ES2759947A1 - Use of Aspalathus linearis as a pH indicator in cement-based materials (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents
Use of Aspalathus linearis as a pH indicator in cement-based materials (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) Download PDFInfo
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- 240000006914 Aspalathus linearis Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 235000003884 Aspalathus contaminatus Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 235000012984 Aspalathus linearis Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000007793 ph indicator Substances 0.000 title claims description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 4
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenolphthalein Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O1 KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- VFLDPWHFBUODDF-FCXRPNKRSA-N curcumin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(\C=C\C(=O)CC(=O)\C=C\C=2C=C(OC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 VFLDPWHFBUODDF-FCXRPNKRSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930003935 flavonoid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002215 flavonoids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000017173 flavonoids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- PTNJRKBWIYNFSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lirinin-O-methyl-ether Natural products COc1ccc-2c(CC3N(C)CCc4cc(OC)c(OC)c-2c34)c1 PTNJRKBWIYNFSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQSNPVIQIPKOGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N UNPD159785 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OC1=C(O)C=C(O)C2=C1OC(C=1C=C(O)C(O)=CC=1)=CC2=O LQSNPVIQIPKOGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010208 anthocyanin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004410 anthocyanin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930002877 anthocyanin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004636 anthocyanins Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000012754 curcumin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004148 curcumin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940109262 curcumin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- VFLDPWHFBUODDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diferuloylmethane Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C=CC(=O)CC(=O)C=CC=2C=C(OC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 VFLDPWHFBUODDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- PLAPMLGJVGLZOV-VPRICQMDSA-N orientin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1C1=C(O)C=C(O)C2=C1OC(C=1C=C(O)C(O)=CC=1)=CC2=O PLAPMLGJVGLZOV-VPRICQMDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- JMGZEFIQIZZSBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bioquercetin Natural products CC1OC(OCC(O)C2OC(OC3=C(Oc4cc(O)cc(O)c4C3=O)c5ccc(O)c(O)c5)C(O)C2O)C(O)C(O)C1O JMGZEFIQIZZSBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLAPMLGJVGLZOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epi-orientin Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1C1=C(O)C=C(O)C2=C1OC(C=1C=C(O)C(O)=CC=1)=CC2=O PLAPMLGJVGLZOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBVAFYCFAFADAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orientin Natural products OCC1OC(C(O)c2c(O)cc(O)c3C(=O)C=C(Oc23)c4ccc(O)c(O)c4)C(O)C1O RBVAFYCFAFADAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KIZFHUJKFSNWKO-UHFFFAOYSA-M calcium monohydroxide Chemical group [Ca]O KIZFHUJKFSNWKO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- IVTMALDHFAHOGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N eriodictyol 7-O-rutinoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(C)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC=2C=C3C(C(C(O)=C(O3)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=CC=3)=O)=C(O)C=2)O1 IVTMALDHFAHOGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007721 medicinal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000219 mutagenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003505 mutagenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PEFNSGRTCBGNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N nephrocizin Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C=C(C=3C=C(O)C(O)=CC=3)OC2=C1 PEFNSGRTCBGNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 1
- FDRQPMVGJOQVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N quercetin rutinoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC=2C(C3=C(O)C=C(O)C=C3OC=2C=2C=C(O)C(O)=CC=2)=O)O1 FDRQPMVGJOQVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IKGXIBQEEMLURG-BKUODXTLSA-N rutin Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@@H]1OC[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC=2C(C3=C(O)C=C(O)C=C3OC=2C=2C=C(O)C(O)=CC=2)=O)O1 IKGXIBQEEMLURG-BKUODXTLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALABRVAAKCSLSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N rutin Natural products CC1OC(OCC2OC(O)C(O)C(O)C2O)C(O)C(O)C1OC3=C(Oc4cc(O)cc(O)c4C3=O)c5ccc(O)c(O)c5 ALABRVAAKCSLSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000005493 rutin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004555 rutoside Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/38—Concrete; Lime; Mortar; Gypsum; Bricks; Ceramics; Glass
- G01N33/383—Concrete or cement
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
- G01N21/78—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator producing a change of colour
- G01N21/80—Indicating pH value
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/22—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using chemical indicators
- G01N31/221—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using chemical indicators for investigating pH value
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
Description
DESCRIPCIÓNDESCRIPTION
Uso de Aspalathus linearis como indicador de pH en materiales de base cementoUse of Aspalathus linearis as a pH indicator in cement-based materials
Campo de la invenciónField of the Invention
La presente invención se enmarca dentro de las áreas de la construcción y ciencia de los materiales, de la ingeniería civil y la arquitectura. La invención describe una metodología de análisis, basada en el uso de disoluciones de Aspalathus linearis, que vertidas sobre morteros y hormigones de cementos de base portland, permiten diferenciar la zona carbonatada con pH inferior a 9 de la no carbonatada con pH superior a 9.The present invention is framed within the areas of construction and materials science, civil engineering and architecture. The invention describes an analysis methodology, based on the use of solutions of Aspalathus linearis, which, when poured over mortars and concretes of portland-based cements, make it possible to differentiate the carbonated zone with a pH lower than 9 from the non-carbonated one with a pH higher than 9.
