ES2963831A1 - ATTRACTIVE COMPOSITION OF THE SPECIES DELOTTOCOCCUS ABERIAE, METHODS FOR THE DETECTION, MONITORING AND/OR CONTROL OF THE PEST (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents
ATTRACTIVE COMPOSITION OF THE SPECIES DELOTTOCOCCUS ABERIAE, METHODS FOR THE DETECTION, MONITORING AND/OR CONTROL OF THE PEST (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) Download PDFInfo
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- ES2963831A1 ES2963831A1 ES202230776A ES202230776A ES2963831A1 ES 2963831 A1 ES2963831 A1 ES 2963831A1 ES 202230776 A ES202230776 A ES 202230776A ES 202230776 A ES202230776 A ES 202230776A ES 2963831 A1 ES2963831 A1 ES 2963831A1
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- delottococcus
- aberiae
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- RBWSWDPRDBEWCR-RKJRWTFHSA-N sodium;(2r)-2-[(2r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxo-2h-furan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethanolate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O RBWSWDPRDBEWCR-RKJRWTFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-GGYDESQDSA-N spirotetramat Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC1=C(C=2C(=CC=C(C)C=2)C)C(=O)N[C@@]11CC[C@H](OC)CC1 CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-GGYDESQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000707 stereoselective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012485 toluene extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-tocopherol Chemical class OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1 QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
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- A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
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Abstract
Description
DESCRIPCIÓNDESCRIPTION
COMPOSICIÓN ATRAYENTE DE LA ESPECIE DELOTTOCOCCUS ABERIAE,ATTRACTIVE COMPOSITION OF THE SPECIES DELOTTOCOCCUS ABERIAE,
MÉTODOS PARA LA DETECCIÓN, EL SEGUIMIENTO Y/O CONTROL DE LAMETHODS FOR THE DETECTION, MONITORING AND/OR CONTROL OF THE
PLAGAPLAGUE
Campo de la técnicaTechnical field
La presente invención se encuadra en el sector técnico del control de plagas agrícolas, en particular se refiere a un producto atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberiae.The present invention falls within the technical sector of agricultural pest control, in particular it refers to an attractant product for insects of the species Delottococcus aberiae.
Estado de la técnica anterior a la invenciónState of the art prior to the invention
Delottococcus aberiae(De Lotto) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), es una plaga de reciente introducción en los cítricos del área Mediterránea. Los primeros individuos deDelottococcus aberiaese detectaron en 2009 en la localidad de Benifairó de les Valls (Valencia), provocando unas deformaciones muy intensas observadas en frutos de naranjo dulce y clementino que conllevan su completa depreciación comercial (Beltrá, A; García Mari, F; Soto, A. 2013. El cotonet de les Valls, Delottococcus aberiae, nueva plaga de los cítricos. Levante Agrícola 419, 348-352). Además, al igual que el resto de pseudocóccidos, se alimenta de savia y produce melaza que causa la proliferación de hongos saprofitos, así como una disminución de la tasa fotosintética y la pérdida del vigor de la planta. Delottococcus aberiae (De Lotto) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a recently introduced pest in citrus fruits in the Mediterranean area. The first individuals of Delottococcus aberia were detected in 2009 in the town of Benifairó de les Valls (Valencia), causing very intense deformations observed in sweet orange and clementine fruits that lead to their complete commercial depreciation (Beltrá, A; García Mari, F; Soto , A. 2013. The cotonet de les Valls, Delottococcus aberiae, new pest of citrus fruits. Levante Agrícola 419, 348-352). Furthermore, like the rest of pseudococcids, it feeds on sap and produces honeydew that causes the proliferation of saprophytic fungi, as well as a decrease in the photosynthetic rate and the loss of plant vigor.
Esta especie es originaria del África Subsahariana y únicamente había sido descrita su presencia en algunos países de África central y meridional: Kenia, Mozambique, Suazilandia, Sudáfrica, Tanzania y Zimbabue (como se describió en, Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D.R., Gibson, G.A.P. 2013. ScaleNet, Delottococcus aberiae. 20 mayo 2013. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Delottococcusaberiae.htm), por lo que su introducción en España debía estar relacionada con la importación de material vegetal procedente de alguno de estos países. This species is native to Sub-Saharan Africa and its presence had only been described in some countries in central and southern Africa: Kenya, Mozambique, Swaziland, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe (as described in, Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D.R. , Gibson, G.A.P. 2013. ScaleNet, Delottococcus aberiae. May 20, 2013. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Delottococcusaberiae.htm), so its introduction in Spain had to be related to import of plant material from one of these countries.
Delottococcus aberiaees un insecto polífago citado en cultivos, tanto tropicales como subtropicales y templados, tales como café, guayabo u olivo (De Lotto, G. 1961. New Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Africa. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 10: 211-238), pero nunca antes había sido descrito dañando cítricos. Es debido a esta reciente invasión que, desafortunadamente, no se dispone de medios de lucha específicos, tratándose de una nueva plaga para el cultivo de los cítricos a nivel mundial. Además de la depreciación comercial del fruto, su presencia en ellos puede ocasionar serios problemas cuarentenarios a la exportación de cítricos al tratarse de una nueva plaga de cítricos en Europa, restringida hasta la fecha a África. Delottococcus aberiae is a polyphagous insect found in crops, both tropical and subtropical and temperate, such as coffee, guava or olive (De Lotto, G. 1961. New Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Africa. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 10: 211-238), but it had never before been described damaging citrus. It is due to this recent invasion that, unfortunately, no specific means of control are available, as it is a new pest for citrus crops worldwide. In addition to the commercial depreciation of the fruit, its presence in them can cause serious quarantine problems for the export of citrus fruits as it is a new citrus pest in Europe, restricted to date to Africa.
En la actualidad, las materias activas que se recomiendan contra pseudocóccidos son aceite mineral, spirotetramat, acetamiprid y sulfoxaflor (IVIA - Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias. 2022. Gestión Integrada de Plagas y Enfermedades en Cítricos, http://gipcitricos.ivia.es.), ya que las sustancias clorpirifos y metil-clorpirifos, las más activas contraDelottococcus aberíaefueron retiradas por la Comisión Europea el 16 de febrero de 2020 (modificación de la Directiva 91/414/CEE). Desde entonces, las herramientas disponibles son escasas y de eficacia cuestionable, por lo que se necesitan herramientas alternativas para el manejo de esta plaga. En cuanto al control biológico, ha sido demostrado queDelottococcus aberíaetiene una fuerte respuesta defensiva y es capaz de encapsular los huevos de varios parasitoides generalistas de pseudocóccidos, comoAcerophagus angustífrons(Gahan),Anagyrussp. near pseudoccoci (Girault), yLeptomastíx algírícaTrjapitzin (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Tena, A., J. García-Bellón, and A. Urbaneja. 2017. Native and naturalized mealybug parasitoids fail to control the new citrus mealybug pest Delottococcus aberiae. J. Pest Sci. 90: 659-667). Se están realizando considerables esfuerzos para la importación y liberación de parasitoides de la zona de origen, pero mientras tanto, la única estrategia que podría ser utilizada a corto plazo es adelantar la acción deCryptolaemus montrouzíerímediante sueltas de este coccinélido depredador. Currently, the active materials recommended against pseudococcids are mineral oil, spirotetramat, acetamiprid and sulfoxaflor (IVIA - Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research. 2022. Integrated Management of Pests and Diseases in Citrus Fruits, http://gipcitricos.ivia.es .), since the substances chlorpyrifos and methyl-chlorpyrifos, the most active against Delottococcus aberíae, were withdrawn by the European Commission on February 16, 2020 (modification of Directive 91/414/EEC). Since then, the available tools are scarce and of questionable effectiveness, so alternative tools are needed to manage this pest. Regarding biological control, it has been shown that Delottococcus abería has a strong defensive response and is capable of encapsulating the eggs of several generalist parasitoids of pseudococcids, such as Acerophagus angustífrons (Gahan), Anagyrus sp. near pseudoccoci (Girault), and Leptomastíx algírícaTrjapitzin (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Tena, A., J. García-Bellón, and A. Urbaneja. 2017. Native and naturalized mealybug parasitoids fail to control the new citrus mealybug pest Delottococcus aberiae. J. Pest Sci. 90: 659-667). Considerable efforts are being made to import and release parasitoids from the area of origin, but in the meantime, the only strategy that could be used in the short term is to advance the action of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri by releasing this predatory coccinellid.
