted sawdust to 1 g of extraction liquor, 0.01:1,0.04:1,0.1:1 and 0.2:1. The substantial differences in UV absorbance values measured at 278 (106), 208 (107) and 228 nm (105) can be observed.

As will appear, the efficiency was somewhat lower than above in Figure 1, but clearly seen also for wet materials. Approximately 30 % of UV absorbing materials was removed with wet wood material. Original saw dust had only a minor effect on the UV absorbing compounds. Adsorption experiments followed by filtration to remove saw dust from extraction liquor lead to about 15% decrease in UV absorbance.

Table 1 shows the effect of saw dust on the reduction of UV absorbance.

Table 1. Effect of used saw dust, and used and washed saw dust on the reduction of UV-absorbances of the extraction liquor.

Ratio 0.1	UV 278 nm	UV 208 nm	UV 228 nm
Dried saw dust	35.7 %	52.2 %	48.2 %
Used and dried	22.4 %	33.0 %	30.0 %
Used, washed and dried, 20 °C	38.1 %	45.3 %	43.8 %
Used, washed and dried, 60 °C	33.2 %	43.2 %	41.1%

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As Table 1 indicates, the sawdust can be used again to purify the extraction liquor. The removal efficiency decreased slightly but was still about 30 %. If the saw dust 5 was washed with water between the treatment steps, the removal efficiency was similar to when original dried saw dust was used.

The removal of UV-absorbing compounds improves the further fractionation and concentration of hemicelluloses by membrane filtration. More than five times increase in filtration capacity was achieved, as can be seen from Figure 3.

Based on the retention in the membrane filtration the residual saw dust removes preferably high molar mass impurities such as lignin. These compounds are concentrated with hemicelluloses and therefore the pretreatment before membrane filtration did not only increase the capacity in membrane filtration but also improves the purity of final product i.e. concentrate after membrane filtration.

Specific method utilizing the adsorbent

Spruce saw dust was extracted in a batch mode cooking vessel at 160 °C for 2 hours. The extraction liquor contained hemicellulose and impurities such as lignin. The residual saw dust was separated from extraction liquor and used to purify the extraction liquor from impurities.

After extraction the extract was cooled by discharging the extract from the extraction vessel through a cooling coil or through a residual saw dust bed. The residual saw dust is a saw dust that was already used in the similar extraction (the residual saw dust and the extract are obtained either by sequential extractions of a process, or the extract and the residual saw dust are obtained from different or separate extraction methods). The residual saw dust was cooled down in a freezer before it was used as a cooling material for the extract.

Effects of the extracted saw dust on the extract were studied by UV absorbances.

Table 2 shows the UV absorbance values, colour and Brix-values of the extract after it was cooled in a cooling coil or in a residual saw dust bed. About 50% reduction of UV absorbances was observed when the extract was cooled in a residual saw dust bed. Almost 60% of colour was also removed. Reduction of UV absorbances and removal of colour revel that the extract liquid contacted with the extracted saw dust 10 contains less impurities than the extract cooled by a cooling coil. Brix-values remain the same which reveals that significant loss of the main component in the extract (i.e. hemicellulose) did not occur. The results show that the process is efficient in purification of extract without significant loss of the product (hemicellulose).

Table 2 shows the UV absorbance values, colour and Brix-values of the extract.

	UVa	osorbance	Colour	Brix
Extraction conditions: 160 °C, 120 min	208 nm	228 nm	278 nm		%
Extract (cooled with cooling coil)	12.8	13.3	27.1	6300	4
Extract (cooled in cold residual saw dust bed)	6.3	6.9	15.4	2600	4
Reduction	51%	48%	43%	59%	0%

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Cooling of the extraction liquor in the cold residual saw dust bed improved the filterability of the extract significantly. Without cooling in the saw dust the permeate flux in the membrane filtration (4 kDa, UH004P membrane from Nadir-Microdyn) was zero and after treatment the permeate flux was about 20 kg/(m2h) at a pressure of 4 bar 20 and a temperature of 65 °C).

Claims

A process for separating dissolved impurities from a leach liquor, the method comprising passing a leach liquid through an adsorbent, said cooled fine lignocellulosic material having undergone extraction of hemicellulose and / or other constituents therefrom, to adsorb and / or adsorb said leach liquid is cooled when contacted with an adsorbent.

10

The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises recovering the modified leach liquid in contact with the adsorbent.

A process for the preparation of a liquid containing hemicellulose and / or an adsorbent containing lignin and / or other ingredients, the process comprising:

Contacting the liquid with an adsorbent, which adsorbent contains finely divided lignocellulosic material which has been subjected to extraction to remove hemicellulose and / or other constituents, to precipitate or bind lignin and / or other constituents with the adsorbent, and optionally contacting the adsorbent with a contacted liquid,

Wherein said liquid is cooled when contacted with an adsorbent.

The process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the process further comprises cooling the adsorbent or lignocellulosic material after extraction prior to contacting the adsorbent with the liquid.

A process according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 4, wherein the adsorbent is

25 or the lignocellulosic material which has been subjected to extraction is cooled by a freezer.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the temperature of the adsorbent or lignocellulosic material subjected to extraction is lower than that of the liquid.

20175293 prh 23 -01-20199

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the temperature of the adsorbent or lignocellulosic material after extraction is below 0 ° C when in contact with the liquid.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the temperature of the liquid to be contacted with the adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of 80 to 200 ° C.

