FI102135B - Method for fertilizing crops - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the fertilization of soil for cultivated plants, whereby nitrogen fertilizer is spread over the cultivated area in conjunction with the sowing of cultivated plants and later during the growing season more fertilizer is spread over the cultivated area. In this method, a basic amount of fertilizer corresponding to a basic crop smaller than the maximum crop is spread over the cultivated area in conjunction with the sowing; a supplementary amount of fertilizer is spread on a limited area; the growth that has taken place in the cultivated area and in the area with supplementary fertilization during a certain time since the beginning of the growing season is measured; the measured growth that has taken place in the cultivated area is compared with the measured growth of the plants that has taken place in the area with supplementary fertilization in the same growing conditions, and, if the growth in the area with supplementary fertilization exceeds the growth in the cultivated area, supplementary fertilization is carried out in the cultivated area, corresponding to the growth of the plants in the area with supplementary fertilization as compared with the growth of the plants in the cultivated area and to the amount of fertilizer used in the cultivated area.

Description

102135

METHOD FOR FERTILIZING CROPS

The invention relates to a method for fertilizing crops, in which case nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the growing area in connection with the sowing of the crops, and later-5 min during the growing season, additional fertilizer is applied to the growing area.

The present invention relates in particular to nitrogen fertilization in connection with the cultivation of cereals, although the method can also be used in connection with the fertilization of other crops, in which case the amounts of fertilizer must be changed accordingly; in the application, 1 kg of nitrogen fertilizer specifically means the amount of fertilizer containing 1 kg of nitrogen.

In the field cultivation of plants, the aim is to add nitrogen to the soil to the same extent as nitrogen is removed from the soil during harvest. Fertilization recommendations are based on long-term satokes values from extensive experimental data. The recommendations do not take into account the fact that there are 20 large variations in crop production between growing seasons. Often, water access is a minimal constraint on growth, and when water access is scarce, yields per hectare are below long-term averages. Furthermore, the location of our country on the northern border of crop production occasionally causes years of disappearance, e.g. due to cold weather-25 relationships, whereby the yield is well below long-term averages.

According to the fertilization recommendation, the average amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the growing area on mineral lands is 90 - 110 kg / ha. The amount of fertilizer 110 kg / ha requires up to more than 5000 kg / ha of crop, so that the amount of nitrogen leaving the soil with the crop corresponds to the amount of nitrogen applied to the growing area during sowing. Very often, e.g. when water supply restricts growth, yields per hectare are even less than 3000 kg / ha. This leaves a large excess of nitrogen 35 in the soil, which is prone to leaching, denitrification, or can bind to the soil in a form unusable for plants. The national average yields have been 2,102,135 in recent years at just over 3,000 kg / ha. Consequently, in the long run, our fields are over-fertilized.

For fertilizer not used due to over-fertilization, i.e. no margin was obtained in the culture for the production input corresponding to the excess fertilizer. In addition, the excess nitrogen has mainly been leached into the water bodies, causing a significant increase in the nitrogen load in the water bodies and thus pollution. In addition, the feed and food industries have not had access to quality-10 raw materials.

It is an object of the present invention to obviate the above drawbacks.

Thus, it is an object of the invention to develop methods for fertilizing crops so that the farmer receives a better return on his production input in the form of fertilizer and the amount of fertilizer leached into the water and polluting the water body is substantially further reduced.

In particular, it is an object of the invention to develop fertilization methods so that fertilization at the time of sowing better meets realistic crop expectations in the light of recent average yields per hectare. It is a further object of the invention to develop a method for fertilizing crops so that the amount of fertilizer applied to the growing area also corresponds more expediently to the higher possible yields.

For aspects of the invention, reference is made to the claims.

The invention is based on extensive research; black work, in which methods have been developed for predicting yields already during the growing season so that the expected yield and the amount of yield 35 and / or during the growing season and the need for additional fertilization required during the growing season can be determined relatively accurately. What is new in the invention is in particular the expected yield, i.e. combining the yield forecast and the amount of nitrogen in plants measured during the 3 102135 growing season, and in particular this information, with the amount of fertilizer used to determine the need for additional fertilization.

According to the invention, in connection with sowing, a quantity of basic fertilizer corresponding to a base yield lower than the maximum yield is applied to the cultivation area and the yield forecast is calculated during the growing season on the basis of the amount of heat and phytomas-10 accumulated after sowing. Furthermore, the need for additional fertilization in the growing sector is calculated corresponding to the calculated amount of fertilizer according to the growth required by the difference between the yield forecast and the base yield. Finally, additional fertilization according to the need for additional fertilization is carried out.