La detección y seguimiento de poblaciones de pseudocóccidos es clave para la mejora de su control tanto en ecosistemas agrícolas como ornamentales, pero en ocasiones, consiste en una laboriosa inspección visual del material vegetal en busca de formas vivas y el recuento de todos los estadios del insecto. Alternativamente, se pueden utilizar trampas de cartón corrugado para el muestreo estacional de formas vivas y/o trampas pegajosas para realizar el seguimiento del vuelo de machos (Martínez-Blay, V., Pérez-Rodríguez, J., Tena, A., & Soto, A. (2018). Density and phenology of the invasive mealybug Delottococcus aberiae on citrus: implications for integrated pest management. Journal of Pest Science, 91(2), 625-637). Esta última técnica requiere de la disponibilidad de atrayentes específicos de la especie, tales como las feromonas sexuales. The detection and monitoring of pseudococcid populations is key to improving their control in both agricultural and ornamental ecosystems, but sometimes it consists of a laborious visual inspection of the plant material in search of living forms and the counting of all stages of the insect. . Alternatively, corrugated cardboard traps can be used for seasonal sampling of live forms and/or sticky traps to monitor the flight of males (Martínez-Blay, V., Pérez-Rodríguez, J., Tena, A., & Soto, A. (2018). Density and phenology of the invasive mealybug Delottococcus aberiae on citrus: implications for integrated pest management Journal of Pest Science, 91(2), 625-637). This last technique requires the availability of species-specific attractants, such as sexual pheromones.
Por otro lado, es conocido el uso de feromonas sexuales en tratamientos comerciales para el control de plagas de Cocoideos(Aonidiella aurantiiMaskell (Scalebur®, Ecología y Protección Agrícola, Valencia) yPlanococcus ficusSignoret (CheckMate® VMB-XL, Suterra, Bend, EEUU)) mediante el uso de técnicas como la confusión sexual, donde el macho no es capaz de encontrar a la hembra mediante la acción de mecanismos diversos provocando la interrupción de la cópula. On the other hand, the use of sexual pheromones is known in commercial treatments to control Cocoidean pests (Aonidiella aurantiiMaskell (Scalebur®, Ecology and Agricultural Protection, Valencia) and Planococcus ficusSignoret (CheckMate® VMB-XL, Suterra, Bend, USA) ) through the use of techniques such as sexual confusion, where the male is not able to find the female through the action of various mechanisms causing the interruption of copulation.
Actualmente, es conocido la existencia de un tratamiento mediante el uso del compuesto atrayente para la especieDelottococcus aberiaeacetato de (4,5, 5-trimetil-3-metilenciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo, tal como se describe en W02020099705A1 que ha demostrado ser eficaz en el control y seguimiento específico de la plaga, y particularmente en métodos basados en la atracción y afectación. Currently, it is known the existence of a treatment using the attractant compound for the species Delottococcus aberiaeacetate of (4,5, 5-trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1-yl) methyl, as described in W02020099705A1 which It has proven to be effective in the specific control and monitoring of the pest, and particularly in methods based on attraction and affectation.
Existen compuestos relacionados que son feromonas de defensa de otras especies como es el caso del alfa trans necrodol en el caso del escarabajo carroñero (Roach, B., Eisner, T., & Meinwald, J. (1990). Defense mechanisms of arthropods. 83. alpha.-and. beta.-Necrodol, novel terpenes from a carrion beetle (Necrodes surinamensis, Silphidae, Coleóptera). The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 55(13), 4047-4051), o feromonas sexuales en el caso del alfa trans necrodol isobutirato o el gamma trans necrodol isobutirato para las especiesPseudococcus maritimusoNipaecoccus viridisrespectivamente (Figadere, B. A., McElfresh, J. S., Borchardt, D., Daane, K. M., Bentley, W., & Millar, J. G. 2007. Trans-a-Necrodyl isobutyrate, the sex pheromone of the grape mealybug,Pseudococcus maritimus.Tetrahedron Letters, 48(48), 8434-8437. Levi-Zada, A., Steiner, S., Fefer, D., & Kaspi, R. 2019. Identification of the sex pheromone of the spherical mealybug Nipaecoccus viridis. Journal of Chemical ecology, 45(5), 455 463; WO2021064719 - Compositions and methods for mealybug monitoring and control). There are related compounds that are defense pheromones of other species, such as alpha trans necrodol in the case of the carrion beetle (Roach, B., Eisner, T., & Meinwald, J. (1990). Defense mechanisms of arthropods. 83. alpha.-and. beta.-Necrodol, novel terpenes from a carrion beetle (Necrodes surinamensis, Silphidae, Coleoptera, 55(13), 4047-4051), or sexual pheromones in the case of the alpha trans necrodol isobutyrate or gamma trans necrodol isobutyrate for the species Pseudococcus maritimus or Nipaecoccus viridis respectively (Figadere, B. A., McElfresh, J. S., Borchardt, D., Daane, K. M., Bentley, W., & Millar, J. G. 2007. Trans-a-Necrodyl isobutyrate , the sex pheromone of the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus. Tetrahedron Letters, 48(48), 8434-8437. Levi-Zada, A., Steiner, S., Fefer, D., & Kaspi, R. 2019. Identification of the sex pheromone of the spherical mealybug Nipaecoccus viridis. Journal of Chemical ecology, 45(5), 455 463; WO2021064719 - Compositions and methods for mealybug monitoring and control).
Es de particular relevancia destacar que la atracción de los insectos a las feromonas sexuales puede ser particularmente sensibles a la composición del complejo feromonal, siendo capaces los insectos machos de responder tanto a los compuestos por separado como a la composición de la mezcla feromonal con diferente intensidad. Adicionalmente, aunque la atracción de alguno de estos componentes por separado resulte eficaz, también podría generar un sesgo natural hacia aquellos individuos que respondan mejor a alguno de los otros componentes del complejo (Carlos, F.J., Coceo, A., Lucchi, A., Mendel, Z., Suma, P., Vacas, S., Mansour, R. and Navarro-Llopis, V. 2022. Scientific and technological developments in mating disruption of scale inseets. Entomología Generalis, 42(2), 251-273).. Así pues, puede ser importante conocer y aplicar el complejo feromonal completo que emite la hembra para evitar la aparición de resistencias a este tipo de métodos de control. It is of particular relevance to highlight that the attraction of insects to sexual pheromones may be particularly sensitive to the composition of the pheromonal complex, with male insects being able to respond both to the compounds separately and to the composition of the pheromonal mixture with different intensities. . Additionally, although the attraction of some of these components separately is effective, it could also generate a natural bias towards those individuals who respond better to one of the other components of the complex (Carlos, F.J., Coceo, A., Lucchi, A., Mendel, Z., Suma, P., Vacas, S., Mansour, R. and Navarro-Llopis, V. 2022. Scientific and technological developments in mating disruption of scale insects. Entomologia Generalis, 42(2), 251-273. ).. Thus, it may be important to know and apply the complete pheromonal complex that the female emits to avoid the appearance of resistance to this type of control methods.
Por lo tanto, la mejora en los métodos de tratamiento y control sobre esta plaga, así como la identificación de nuevos compuestos, métodos y aparatos eficaces para el tratamiento de dicha especie, que a la vez puedan evitar la aparición de resistencias, son necesarias. Adicionalmente, la identificación y desarrollo de nuevos atrayentes que además se puedan obtener de fuentes naturales aportan un clara ventaja técnicoeconómica y ambiental. Therefore, improvement in treatment and control methods for this pest, as well as the identification of new effective compounds, methods and devices for the treatment of said species, which at the same time can prevent the appearance of resistance, are necessary. Additionally, the identification and development of new attractants that can also be obtained from natural sources provide a clear technical-economic and environmental advantage.
Breve descripción de la invenciónBrief description of the invention
Sorprendentemente se ha identificado de forma fehaciente un nuevo compuesto minoritario presente en la mezcla feromonal emitida porDelottococcus aberíae.Surprisingly, a new minor compound present in the pheromonal mixture emitted by Delottococcus aberíae has been reliably identified.
La presente invención soluciona los problemas descritos en el estado de la técnica ya que proporciona un compuesto natural de baja toxicidad, presente en el complejo feromonal, que es atrayente y eficaz como método de control de la especieDelottococcus aberíaey que adicionalmente puede obtenerse de forma natural. The present invention solves the problems described in the state of the art since it provides a low-toxicity natural compound, present in the pheromonal complex, which is attractive and effective as a method of control of the Delottococcus abería species and which can additionally be obtained naturally.
Así pues, la presente invención se refiere a un compuesto de fórmula I (también referido como compuesto de la presente invención): Thus, the present invention relates to a compound of formula I (also referred to as the compound of the present invention):
En la presente invención por el compuesto de fórmula I, se refiere al acetato de (3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo. El compuesto de fórmula I se conoce también con el nombre de acetato de necrodilo, siendo una mezcla de diastereoisómeros formada por los compuestos la, Ib, le y Id: In the present invention, the compound of formula I refers to (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate. The compound of formula I is also known as necrodyl acetate, being a mixture of diastereoisomers formed by the compounds la, Ib, le and Id:
El primer aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a una composición atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberiaeque comprende el compuesto de la presente invención y por lo menos un excipiente químicamente aceptable. The first aspect of the present invention relates to an attractant composition for insects of the species Delottococcus aberiae that comprises the compound of the present invention and at least one chemically acceptable excipient.