The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulosic material to be subjected to the first extraction is cooled and used to separate the lignin component and / or other components from the second extraction.

10 extraction fluid.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsorbent is obtained by extraction of the lignocellulosic material with an aqueous solution optionally containing a substantial amount of the basic, acidic or buffer component to remove hemicellulose and / or other compounds therein.

15

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulosic material has a hemicellulose content of at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 20% by weight, exactly 30-95% by weight, less than the corresponding concentration of the lignocellulosic material before extraction.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fine lignocellulosic material has a lignin content of at least 60% by weight, preferably

70% by weight, suitably 80% by weight, of the lignocellulosic material before leaching.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsorbent is obtained by subjecting the lignocellulosic material to hot water extraction,

Preferably, 25 lo hot water extraction is carried out at a temperature of 100 ° C to 250 ° C, in particular approx.

110-200 ° C, preferably between 10 minutes and 7 days.

A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulosic material is recovered after extraction and used as an adsorbent to precipitate lignin and / or other constituents from the liquid substantially without any

30 intermittent washing of lignocellulosic material.

20175293 prh 23 -01-20199

The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the lignocellulosic material is recovered after extraction, washed and used as an adsorbent to precipitate lignin and / or other ingredients from the liquid.

The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulosic material recovered after extraction 5 is dried before being used as an adsorbent to precipitate lignin and / or other constituents of the liquid.

The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulosic material extracted before use is treated with a chemical selected from the group consisting of alkali compounds, acid compounds and solvents, or combinations thereof.

10 to modify its adsorption properties.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the process or the extracted lignocellulosic material does not contain synthetic polymeric adsorbents.

A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ligno15 cellulosic material comprises wood such as conifer, for example spruce, pine or larch, hardwood such as birch, poplar, aspen, alder, eucalyptus or a mixture of tropical hardwoods or mixtures thereof.

The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsorbent comprises a lignocellulosic material having a d 50 particle size of 0.05 to 6.0 mm,

Preferably 0.1 to 5.0 mm, suitably 0.2 to 3 mm.

The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid is contacted with the adsorbent in a ratio of lignocellulosic material to liquid mass of 0.01: 1 to 0.25: 1, preferably at least 0.04: 1, suitably about 0.2: 1.

A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsor25 bent further comprises a synthetic adsorbent material, preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic-type adsorbents, modified aromatic-type adsorbents, methacrylic adsorbents, and mixtures thereof.

A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsorbent material on or at least part of the liquid lignin and / or other

30 precipitated or bound, recovered and reused as adsorbent material.

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The method of claim 23, wherein the recovered adsorbent material is dried, washed and dried before being used again as an adsorbent material.

A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the part

The lignin and / or other ingredients precipitated or bound to the adsorbent material are at least 20% by weight, in particular at least 30% by weight or 40% by weight, exactly at least 50% by weight, 60% by weight, 70% by weight , 80% or 90% by weight of the amount of lignin and / or other ingredients in the liquid.

A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsor10 lignin: carbohydrate ratio of the benthic material on which at least part of the liquid lignin is precipitated or bound is greater than that of the adsorbent material prior to precipitation.

A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid contains hemicellulose and / or other organic compounds selected from the group consisting of

15 phenolic compounds such as lignin, heterogeneous polysaccharides, resin and fatty acids, nitrogenous compounds such as proteins, polymeric compounds and oils, and combinations thereof and / or inorganic compounds.

The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid is aqueous.

20

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid is obtained by extraction of the lignocellulosic material, for example by hot water extraction.

A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsorbent is disposed within the adsorption region and the liquid is passed through that region and brought into close contact with the adsorbent in the region.

25

The method of claim 30, wherein the adsorption region includes a filter bed formed by an adsorbent.

A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modified liquid containing less lignin and / or other ingredients is recovered as an effluent of the adsorption region.

30

A process according to any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the adsorbent is mixed with a liquid, in particular an aqueous liquid, in a slurry

20175293 prh 23 -01-20199, wherein the lignin and / or other liquid constituents come into contact with the adsorbent and precipitate or bind to the adsorbent.

The method of claim 33, wherein the liquid phase of the slurry is separated from the dispersed material and recovered as a modified liquid of impure

5 background concentrations have been reduced.

The method of any one of claims 2 to 34, wherein the modified liquid is re-contacted with the adsorbent material, for example by recycling.

The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fluid is selected from the group consisting of hot water extraction extracts, wood processing plant process solutions such as black liquor, wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, oil refinery wastewater, and agricultural effluents.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modified liquid obtained by precipitation of lignin and / or other constituents is derivatized

15 a membrane or membrane filtration step to recover hemicellulose.

The method of any one of claims 27 to 37, wherein at least a portion of the recovered hemicellulose is sent for further processing for use in industry, e.g., as a substrate for the preparation of special chemicals such as sugars and alcohols.

20

The method of any one of claims 27 to 37, wherein at least a portion of the recovered hemicellulose is processed for use, e.g., in packaging and packaging material.

The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsorbent material onto which at least a portion of the lignin in the liquid is precipitated or bound

25 nuts, are further processed for use in the manufacture of pellets or briquettes.

The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adsorbent material upon which at least a portion of the lignin in the liquid is precipitated or bound is used for energy production.

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