Antecedentes de la invenciónBackground of the Invention
El hormigón armado es el material constructivo por excelencia utilizado como elemento resistente en casi todas las obras de construcción. Es la combinación de armaduras de acero embebidas en una matriz de hormigón protectora. La pasta de cemento que rodea dicha armadura se comporta como barrera física y química contra los agentes ambientales que pueden corroer la estructura o barras de refuerzo internas.Reinforced concrete is the building material par excellence used as a resistant element in almost all construction sites. It is the combination of steel reinforcements embedded in a protective concrete matrix. The cement paste that surrounds said reinforcement behaves as a physical and chemical barrier against environmental agents that can corrode the structure or internal reinforcing bars.
El principal compuesto presente en la matriz de la pasta de cemento que actúa como protector químico es el hidróxido cálcico o portlandita (Ca(OH) 2 ). Este compuesto aporta un pH alrededor de 12.5, lo que supone una pasivación de las armaduras a las que rodea. A dicho pH el acero no puede oxidarse.The main compound present in the matrix of the cement paste that acts as a chemical protector is calcium hydroxide or portlandite (Ca (OH) 2 ). This compound provides a pH around 12.5, which means a passivation of the armor it surrounds. At this pH the steel cannot rust.
La carbonatación del hormigón es el proceso que ocurre cuando el CO 2 ambiental reacciona con la portlandita presente en los poros de la matriz de cemento según la reacción:Carbonation of concrete is the process that occurs when the environmental CO 2 reacts with the portlandite present in the pores of the cement matrix according to the reaction:
Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 (ac) ^ CaCO3 H 2 OCa (OH) 2 + CO 2 (ac) ^ CaCO3 H 2 O
La desaparición de la portlandita trae como consecuencia inmediata el descenso del pH a valores del orden de 9 y por tanto la desaparición de la capa protectora del acero. Este hecho puede resultar perjudicial para la integridad estructural y es necesario limitar o controlar su efecto. The disappearance of the portlandite brings as an immediate consequence the decrease in pH to values of the order of 9 and therefore the disappearance of the protective layer of the steel. This fact can be detrimental to structural integrity and its effect must be limited or controlled.
Existe diferente normativa encaminada a identificar la extensión de la carbonatación en un mortero u hormigón y básicamente supone la aplicación de una tinción específica que permite identificar las zonas sanas (no carbonatadas) de las no protectoras (zonas carbonatadas). Dicha tinción se realiza mediante una disolución de fenolftaleína (Alekseev and Rozental 1976, Villain et al. 2007, Morandeau et al. 2014).There are different regulations aimed at identifying the extent of carbonation in a mortar or concrete and basically involves the application of a specific stain that allows identifying healthy (non-carbonated) areas of non-protective (carbonated areas). Said staining is performed using a phenolphthalein solution (Alekseev and Rozental 1976, Villain et al. 2007, Morandeau et al. 2014).