El segundo aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a una combinación atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberiaeque comprende los compuestos de fórmula (I) y/o (la) y (II): The second aspect of the present invention refers to an attractive combination for insects of the species Delottococcus aberiae that comprises the compounds of formula (I) and/or (la) and (II):
En la presente invención por el compuesto de fórmula la, se refiere al acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo. El compuesto de fórmula la, se conoce también con el nombre de acetato de trans-necrodilo y tiene asignado el número CAS: 709026-14-2. El compuesto II hace referencia al acetato de (4,5,5-trimetil-3-metileneciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo. In the present invention, the compound of formula la refers to ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate. The compound with formula la is also known as trans-necrodyl acetate and has been assigned the CAS number: 709026-14-2. Compound II refers to (4,5,5-trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methyl acetate.
Dicha combinación muestra una buena actividad y eficacia frente a los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberiae.De manera ventajosa e inesperada, dicha combinación presenta un efecto sinérgico frente a los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberiae.Además, la combinación del segundo aspecto tiene la ventaja de que, ambos compuestos son compatibles y no interaccionan, pueden formularse con facilidad y aplicarse directamente en un cultivo agrícola como atrayentes de los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberiae.Said combination shows good activity and efficacy against insects of the species Delottococcus aberiae. Advantageously and unexpectedly, said combination presents a synergistic effect against insects of the species Delottococcus aberiae. Furthermore, the combination of the second aspect has the advantage that , both compounds are compatible and do not interact, they can be easily formulated and applied directly to an agricultural crop as attractants for insects of the Delottococcus aberiae species.
El tercer aspecto de la invención, está relacionado con una composición que comprende la combinación del segundo aspecto. The third aspect of the invention is related to a composition that comprises the combination of the second aspect.
El cuarto aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a un dispositivo atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíaeque comprende la composición de la presente invención o la combinación del segundo aspecto. En una realización preferida, el dispositivo de la presente invención, comprende una trampa o es un dispositivo trampa. The fourth aspect of the present invention relates to an attractant device for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae that comprises the composition of the present invention or the combination of the second aspect. In a preferred embodiment, the device of the present invention comprises a trap or is a trap device.
El quinto aspecto la presente invención se refiere a un método de control y/o seguimiento de poblaciones deDelottococcus aberíae(también referido como el método de la presente invención) que comprende la utilización del compuesto de formula (I) y/o (la) de la presente invención o de la combinación del compuesto de formula (I) y/o (la) y el compuesto de formula (II) o la composición de la presente invención, donde el método comprende al menos las siguientes etapas: The fifth aspect of the present invention refers to a method for controlling and/or monitoring populations of Delottococcus aberíae (also referred to as the method of the present invention) that comprises the use of the compound of formula (I) and/or (la) of the present invention or the combination of the compound of formula (I) and/or (la) and the compound of formula (II) or the composition of the present invention, where the method comprises at least the following steps:
i) Proporcionar un dispositivo de acuerdo a la definición del cuarto aspecto de la presente invención y colocarlo en un cultivo agrícola; ii) Dejar el dispositivo del paso anterior en un cultivo agrícola durante al menos 3 h para liberar por lo menos la sustancia de formula (I) y/o (la) o la combinación de compuestos de formula (I) y/o (la) y (II). i) Provide a device according to the definition of the fourth aspect of the present invention and place it in an agricultural crop; ii) Leave the device from the previous step in an agricultural crop for at least 3 h to release at least the substance of formula (I) and/or (the) or the combination of compounds of formula (I) and/or (the ) and (II).
Preferiblemente, el método de la presente invención, puede comprender la utilización del dispositivo de la presente invención. Preferably, the method of the present invention may comprise the use of the device of the present invention.
En una realización preferida, el método de control y/o seguimiento de la presente invención se realiza mediante la atracción de individuos machos pertenecientes a la especie deDelottococcus aberíae y/omediante la confusión sexual de individuos machos pertenecientes a la especie deDelottococcus aberíaey/o mediante la confusión, atracción, afectación y/o muerte, de individuos machos pertenecientes a la especie deDelottococcus aberíae.In a preferred embodiment, the control and/or monitoring method of the present invention is carried out by attracting male individuals belonging to the species Delottococcus aberíae and/or by sexually confusing male individuals belonging to the species Delottococcus aberíae and/or by means of confusion, attraction, affectation and/or death, of male individuals belonging to the species of Delottococcus aberíae.
El sexto aspecto la presente invención está relacionado el uso del compuesto de fórmula (la) como feromona sexual deDelottococcus aberíaeobtenida de un extracto vegetal, preferentemente de una especie de lavanda que lo contenga (e,gLavandula stoechas, L. luísíerí (rozeíra), L. luísíerí x necrodolís, L. luísíerí x L. pedunculata, L. luísíerí x L. pedunculata subespecíe sampaíoana, L. luísíerí x L. pedunculata vd lusítáníca),y más preferentemente de un extracto vegetal deLavanda Stoechassubsp.Luísíerí.The sixth aspect of the present invention is related to the use of the compound of formula (la) as a sexual pheromone of Delottococcus abería, obtained from a plant extract, preferably from a species of lavender that contains it (e.g. Lavandula stoechas, L. luísíerí (rozeíra), L. .
El séptimo aspecto de la presente invención está relacionado con el uso de la composición del primer aspecto o del tercer aspecto o la combinación del segundo aspecto o del dispositivo del cuarto aspecto para el control y seguimiento de poblaciones pertenecientes a la especieDelottococcus aberíae.The seventh aspect of the present invention is related to the use of the composition of the first aspect or the third aspect or the combination of the second aspect or the device of the fourth aspect for the control and monitoring of populations belonging to the species Delottococcus aberíae.
DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓNDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención proporciona un compuesto atrayente específico y eficaz de insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíae,siendo dicho compuesto de baja toxicidad. Así pues, en un primer aspecto, la presente invención se refiere a un compuesto de fórmula I (también referido como compuesto de la presente invención): The present invention provides a specific and effective attractant compound for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae, said compound being of low toxicity. Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a compound of formula I (also referred to as the compound of the present invention):
En la presente invención por el compuesto de fórmula I, se refiere al acetato de (3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo. El compuesto de fórmula I, se conoce también con el nombre de acetato de necrodilo y es una mezcla de diastereoisómeros de fórmulas la, Ib, le, Id: In the present invention by the compound of formula I, it refers to (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate. The compound of formula I is also known as necrodyl acetate and is a mixture of diastereomers of formulas la, Ib, le, Id:
En la presente invención el compuesto de formula (la) o acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo con número CAS 709026-14-2, se ha identificado como feromona sexual deDelottococcus aberíae,también presente de forma natural en extractos vegetales, más preferentemente deLavanda stoechassubsp.Luísíerí. In the present invention, the compound of formula (la) or ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate with CAS number 709026-14-2, is has been identified as a sexual pheromone from Delottococcus aberíae, also present naturally in plant extracts, more preferably from Lavender stoechassubsp.Luísíerí.
El primer aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a una composición atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíae quecomprende el compuesto de la presente invención y por lo menos un excipiente químicamente aceptable. The first aspect of the present invention relates to an attractant composition for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae that comprises the compound of the present invention and at least one chemically acceptable excipient.
En una realización preferida del primer aspecto la composición de la presente invención, comprende una cantidad del compuesto de la presente invención entre 0,001 a 1000 mg. Preferentemente, la cantidad eficaz está comprendida en un rango de entre 0.001 a 200 mg. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the composition of the present invention comprises an amount of the compound of the present invention between 0.001 to 1000 mg. Preferably, the effective amount is within a range of 0.001 to 200 mg.
La cantidad de compuesto puede variar en función del tipo de área, zona, cultivo, técnica a utilizar u objeto a tratar, así como de las condiciones ambientales y del número de días de atracción necesarios. The amount of compound may vary depending on the type of area, zone, crop, technique to be used or object to be treated, as well as the environmental conditions and the number of days of attraction required.
En el contexto de la presente invención el término excipiente químicamente aceptable se refiere a componentes inertes que no poseen efecto farmacológico y/o activo frente a los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberiae,se incorpora en la composición para realizar al menos una función específica. Preferiblemente, el excipiente se selecciona de la lista que consiste en, antioxidantes, diluyentes, colorantes disgregantes, lubricantes, aglutinantes, protectores de la radiación, y mezclas de los mismos. In the context of the present invention, the term chemically acceptable excipient refers to inert components that do not have a pharmacological and/or active effect against insects of the species Delottococcus aberiae, and are incorporated into the composition to perform at least one specific function. Preferably, the excipient is selected from the list consisting of antioxidants, diluents, disintegrating dyes, lubricants, binders, radiation protectants, and mixtures thereof.