15 The yield forecast can be calculated after sowing on the basis of the phytomass and heat sum accumulated during the growing season between the time of sowing and the time of measurement, e.g. from the known fact that the heat sum for firing is about 1000 °; the heat sum is calculated by sum-20 by landing the averages of the temperatures of all days in the calculation interval at 8 o'clock, 2 o'clock and 8 o'clock minus 5 °. The yield forecast can thus be calculated on the basis of the phytomass, the heat sum and the estimated or e.g. statistically calculated heat sum of the remaining growing season. The yield forecast can also be obtained from the Agricultural Research Center, for example from a yield forecast calculated on the basis of the sum of heat by locality.

The additional fertilization can be carried out in any manner known per se, e.g. as a conventional granular nitrogen fertilizer, dissolved in water and applied to the leaves of the plant, in connection with weed control or other crop spraying, or generally in any manner known in the art.

Nitrogen fertilizer is applied in connection with sowing, preferably about 75 ± 10% of the amount of fertilizer corresponding to the maximum yield. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer to be applied can also be higher or lower.

4,102,135

The additional fertilization is preferably carried out if the difference between the yield forecast and the basic yield is more than 20%, preferably more than 10% of the yield forecast.

The method can advantageously be made more efficient by measuring the nitrogen nutrient situation of the plant during the growing season and calculating the need for additional fertilization taking into account the measured nitrogen nutrient situation of the plant. The nitrogen nutrient situation can be measured at any stage of growth. The nitrogen nutrient situation can be measured advantageously using a fertilizer window made in the cultivated area 10 to which the fertilizer has been added in excess, so that the plant can absorb all the nitrogen it is able to absorb and utilize in the defined area of the fertilizer window; nitrogen fertilizer has been added to the fertilizer window by 30-50%, 15 more than for the rest of the crop. It is particularly advantageous to determine the chlorophyll content in the leaf of the plant inside and outside the fertilizer window; the chlorophyll content has been found to correlate well with the amount of nitrogen contained in the plant leaf, and the chlorophyll content inside and outside the fertilizer window thus provides a relatively accurate indication of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used by the plant and thus the nitrogen requirement in the production area.

In the method, the amount of crop can also be determined inside and outside the fertilizer window. The amount of vegetation inside and outside the fertilizer window can be determined by any method known per se, e.g. by weighing the vegetation growing inside and outside the fertilizer window per unit area by any method known per se.

.. Additional fertilization is carried out if the • amount of nitrogen used by the plants or the amount of vegetation in the fertilizer window is substantially higher, eg more than 10%, higher than outside the fertilizer window.

Thanks to the invention, the amount of fertilizer applied to the growing area can be precisely adjusted to correspond to the actual growing conditions, so that over-fertilization does not occur in poor growing conditions and the plants receive the higher amount of fertilizer they need, even in good growing conditions. Furthermore, thanks to the invention, the farmer, using the fertilization method according to the invention, obtains the full and highest possible return on the production input corresponding to the amount of fertilizer used in the growth sector in question, mainly regardless of the growing conditions of the growing season.

Furthermore, thanks to the invention, the nitrogen balance in the growing area can be kept close to zero so that the amount of nitrogen contained in the fertilizer applied to the growing area during fertilization corresponds mainly to the amount of nitrogen removed from the growing area during harvesting with grains and straw. In this case, the fertilizers cannot be leached into the water bodies, and the pollution of the water bodies remains under control in this respect.

In addition, thanks to the invention, the food and feed industry obtains the 20 quantities of raw material it needs in each growing season, with the desired quality. In addition, the amount of harvest is accurately predictable during the growing season and thus known in advance to the industry before harvest. Thus, the storage and handling of the crop can be pre-sized as accurately as possible 25 to match the actual crop.

In addition to the clear advantages mentioned above, the invention substantially enhances the efficiency of crop cultivation, which improves the profitability and economy of the food and feed industry in general and the food supply in general. This is of great general importance in the wake of the recent great political ‘changes and integration developments’.

The invention will now be described in detail by means of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 shows graphically the nitrogen consumption during the dry growing season using conventional fertilization, Figure 2 shows the nitrogen consumption during the good growing season using the method according to the invention.

»5 EXAMPLE 1

Fertilization during the dry growing season In this example, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 120 kg, corresponding to a good grain yield of more than 5000 kg / ha. However, the growing season is dry, i.e. lack of water limits 10 growth, and the crop remains even less than 3000 kg of grain / ha. With the harvest, 80 kg / ha of nitrogen is removed from the crop area with the grains, and about 40 kg / ha of nitrogen remains in the ground. Excess nitrogen begins to leach into the water through autumn rains, and it is also released into the air by denitrification.