En el contexto de la presente invención el término antioxidante se refiere cualquier sustancia capaz de retardar o prevenir la oxidación de uno o más componentes de la composición de la presente invención. Preferentemente, el agente antioxidante de la composición de la presente invención es seleccionado de entre: ácido ascórbico, ácido eritórbico, ascorbato sódico, ascorbato cálcico, butilhidroxianisol (BHA), butilhidroxitolueno (BHT), dióxido de azufre, eritorbato de sodio, estearato de ascorbilo, galato de propilo, galato de octilo, galato de dodecilo, hidrosulfito de sodio, lecticina, palmitato de ascorbilo, tertbutilhidroquinona (TBHQ) y tocoferoles naturales y/o sintéticos y una combinación cualquiera de los antioxidantes anteriores. En una realización preferida, en la composición atrayente de la presente invención, el agente antioxidante está comprendido en un ratio en peso (w/w) entre 1:1000 hasta 1:20 con respecto al contenido en peso de acetato de (4,5,5-trimetil-3-metilenciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo. Preferiblemente, el agente antioxidante se encuentra en un ratio en peso entre 1:500 hasta 1:50con respecto al contenido en peso de acetato de (4,5,5-trimetil-3-metilenciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo, más preferiblemente, en un ratio en peso entre 1:300 hasta 1:80 con respecto al contenido en peso de acetato de (4,5,5-trimetil-3-metilenciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo. In the context of the present invention, the term antioxidant refers to any substance capable of delaying or preventing the oxidation of one or more components of the composition of the present invention. Preferably, the antioxidant agent of the composition of the present invention is selected from: ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), sulfur dioxide, sodium erythorbate, ascorbyl stearate , propyl gallate, octyl gallate, dodecyl gallate, sodium hydrosulfite, lecticin, ascorbyl palmitate, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and natural and/or synthetic tocopherols and any combination of the above antioxidants. In a preferred embodiment, in the attractant composition of the present invention, the antioxidant agent is comprised in a weight ratio (w/w) between 1:1000 to 1:20 with respect to the acetate weight content of (4.5 ,5-trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methyl. Preferably, the antioxidant agent is in a ratio by weight between 1:500 to 1:50 with respect to the weight content of (4,5,5-trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methyl acetate. , more preferably, in a weight ratio between 1:300 to 1:80 with respect to the weight content of (4,5,5-trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methyl acetate.
En el contexto de la presente invención el término protectores de la radiación UV se refiere a cualquier compuesto capaz de proteger y preservar de la degradación solar a uno o más componentes de la composición de la presente invención. Preferiblemente, e los protectores de radiación UV de la presente invención se refieren a derivados del PABA, salicilatos, cinamatos, benzofenonas, bencimidazoles, antralinatos, derivados terpénicos, óxidos inorgánicos y una combinación cualquiera de los protectores UV anteriores. Preferiblemente, se refieren al ácido 4-aminobenzoico, 4-hidroxibenzofenona, 2-etilhexil salicilato, 2-ethylhexil trans-4-metoxicinamato, etilhexil 2-ciano-3,3-difenilacrilato, óxido de titanio y/o óxido de zinc y una combinación cualquiera de los protectores UV anteriores. En una realización preferida, en la composición atrayente de la presente invención, el protector de la radiación UV está comprendido entre una ratio en peso desde 1:200 hasta 1:20 con respecto al contenido en peso de acetato de (4,5,5-trimetil-3-metilenciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo. Preferiblemente, el protector de la radiación UV se encuentra en una ratio en peso entre 1:100 hasta 1:30 con respecto al contenido en peso de acetato de (4,5,5-trimetil-3-metilenciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo; más preferiblemente, en una ratio en peso entre 1:70 hasta 1:50 con respecto al contenido en peso de acetato de (4,5,5-trimetil-3-metilenciclopent-1-en-1-il) metilo. In the context of the present invention, the term UV radiation protectors refers to any compound capable of protecting and preserving one or more components of the composition of the present invention from solar degradation. Preferably, the UV radiation protectors of the present invention refer to PABA derivatives, salicylates, cinnamates, benzophenones, benzimidazoles, anthralinates, terpenic derivatives, inorganic oxides and any combination of the previous UV protectors. Preferably, they relate to 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, 2-ethylhexyl trans-4-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate, titanium oxide and/or zinc oxide and a combination of any of the previous UV protectors. In a preferred embodiment, in the attractant composition of the present invention, the UV radiation protector is comprised between a ratio by weight from 1:200 to 1:20 with respect to the weight content of acetate of (4,5,5 -trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methyl. Preferably, the UV radiation protector is in a ratio by weight between 1:100 to 1:30 with respect to the weight content of (4,5,5-trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1) acetate -yl)methyl; more preferably, in a weight ratio between 1:70 to 1:50 with respect to the weight content of (4,5,5-trimethyl-3-methylenecyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methyl acetate.
En el contexto de la presente invención el término agente de control de insectos se refiere a una sustancia química que provoca la muerte del insecto. Preferiblemente, agente de control de insectos es un insecticida, más preferiblemente el insecticida se selecciona de una lista que consiste en, organoclorados, organofosforados, carbamatos, piretroides, piretrinas, neonicotinoides, ácidos tetrámicos, biorracionales, extractos naturales con actividad biocida y combinación de los mismos. In the context of the present invention the term insect control agent refers to a chemical substance that causes the death of the insect. Preferably, the insect control agent is an insecticide, more preferably the insecticide is selected from a list consisting of organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, pyrethrins, neonicotinoids, tetramic acids, biorationals, natural extracts with biocidal activity and combination of the themselves.
En una realización preferida del primer aspecto, la composición puede contener otras sustancias activas frente a los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíaeo frente a otros insectos. Preferiblemente, la composición de la presente invención puede contener otras sustancias activas seleccionadas de la lista que consiste en feromonas, kairomonas, insecticidas. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the composition may contain other substances active against insects of the species Delottococcus aberíaor against other insects. Preferably, the composition of the present invention may contain other active substances selected from the list consisting of pheromones, kairomones, insecticides.
En el contexto de la presente invención el término feromona es cualquier sustancia que un animal segrega y que provocan una reacción o comportamiento específico en un miembro de la misma especie. Preferiblemente, la feromona es una feromona sexual. En el contexto de la presente invención el término feromona sexual es aquella sustancia que segrega uno de los géneros de la especie y provoca una respuesta de atracción y cópula en el otro. En el contexto de la presente invención el término kairomona se refiere a cualquier sustancia que segrega un organismo e interviene en la comunicación entre individuos de distinta especie, beneficiando al organismo que la recibe. In the context of the present invention, the term pheromone is any substance that an animal secretes and that causes a specific reaction or behavior in a member of the same species. Preferably, the pheromone is a sex pheromone. In the context of the present invention, the term sexual pheromone is that substance that secretes one of the genders of the species and causes a response of attraction and copulation in the other. In the context of the present invention, the term kairomone refers to any substance that an organism secretes and intervenes in communication between individuals of different species, benefiting the organism that receives it.
En una realización más preferida del primer aspecto, la composición de la invención, comprende además el compuesto de fórmula (II): In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the composition of the invention further comprises the compound of formula (II):
En una realización preferida, la composición de la presente invención es presentada en una formulación seleccionada de entre, comprimido, cápsula, polvo, granulado, pasta, líquido, gel emulsión, microencapsulación, solución, dispersión y aerosol. In a preferred embodiment, the composition of the present invention is presented in a formulation selected from tablet, capsule, powder, granules, paste, liquid, gel emulsion, microencapsulation, solution, dispersion and aerosol.
En una realización preferida del primer aspecto de la invención, la composición de la presente invención comprende además un portador. Preferiblemente, la composición de la presente invención está depositada, absorbida, adsorbida y/o revestida física o químicamente en el portador. Mas, preferiblemente, el compuesto de la presente invención contenido en dicha composición está depositado, absorbido, adsorbido, o revestido, física o químicamente en el portador. En el contexto de la presente invención, el término portador se refiere a un sustrato o matriz capaz de portar o contener el compuesto de la presente invención o la composición de la presente invención. Preferiblemente, el portador puede ser una cera, preferiblemente, parafina o donde el portador se selecciona de la lista que consiste en, una matriz que se selecciona de la lista que consiste en, una matriz polimérica, de madera, de cerámica, metálica y de cuero, preferiblemente donde la matriz polimérica comprende un polímero seleccionado de la lista que consiste en, poliamida, poliéster, algodón, polímero termoestable, resinas y caucho. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the composition of the present invention further comprises a carrier. Preferably, the composition of the present invention is deposited, absorbed, adsorbed and/or physically or chemically coated on the carrier. More preferably, the compound of the present invention contained in said composition is deposited, absorbed, adsorbed, or coated, physically or chemically on the carrier. In the context of the present invention, the term carrier refers to a substrate or matrix capable of carrying or containing the compound of the present invention or the composition of the present invention. Preferably, the carrier may be a wax, preferably paraffin or where the carrier is selected from the list consisting of, a matrix which is selected from the list consisting of, a polymeric, wooden, ceramic, metallic and metal matrix. leather, preferably where the polymer matrix comprises a polymer selected from the list consisting of, polyamide, polyester, cotton, thermoset polymer, resins and rubber.
El segundo aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a una mezcla atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíaeque comprende los compuestos de fórmula (la, CAS: 709026-14-2) y (II) en distintas proporciones: The second aspect of the present invention refers to an attractant mixture for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae that comprises the compounds of formula (la, CAS: 709026-14-2) and (II) in different proportions:
Dicha mezcla muestra una buena actividad y eficacia frente a los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíae.De manera ventajosa e inesperada, dicha combinación presenta un efecto sinérgico frente a los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíae. Said mixture shows good activity and efficacy against insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae. Advantageously and unexpectedly, said combination presents a synergistic effect against insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae.
Además, la combinación del segundo aspecto tiene la ventaja de que, ambos compuestos son compatibles y no interaccionan, puede formularse con facilidad y aplicarse directamente en un cultivo agrícola como atrayente de los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíae.Furthermore, the combination of the second aspect has the advantage that, both compounds are compatible and do not interact, it can be easily formulated and applied directly to an agricultural crop as an attractant for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae.
El tercer aspecto de la invención, está relacionado con una composición que comprende la combinación del segundo aspecto. The third aspect of the invention is related to a composition that comprises the combination of the second aspect.
La composición del tercer aspecto puede tener todas las características y realizaciones que la composición del primer aspecto. The third aspect composition may have all the features and embodiments as the first aspect composition.
El cuarto aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a una mezcla atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíaeque comprende los compuestos de fórmula (I) y/o (la) y (II). The fourth aspect of the present invention refers to an attractant mixture for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae that comprises the compounds of formula (I) and/or (la) and (II).
Además, la mezcla del cuarto aspecto tiene la ventaja de que, ambos compuestos son compatibles y no interaccionan, puede formularse con facilidad y aplicarse directamente en campo como atrayente de los insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíae.Furthermore, the mixture of the fourth aspect has the advantage that, both compounds are compatible and do not interact, it can be easily formulated and applied directly in the field as an attractant for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae.
El quinto aspecto de la invención, está relacionado con una composición que comprende la combinación del cuarto aspecto. The fifth aspect of the invention is related to a composition that comprises the combination of the fourth aspect.
La composición del cuarto aspecto puede tener todas las características y realizaciones que la composición del primer aspecto. The composition of the fourth aspect may have all the characteristics and embodiments as the composition of the first aspect.
El sexto aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a un dispositivo atrayente para insectos de la especieDelottococcus aberíaeque comprende la composición de la presente invención. En una realización preferida, el dispositivo de la presente invención, comprende una trampa. The sixth aspect of the present invention refers to an attractant device for insects of the species Delottococcus aberíae that comprises the composition of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the device of the present invention comprises a trap.
En el contexto de la presente invención el término trampa se refiere a cualquier artificio o, dispositivo que atrapa insectos y/o los retiene y/o los afecta. En una realización preferida, el dispositivo atrayente comprende una sustancia tóxica o patógena para el insecto diana. In the context of the present invention, the term trap refers to any artifice or device that traps insects and/or retains and/or affects them. In a preferred embodiment, the attractant device comprises a toxic or pathogenic substance for the target insect.
En una realización preferida, el dispositivo atrayente comprende una trampa que contiene una superficie que comprende un adhesivo. In a preferred embodiment, the attractant device comprises a trap containing a surface comprising an adhesive.
En un séptimo aspecto, la presente invención se refiere a un método de control y/o seguimiento de poblaciones deDelottococcus aberíae(también referido como el método de la presente invención) que comprende la utilización del compuesto de formula (I) y/o (la) de la presente invención o de la combinación del compuesto de formula (I) y/o (la) y el compuesto de formula (II) o la composición de la presente invención donde el método comprende al menos las siguientes etapas: In a seventh aspect, the present invention refers to a method for controlling and/or monitoring populations of Delottococcus aberíae (also referred to as the method of the present invention) that comprises the use of the compound of formula (I) and/or (the ) of the present invention or the combination of the compound of formula (I) and/or (la) and the compound of formula (II) or the composition of the present invention where the method comprises at least the following steps:
iii) Proporcionar un dispositivo de acuerdo a la definición del cuarto aspecto de la presente invención y colocarlo en un cultivo agrícola; iv) Dejar el dispositivo del paso anterior en un cultivo agrícola durante al menos 3 h para liberar por lo menos la sustancia de formula (I) y/o (la) o la combinación de compuestos de formula (I) y/o (la) y (II). iii) Provide a device according to the definition of the fourth aspect of the present invention and place it in an agricultural crop; iv) Leave the device from the previous step in an agricultural crop for at least 3 h to release at least the substance of formula (I) and/or (the) or the combination of compounds of formula (I) and/or (the ) and (II).
Preferiblemente, el método de la presente invención, comprende la utilización del dispositivo de la presente invención. Preferably, the method of the present invention comprises the use of the device of the present invention.
En una realización preferida, el método de control y/o seguimiento de poblaciones deDelottococcus aberíaede la presente invención se realiza mediante la atracción de individuos machos pertenecientes a la especie deDelottococcus aberíae.In a preferred embodiment, the method of controlling and/or monitoring Delottococcus aberíae populations of the present invention is carried out by attracting male individuals belonging to the Delottococcus aberíae species.
En otra realización preferida el método de control y/o seguimiento de poblaciones deDelottococcus aberíaese realiza mediante la confusión sexual de individuos machos pertenecientes a la especie deDelottococcus aberíae.In another preferred embodiment, the method of controlling and/or monitoring Delottococcus abería populations is carried out through sexual confusion of male individuals belonging to the Delottococcus aberíae species.
En otra realización particular, el método de control y/o seguimiento de poblaciones deDelottococcus aberíaese realiza mediante la muerte y/o afectación de individuos machos pertenecientes a la especie deDelottococcus aberíae.In another particular embodiment, the method of control and/or monitoring of Delottococcus abería populations is carried out through the death and/or involvement of male individuals belonging to the species of Delottococcus aberíae.
Breve descripción de las FigurasBrief description of the Figures
Figura 1:En la figura 1 se representa la detección por cromatografía de gases del acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il)metilo (TNA) en: (A) muestra correspondiente al TNA aislado y purificado (19.31 minutos); (B) muestra de volátiles de individuos hembras vírgenes deDelottococcus aberíaecriados en laboratorio, donde se detecta el compuesto TNA también a 19.31 min; y (C) muestra de volátiles de individuos hembras copuladas deDelottococcus aberíae,donde ya no se detecta el compuesto TNA. Figure 1: Figure 1 represents the gas chromatographic detection of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate (TNA) in: ( A) sample corresponding to the isolated and purified TNA (19.31 minutes); (B) sample of volatiles from virgin female individuals of Delottococcus abería raised in the laboratory, where the TNA compound is also detected at 19.31 min; and (C) sample of volatiles from copulated female individuals of Delottococcus aberíae, where the TNA compound is no longer detected.
Se observa que el pico con tiempo de retención 19.31 min detectado en las muestras de hembras vírgenes (B), no aparece en las muestras de hembras copuladas (C), y que coincide con la muestra aislada de un extracto vegetal deLavanda stoechassubsp.Luísíeríde acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo (A). It is observed that the peak with a retention time of 19.31 min detected in the samples of virgin females (B), does not appear in the samples of copulated females (C), and that it coincides with the sample isolated from a plant extract of Lavender stoechassubsp.Luísíeríde acetate of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl (A).
EjemplosExamples
Ejemplo 1: Detección de acetato de((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metiloen muestras procedentes de hembras vírgenes de Delottococcus aberiae mediante técnicas de captación de volátilesExample 1: Detection of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) methyl acetate in samples from virgin females of Delottococcus aberiae using volatile capture techniques
Para la captación de los volátiles emitidos por hembras deDelottococcus aberiaeen distinto estado sexual se emplearon individuos procedentes de la cría de laboratorio mantenidos sobre limones de cultivo ecológico en el Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola (Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Valencia). La cría se mantiene en cámara de condiciones controladas, a 23 ± 2°C y 60-70 % de humedad relativa. To capture the volatiles emitted by Delottococcus aberia females in different sexual states, individuals from laboratory breeding maintained on organically grown lemons at the Center for Agricultural Chemical Ecology (Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Valencia) were used. The breeding is kept in a chamber under controlled conditions, at 23 ± 2°C and 60-70% relative humidity.