15 In such a growing year, the farmer does not receive a return on the amount of nitrogen remaining in the land, and, due to the excess nitrogen, the protein content of the grain is too high and the energy content of the grain low and the feed industry does not get the grain it seeks.

20 EXAMPLE 2

Seasonal fertilization

The amount of fertilization is 90 kg / ha, corresponding to a grain yield of about 3500 kg / ha. During the growing season, e.g. at 4-leaf-25 degrees (tx), the yield forecast is calculated using the phytomass and heat sum accumulated between the time of sowing (t0) and the time of measurement (tx). At the same time, the chlorophyll content of the leaves of the plant is determined. On the basis of the measurement and determination, the yield forecast is corrected upwards to 30 to 5000 kg / ha, and an additional ;; nitrogen fertilization 30 kg / ha. In the example, the additional fertilization is carried out in one step, if desired it can also be carried out in several steps.

In connection with the harvest, it is stated that the yield is 35 5000 kg / ha, in connection with the harvest, 100 kg / ha of nitrogen is removed from the crop area with the grains and 20 kg / ha with straw, respectively. the nitrogen balance remains constant.

7 102135

If the yield forecast and / or the measurement of the chlorophyll content of the plant leaves at time tx gave a yield forecast of only e.g. 3000 kg / ha, additional fertilization would not be carried out, whereby the initial basic fertilization of 90 kg / ha would achieve the maximum yield under the respective growing conditions. This avoids additional costs in the form of additional fertilization, and the farmer can get the full return on the production input in the form of fertilizer.

EXAMPLE 3 In this example, fertilization was carried out on 4 plots and the amount of grain produced / amount of fertilizer used was calculated at harvest. The results are shown in Table 1

table 1

Fertilization method Produced grain / applied nitrogen fertilizer kg / kg 20 1 50 2 54 3 52 1 - basic fertilizer nitrogen 130 kg / ha, no additional fertilization: 25 2 - basic fertilizer nitrogen 80 kg / ha, additional fertilizer 3x15 kg / ha 3 - basic fertilizer nitrogen 100 kg / ha, additional fertilization 2x15 kg / ha 30 Additional fertilization was given mainly by the press !! through growth spraying.

The embodiment shows that the nitrogen applied to the plant through the press produces even more yield than the nitrogen traditionally administered through the soil, 35 in particular when carrying out additional fertilization according to the method of the invention, determining the yield based on the phytomass accumulation between sowing time and measurement time and heat sum.

The embodiments are intended to illustrate the invention without limiting it in any way.

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Claims (9)

1. A method for fertilizing cultural plants, wherein in the plant area in connection with the seed of cultural plants nitrogen fertilizers are propagated and later during the planting period additional fertilizers are spread in the plant area, characterized in that, in connection with the seed, propagation is carried out on and off. a known way in the plant area is a quantity of basic fertilizer corresponding to a basic crop less than the maximum crop; the harvest forecast is calculated after the seed at a measurement time during the growing period due to the heat sum of the growth time between the time of the seed and the time of the measurement; The additional fertilizer need of the plant area is calculated to correspond to the calculated amount of fertilizer that growth requires only the difference between the crop forecast and the basic crop and the additional fertilizer is carried out according to the additional fertilizer requirement. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is distributed in connection with the second grain 50 - 75% of the amount of fertilizer corresponding to the maximum crop. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in connection with the grain, a basic amount of nitrogen is applied to the crop area, which is 80 ± 10 kg / ha. 4. A method according to any of claims 13, characterized in that the additional fertilization is carried out as long as the difference between the harvest forecast and the basic harvest is over 20%, advantageously over 10% of the harvest forecast. Process according to any of claims 1 4, characterized in that the additional fertilizer is carried out in one or more rounds. Method according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that during the planting period the nitrogen nutritional state of the plant is measured and the additional fertilization requirement is calculated by observing the plant's measured nitrogenous state. Process according to any of claims 1 6, characterized in that the additional fertilizer requirement is determined when the plant is on the 2 leaf root. Method according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the nitrogen nutritional condition of the plant is determined by using a fertilizer window arranged in the cultivation area, to which fertilizer has been added in excess, the amount of the vegetation being determined in addition to the fertilizer window and outside its fertilizer window. , insofar as the amount of vegetation in the fertilizer window is over 20%, advantageously over 15 10% greater than outside the fertilizer window. 9. A method according to any of claims 1-8, characterized in that the nitrogen nutrient state of the plant is determined by using the fertilizer window arranged in the cultivation area, to which fertilizer has been added in excess, whereby the chlorophyll content in the fertilizer size is determined from the plants. and the additional fertilization is carried out as long as the chlorophyll content of the plants in the fertilizer window is over 20%, advantageously over 10% larger than in the plant outside the fertilizer window «