La toma de muestra de los volátiles emitidos por los insectos se realizó mediante la aireación de los individuos y captación de los efluvios en cartuchos de vidrio rellenos con la matriz adsorbente Porapak-Q. Se colocaron grupos de 200-300 individuos sobre el sustrato de cría en recipientes de vidrio de 5 I, por los que se hizo pasar una corriente de aire filtrado de 0.4 l/min. Cada 7-8 días, el material adsorbente se lavó con 20 mi de pentano para eluir las sustancias captadas. Los eluyentes se analizaron mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). El análisis cromatográfico se realizó en un equipo Clarus 600 GC-MS (PerkinElmer Inc.), equipado con una columna capilar ZB-5MS (30 m * 0.25 mm i.d. * 0.25 pm; Phenomenex Inc.) y el siguiente programa de temperaturas: 40 °C durante 2 min; 5 °C/min hasta 180 °C y después aumentar hasta 280 °C a 10 °C/min, manteniendo a 280 °C durante 1 min. Se empleó helio como gas portador con un flujo de 1 ml/min. La detección se realizó en modo de impacto electrónico (70 eV) y la temperatura de la fuente de ionización y la línea de transferencia fue de 2000C y 2500C, respectivamente. Una vez detectado un pico exclusivo de las muestras de hembras vírgenes, éste se aisló de la mezcla eluida mediante el siguiente procedimiento: (1) cromatografía de gravedad del extracto total con mezclas pentano: éter dietílico (100:0, 95:5, 80:20, 0:100) como eluyentes; (2) localización del pico en la fracción correspondiente mediante CG-EM; (3) aislamiento de la sustancia en la fracción mediante CG preparativa. La cromatografía de gases preparativa se llevó a cabo utilizando un equipo Clarus 500 GC (Perkin Elmer) equipado con un detector de ionización de llama y una columna capilar TRB-1 (30 m * 0.53 mm i.d. x 0.5 pm; Teknokroma Analítica SA, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain). La temperatura del horno se programó a 40 °C durante 2 min, subiendo después a 3 °C/min hasta 100 °C y a 30 °C/min hasta 280 °C, que se mantienen finalmente durante 12 min. Una vez aislado, la elucidación estructural se realizó con los datos proporcionados por el espectro de CG-EM y el espectro de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) en un equipo de 600 MHz de la marca Bruker. Finalmente, se compararon los espectros de la sustancia natural con los de una muestra sintetizada por Ecología y Protección Agrícola SL (Carlet, Valencia). The sampling of the volatiles emitted by the insects was carried out by aerating the individuals and capturing the effluvia in glass cartridges filled with the Porapak-Q adsorbent matrix. Groups of 200-300 individuals were placed on the breeding substrate in 5 I glass containers, through which a filtered air flow of 0.4 l/min was passed. Every 7-8 days, the adsorbent material was washed with 20 ml of pentane to elute the captured substances. The eluents were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chromatographic analysis was performed on a Clarus 600 GC-MS equipment (PerkinElmer Inc.), equipped with a ZB-5MS capillary column (30 m * 0.25 mm i.d. * 0.25 pm; Phenomenex Inc.) and the following temperature program: 40 °C for 2 min; 5 °C/min to 180 °C and then increase to 280 °C at 10 °C/min, holding at 280 °C for 1 min. Helium was used as carrier gas with a flow of 1 ml/min. The detection was performed in electron impact mode (70 eV) and the temperature of the ionization source and transfer line was 2000C and 2500C, respectively. Once a peak exclusive to the samples of virgin females was detected, it was isolated from the eluted mixture using the following procedure: (1) gravity chromatography of the total extract with pentane: diethyl ether mixtures (100:0, 95:5, 80 :20, 0:100) as eluents; (2) localization of the peak in the corresponding fraction by GC-MS; (3) isolation of the substance in the fraction by preparative GC. Preparative gas chromatography was carried out using a Clarus 500 GC (Perkin Elmer) equipped with a flame ionization detector and a TRB-1 capillary column (30 m * 0.53 mm i.d. x 0.5 pm; Teknokroma Analítico SA, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain). The oven temperature was programmed at 40 °C for 2 min, then rising at 3 °C/min to 100 °C and at 30 °C/min to 280 °C, which was finally maintained for 12 min. Once isolated, structural elucidation was carried out with the data provided by the GC-MS spectrum and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum on a 600 MHz Bruker brand equipment. Finally, the spectra of the natural substance were compared with those of a sample synthesized by Ecología y Protección Agrícola SL (Carlet, Valencia).
El análisis cromatográfico reveló un pico que aparecía exclusivamente en las muestras de volátiles emitidos por hembras vírgenes y no en las de las hembras que habían copulado o de individuos inmaduros, como se puede observar en la Figura 1. Este pico correspondía con el acetato ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo, identificado mediante datos espectrométricos, y posteriormente confirmado por comparación con una muestra aislada y purificada en laboratorio según se describe en el ejemplo 2. The chromatographic analysis revealed a peak that appeared exclusively in the samples of volatiles emitted by virgin females and not in those of females that had copulated or immature individuals, as can be seen in Figure 1. This peak corresponded to acetate (( 1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl, identified by spectrometric data, and subsequently confirmed by comparison with a sample isolated and purified in the laboratory as described in example 2 .
Ejemplo 2: obtención del acetato de((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo, Example 2: obtaining ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate,
El compuesto I se aisló de extractos deLavanda Stoechas sub. Luisierí,de ejemplares criados en invernaderos en las instalaciones de la Universidad politécnica de Valencia a partir de semillas de la especie adquiridas a la empresa Semillas Cantueso SL. Compound I was isolated from extracts of Lavender Stoechas sub. Luisierí, from specimens raised in greenhouses at the facilities of the Polytechnic University of Valencia from seeds of the species acquired from the company Semillas Cantueso SL.
Para ello, 100 gramos de material vegetal fresco (tallos, hojas y flores) se cortaron y se extrajeron con 500 mi de tolueno mediante el uso de un Soxhlet durante 12 h. El extracto toluénico se concentró por evaporación y el residuo obtenido (4.3 g), se cromatografíó por columna de gravedad rellena con silica gel (60 X 3.5 cm, 80 g, hexano: dietil éter 99:1 como eluyente). To do this, 100 grams of fresh plant material (stems, leaves and flowers) were cut and extracted with 500 ml of toluene using a Soxhlet for 12 h. The toluene extract was concentrated by evaporation and the residue obtained (4.3 g) was chromatographed by a gravity column packed with silica gel (60 X 3.5 cm, 80 g, hexane: diethyl ether 99:1 as eluent).
Las fracciones obtenidas se analizaron por cromatografía de gases, usando un cromatógrafo acoplado a un aparato de espectrometría de masas Clarus 600 GC-MSinstrument (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA equipado con una columna capilar ZB-5MS (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 pm; Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA). Las fracciones donde se identificó la presencia del compuesto I, en concentración superior al 90 %, medido por integración del área, se volvieron a concentrar y el crudo obtenido (ca.250 mg) volvió a purificarse vía cromatografía por columna de gravedad rellena con silica gel, (60 X 3.5 cm, 60 g, hexano: dietil éter 99:1 como eluyente). Las fracciones obtenidas se analizaron cromatógrafo acoplado a un aparato de espectrometría de masas Clarus 600 GC-MSinstrument (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA equipado con una columna capilar ZB-5MS (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 pm; Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA), y aquellas donde se obtuvo el compuesto I con mayor pureza se volvieron a concentrar por evaporación del disolvente obteniendo así 120 mg de acetato ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo con una pureza del 99 % determinada por GC (cromatografía de gases), cuyos datos espectroscópicos fueron totalmente coincidentes con los descritos en la literatura. The fractions obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography, using a chromatograph coupled to a Clarus 600 GC-MSinstrument mass spectrometry apparatus (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA equipped with a ZB-5MS capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 pm; Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA). The fractions where the presence of compound I was identified, in concentration greater than 90%, measured by area integration, were re-concentrated and the crude oil obtained (ca.250 mg) was returned. to be purified via gravity column chromatography filled with silica gel, (60 X 3.5 cm, 60 g, hexane: diethyl ether 99:1 as eluent). -MSinstrument (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA equipped with a ZB-5MS capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 pm; Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA), and those where compound I was obtained with higher purity became to be concentrated by evaporation of the solvent, thus obtaining 120 mg of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) methyl acetate with a purity of 99% determined by GC (chromatography of gases), whose spectroscopic data were completely coincident with those described in the literature.
Datos espectroscópicos del acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo.Spectroscopic data of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate.
5 H (300 MHz, CDCI3) 5.16 (1 H, d ancho), 4.10 (1 H, dd,J10.7, 6.5 Hz), 3.94 (1 H, d,J7.4 Hz), 2.48 (1 H, d, J1.9 Hz)),2.90 (1 H, dd, J7.3, 1.1 Hz), 2.04 (3 H, s), 1.66 (3H,s 0.95 (3 H, s), 0.88 (3 H, d, 7.5 Hz). 5 H (300 MHz, CDCI3) 5.16 (1 H, d wide), 4.10 (1 H, dd,J10.7, 6.5 Hz), 3.94 (1 H, d,J7.4 Hz), 2.48 (1 H, d, J1.9 Hz)),2.90 (1 H, dd, J7.3, 1.1 Hz), 2.04 (3 H, s), 1.66 (3H,s 0.95 (3 H, s), 0.88 (3 H, s), d, 7.5 Hz).
EM (70 eV) m/z: 196 (M+, 1), 154 (2), 136 (60), 123 (50), 121 (100), 107 (23), 105 (50), 93 (65), 91 (52), 81 (63), 79 (58), 67 (49). EM (70 eV) m/z: 196 (M+, 1), 154 (2), 136 (60), 123 (50), 121 (100), 107 (23), 105 (50), 93 (65) , 91 (52), 81 (63), 79 (58), 67 (49).
Ejemplo 3: Ensayos biológicos de actividad del acetato de((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo,en condiciones de laboratorio.Example 3: Biological assays of activity of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate, under laboratory conditions.
La respuesta de los machos deDelottococcus aberiaeal acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo (TNA), se evaluó en el Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola (UPV, Valencia), mediante un ensayo de actividad en placa Petri de vidrio. Los ensayos se realizaron con luz y en las mismas condiciones de cría, a 23 ± 20C y 60-70 % de humedad relativa. The response of Delottococcus aberia males to ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate (TNA) was evaluated at the Center for Agricultural Chemical Ecology (UPV). , Valencia), by means of an activity test in a glass Petri dish. The tests were carried out with light and in the same breeding conditions, at 23 ± 20C and 60-70% relative humidity.
Para estos ensayos se emplearon también machos procedentes de la cría, separados en placas Petri justo al empezar a formar el capullo algodonoso. Tras pupar y finalmente emerger del capullo, los insectos son observados bajo el binocular para confirmar su estado antes de ser seleccionados para el ensayo. For these tests, males from breeding were also used, separated in Petri dishes just as the cottony cocoon began to form. After pupating and finally emerging from the cocoon, the insects are observed under binoculars to confirm their condition before being selected for the test.
El procedimiento utilizado se describe a continuación: durante cada ensayo, en extremos opuestos de la placa Petri se colocó una muestra TNA, y un control negativo (disolvente pentano sin actividad), dispuestos sobre papel de filtro de 1 cm2 en una cantidad de 5 pl. Inmediatamente, se depositan grupos de machos cuidadosamente con ayuda de un pincel muy fino en la placa de ensayo. Entonces, se registra el comportamiento de los individuos hacia las fuentes de estímulo durante 10 min. Una vez finalizado el ensayo, los insectos son desechados, de tal forma que cada insecto sea expuesto a los estímulos olfativos una única vez. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante prueba de Chi cuadrado (x2 test, P < 0.05). The procedure used is described below: during each test, a TNA sample and a negative control (pentane solvent without activity) were placed on opposite ends of the Petri dish, arranged on 1 cm2 filter paper in an amount of 5 pl. . Immediately, groups of males are carefully placed on the test plate with the help of a very fine brush. Then, the behavior of individuals towards the stimulus sources is recorded for 10 min. Once the test is finished, the insects are discarded, so that each insect is exposed to the olfactory stimuli only once. The data obtained were analyzed using the Chi square test (x2 test, P < 0.05).
Los resultados que se muestran en la tabla 1 indican que existe una respuesta atrayente significativa de los machos hacia los pedazos de papel de filtro impregnados con el compuesto TNA. The results shown in Table 1 indicate that there is a significant attractive response of males towards pieces of filter paper impregnated with the TNA compound.
Tabla 1.Resultados de los ensayos biológicos de la actividad acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo (TNA), en condiciones de laboratorio. Table 1. Results of biological assays of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate (TNA) activity, under laboratory conditions.
* Porcentaje de machos deDelottococcus aberiaeque elige cada una de las sustancias ensayadas, del total de machos que han realizado elección. * Percentage of Delottococcus aberiae males that choose each of the substances tested, of the total number of males that have made the choice.
** Significación estadística de los resultados (x2 test, P < 0.05). **Statistical significance of the results (x2 test, P < 0.05).
Ejemplo 4a: Ensayos de respuesta de atracción de machos de Delottococcus aberiae en campo al acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo (TNA)La respuesta de los machos deDelottococcus aberíaeal acetato de ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo (TNA) se evaluó en dos ensayos de campo realizados en una parcela de cítricos var. Marisol, situada en la localidad de Sagunto (Valencia). Example 4a: Attraction response tests of Delottococcus aberiae males in the field to ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl) methyl acetate (TNA) The response of males of Delottococcus aberíaeal ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate (TNA) was evaluated in two field trials carried out in a plot of citrus var. Marisol, located in the town of Sagunto (Valencia).
En un primer ensayo (realizado durante el mes de noviembre de 2021) se instalaron 3 bloques de 2 dispositivos: (A) un dispositivo con portador, sin sustancia atrayente, y una trampa consistente en una lámina blanca con adhesivo (95 x 150 mm), (B) un dispositivo con portador cebado con 100 pg de TNA y una trampa consistente en una lámina blanca con adhesivo. Dentro de cada bloque los dispositivos se situaron a una distancia de 20 m entre sí, mientras que la distancia entre bloques fue de al menos 30 m. Los portadores cargados con TNA fueron de tipo septa y se colocaron insertados en el centro de la trampa. In a first test (carried out during the month of November 2021), 3 blocks of 2 devices were installed: (A) a device with a carrier, without an attractant substance, and a trap consisting of a white sheet with adhesive (95 x 150 mm) , (B) a device with a carrier primed with 100 pg of TNA and a trap consisting of a white sheet with adhesive. Within each block the devices were located at a distance of 20 m from each other, while the distance between blocks was at least 30 m. The carriers loaded with TNA were of the septa type and were placed inserted in the center of the trap.
Las capturas obtenidas en cada una de las trampas se revisaron semanalmente y los individuos capturados se llevaron a laboratorio para ser identificados y contados. Cada semana se realizó la rotación de trampas intrabloque para eliminar posibles sesgos de los datos debidos a la posición de las mismas. The catches obtained in each of the traps were reviewed weekly and the captured individuals were taken to the laboratory to be identified and counted. Every week, intrablock trap rotation was carried out to eliminate possible biases in the data due to their position.
El número de machos capturados por trampa y día se comparó mediante un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA; test LSD de comparación de medias, P < 0.05), previa transformación (ln(x+1)) de los datos con el fin de homogeneizar la varianza. The number of males captured per trap and day was compared using an analysis of variance (ANOVA; LSD test for comparison of means, P < 0.05), after transformation (ln(x+1)) of the data in order to homogenize the variance.
Los resultados muestran que los dispositivos cebados con TNA tienen un poder de atracción significativamente mayor que las trampas sin atrayente, como se muestra en la tabla 2 (ensayo 1). En promedio se obtuvieron en campo 5 capturas por trampa y día en las trampas cebadas con TNA respecto a las 0.9 capturas en los controles, lo que significa una diferencia significativa en el análisis de la varianza (Tabla 2; F = 10,74; P = 0,008). The results show that devices baited with TNA have a significantly higher attraction power than traps without attractant, as shown in Table 2 (test 1). On average, 5 captures per trap per day were obtained in the field in the traps baited with TNA compared to 0.9 captures in the controls, which means a significant difference in the analysis of variance (Table 2; F = 10.74; P = 0.008).
En un segundo ensayo (realizado durante los meses junio y julio de 2021) se instalaron 2 bloques de 3 dispositivos: (A) un dispositivo con portador cargado con 100 pg de compuesto II y una trampa consistente en una lámina blanca con adhesivo, (B) un dispositivo con portador cebado con 100 pg deacetato de((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il)metilo (TNA) y una trampa consistente en una lámina blanca con adhesivo (95 x 150 mm), y (C) un dispositivo con portador cebado con 200 pg de la mezcla de compuesto IIacetato de((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il)metilo (TNA) (1:1) y una trampa consistente en una lámina blanca con adhesivo. Las capturas obtenidas en cada una de las trampas se revisaron semanalmente siguiendo el protocolo anteriormente descrito. In a second test (carried out during the months of June and July 2021), 2 blocks of 3 devices were installed: (A) a device with a carrier loaded with 100 pg of compound II and a trap consisting of a white sheet with adhesive, (B ) a device with a carrier primed with 100 pg ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate (TNA) and a trap consisting of a white sheet with adhesive (95 x 150 mm), and (C) a carrier device primed with 200 pg of the compound IIacetate mixture of ((1R,4R)-3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl )methyl (TNA) (1:1) and a trap consisting of a white sheet with adhesive. The catches obtained in each of the traps were reviewed weekly following the protocol described above.
Los resultados muestran que los dispositivos cebados con el compuesto II TNA tienen un efecto sinérgico para la atracción de machos deD. aberíae.Los dispositivos cebados solo con compuesto II o TNA, capturaron una media de 106,3 y 72,3 machos/trampa/día, respectivamente, mientras que la mezcla obtuvo una media de 229,8 machos/trampa/día, lo que supone un valor mayor que la suma de las capturas obtenidas por los componentes por separado (Tabla 2 ;F = 21,94; P = 0,016). The results show that devices primed with compound II TNA have a synergistic effect for the attraction of D males. aberíae. The devices baited only with compound II or TNA captured an average of 106.3 and 72.3 males/trap/day, respectively, while the mixture obtained an average of 229.8 males/trap/day, which It represents a value greater than the sum of the catches obtained by the components separately (Table 2; F = 21.94; P = 0.016).
Tabla2. Resultados de los ensayos para evaluar la atracción en campo de TNA Table2. Results of trials to evaluate the field attraction of TNA
* Significación estadística de los resultados (ANOVA, LSD test, P < 0.05). * Statistical significance of the results (ANOVA, LSD test, P < 0.05).
Ejemplo 4b: Ensayos de respuesta de atracción de machos de Delottococcus aberíae en campo al acetato de (3,4,5,5-tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo (TNAm).Example 4b: Attraction response tests of Delottococcus aberíae males in the field to (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate (TNAm).
La mezcla de diastereoisómeros (TNAm) se sintetizó de acuerdo con el método propuesto por Schulte K.Het alpara la síntesis del necrodol partiendo del 2-(2,2,3-trimetilciclopent-3-en-1-il)-acetaldehído que fue acetilado por métodos estándar (Schulte-Elte, K. H., & Pamingle, H. (1989). Conversión of Campholene-to Necrodane-Type Monoterpenes. A short stereoselective synthesis of (-)-(R, R)-P-necrodol and its three stereoisomers. Helvética chimica acta, 72(5), 1158-1163; Pamingle, H., Snowden, R. L., & Schulte-Elte, K. H. (1991). Stereoselective Conversión of Campholene-to Necrodane-Type Monoterpenes. Novel Access to (-)-(R, R)-and (R, S)-a-Necrodol and the Enantiomeric y-Necrodols. Helvética chimica acta, 74(3), 543-548). La respuesta de los machos deDelottococcus aberiaeal acetato de (3,4,5,5- tetrametilciclopent-2-en-1-il) metilo obtenido sintético (TNAm) se evaluó en un ensayo de campo realizado en una parcela de cítricos var. Clemenules, situada en la localidad de Sagunto (Valencia) en el mes de mayo de 2021. The mixture of diastereoisomers (TNAm) was synthesized according to the method proposed by Schulte K.Het for the synthesis of necrodol starting from 2-(2,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-3-en-1-yl)-acetaldehyde which was acetylated by standard methods (Schulte-Elte, K. H., & Pamingle, H. (1989). Conversion of Campholene-to Necrodane-Type Monoterpenes. A short stereoselective synthesis of (-)-(R, R)-P-necrodol and its three stereoisomers. Helvetica chimica acta, 72(5), 1158-1163; Pamingle, H., Snowden, R. L., & Schulte-Elte, K. H. (1991). -)-(R, R)-and (R, S)-a-Necrodol and the Enantiomeric y-Necrodols. Helvetica chimica acta, 74(3), 543-548). The response of Delottococcus aberia males to synthetically obtained (3,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl acetate (TNAm) was evaluated in a field trial carried out in a plot of citrus var. Clemenules, located in the town of Sagunto (Valencia) in the month of May 2021.
En el ensayo se instalaron 2 bloques de 2 dispositivos: (A) un dispositivo con portador, sin sustancia atrayente, y una trampa consistente en una lámina blanca con adhesivo (95 x 150 mm), (B) un dispositivo con portador cebado con 100 pg de TNAm y una trampa consistente en una lámina blanca con adhesivo. Dentro de cada bloque los dispositivos se situaron a una distancia de 20 m entre sí, mientras que la distancia entre bloques fue de al menos 30 m. Los portadores cargados con TNAm fueron de tipo septa yse colocaron insertados en el centro de la trampa. In the test, 2 blocks of 2 devices were installed: (A) a device with a carrier, without attractant substance, and a trap consisting of a white sheet with adhesive (95 x 150 mm), (B) a device with a carrier primed with 100 pg of TNAm and a trap consisting of a white sheet with adhesive. Within each block the devices were located at a distance of 20 m from each other, while the distance between blocks was at least 30 m. The carriers loaded with TNAm were of the septa type and were placed inserted in the center of the trap.
Las capturas obtenidas en cada una de las trampas se revisaron semanalmente y los individuos capturados se llevaron a laboratorio para ser identificados y contados. Cada semana se realizó la rotación de trampas intrabloque para eliminar posibles sesgos de los datos debidos a la posición de las mismas. The catches obtained in each of the traps were reviewed weekly and the captured individuals were taken to the laboratory to be identified and counted. Every week, intrablock trap rotation was carried out to eliminate possible biases in the data due to their position.
El número de machos capturados por trampa y día se comparó mediante un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA; test LSD de comparación de medias, P < 0.05), previa transformación (ln(x+1)) de los datos con el fin de homogeneizar la varianza. The number of males captured per trap and day was compared using an analysis of variance (ANOVA; LSD test for comparison of means, P < 0.05), after transformation (ln(x+1)) of the data in order to homogenize the variance.
Los resultados muestran que los dispositivos cebados con TNAm tienen un poder de atracción significativamente mayor que las trampas sin atrayente, como se muestra en la tabla 3. En promedio se obtuvieron en campo 9,5 capturas por trampa y día en las trampas cebadas con TNAm respecto a las 0.5 capturas en los controles, lo que significa una diferencia significativa en el análisis de la varianza (Tabla 3 ; F = 10,74; P = 0,008). The results show that the devices baited with TNAm have a significantly greater attraction power than traps without attractant, as shown in table 3. On average, 9.5 captures per trap per day were obtained in the field in the traps baited with TNAm. compared to 0.5 captures in the controls, which means a significant difference in the analysis of variance (Table 3; F = 10.74; P = 0.008).
Tabla3. Resultados del ensayo para evaluar la atracción en campo de TNAm Table3. Test results to evaluate the field attraction of TNAm
* Significación estadística de los resultados (ANOVA, LSD test, P < 0.05). * Statistical significance of the results (ANOVA, LSD test, P < 0.05).
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| LUIS MARTÏ¿¿N ET AL. Comparative chemistry and insect antifeedant action of traditional (Clevenger and Soxhlet) and supercritical extracts (CO2) of two cultivated wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) populations. Industrial Crops and Products, 20111101 Elsevier. , 01/11/2011, Vol. 34, Páginas 1615 - 1621 ISSN 0926-6690, (DOI: doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.006) Ver resumen; apartado 2; tablas 2 y 5.LUIS MARTÏ¿¿N ET AL. Comparative chemistry and insect antifeedant action of traditional (Clevenger and Soxhlet) and supercritical extracts (CO2) of two cultivated wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) populations. Industrial Crops and Products, 20111101 Elsevier. , 01/11/2011, Vol. 34, Páginas 1615 - 1621 ISSN 0926-6690, (DOI: doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.006) Ver resumen; apartado 2; tablas 2 y 5. * |
| ZUZARTE M ET AL. Lavandula luisieriessential oil as a source of antifungal drugs. Food chemistry Elsevier Ltd, NL. , 30/11/0002, Vol. 135, Páginas 1505 - 1510 ISSN 0308-8146, (DOI: doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.090) Ver resumen; apartado 3.1 y 3.2, tablas 1 y 2.ZUZARTE M ET AL. Lavandula luisieriessential oil as a source of antifungal drugs. Food chemistry Elsevier Ltd, NL. , 30/11/0002, Vol. 135, Páginas 1505 - 1510 ISSN 0308-8146, (DOI: doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.090) Ver resumen; apartado 3.1 y 3.2, tablas 1 y 2. * |
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