La fenolftaleína es un compuesto orgánico, fenólico, que desde hace algún tiempo puede considerarse como tóxico y potencialmente mutagénico. Los Comités de Normalización así como la Comunidad Científica y Técnica están preocupados por este hecho y, en lo relativo al hormigón, se están llevando a cabo esfuerzos para encontrar soluciones inocuas para sustituir esta tinción.Phenolphthalein is an organic, phenolic compound that for some time can be considered as toxic and potentially mutagenic. The Standardization Committees as well as the Scientific and Technical Community are concerned about this fact and, regarding concrete, efforts are being made to find safe solutions to replace this staining.
En trabajos anteriores los autores de esta Propuesta hemos presentado los resultados de ciertos compuestos que resultan ideales como disoluciones para identificar la carbonatación de materiales cementicios por ser completamente inocuos e incluso más económicos que la fenolftaleína. Los resultados de estas investigaciones se han visto materializados en publicaciones en revistas de alto impacto así como en una patente nacional (Chinchón-Payá 2015, Chinchón-Payá et al. 2016, Chinchón 2016). Mientras que la disolución de curcumina tinta de amarillo las zonas carbonatadas y de anaranjado las no carbonatadas, las disoluciones de antocianinas colorean de verde las no carbonatadas y azul las carbonatadas. In previous works, the authors of this Proposal have presented the results of certain compounds that are ideal as solutions to identify the carbonation of cementitious materials as they are completely innocuous and even cheaper than phenolphthalein. The results of these investigations have been materialized in publications in high impact magazines as well as in a national patent (Chinchón-Payá 2015, Chinchón-Payá et al. 2016, Chinchón 2016). While the curcumin solution dyes the carbonated zones yellow and the non-carbonated orange, the anthocyanin solutions color the non-carbonated green and the carbonated blue.
Como se ha indicado, las disoluciones ya desarrolladas y propuestas suponen avances importantes y significativos en el objetivo de encontrar compuestos que puedan sustituir a la fenolftaleína como indicador del frente de carbonatación en morteros y hormigones de base cemento.As indicated, the solutions already developed and proposed represent important and significant advances in the objective of finding compounds that can replace phenolphthalein as an indicator of the carbonation front in mortars and cement-based concretes.
Sin embargo, las investigaciones continuaron encaminadas a desarrollar una disolución aun todavía más eficiente en cuanto a nitidez de color, y sobre todo a una mayor sencillez y un menor coste de fabricación. Es por ello que se presentan los resultados siguientes.However, research continued to develop an even more efficient solution in terms of color clarity, and above all, greater simplicity and lower manufacturing cost. That is why the following results are presented.
Descripción detallada de la invenciónDetailed description of the invention
La invención comprende poner en contacto una disolución, obtenida a partir de una infusión de Aspalathus linearis, con una superficie de mortero u hormigón de base cemento que se quiera evaluar su estado de carbonatación. The invention involves contacting a solution, obtained from an infusion of Aspalathus linearis, with a mortar or cement-based concrete surface to be evaluated for its carbonation state.
El Aspalathus linearis es el nombre científico del Rooibos, una planta de origen sudafricano cuyas hojas son muy utilizadas principalmente como infusiones. Existen muchos estudios sobre esta planta, extraordinariamente rica en flavonoides, debido a sus propiedades medicinales, fundamentalmente su actividad antioxidante. No hay, sin embargo, ninguna referencia bibliográfica sobre la posible utilización del Aspalathus linearis como indicador de pH.Aspalathus linearis is the scientific name for Rooibos, a plant of South African origin whose leaves are mainly used as infusions. There are many studies on this plant, extraordinarily rich in flavonoids, due to its medicinal properties, mainly its antioxidant activity. However, there is no bibliographic reference on the possible use of Aspalathus linearis as a pH indicator.
Existen dos tipos de rooibos. Si las hojas se dejan oxidar al sol, aunque el proceso no sea propiamente una fermentación, popularmente se conoce como rooibos fermentado. Es el proceso oxidativo el que proporciona a la planta el sabor y el color rojo característico.There are two types of rooibos. If the leaves are left to oxidize in the sun, although the process is not properly a fermentation, it is popularly known as fermented rooibos. It is the oxidative process that gives the plant its characteristic red flavor and color.
Bramati et al. 2002, mediante HPLC identificaron 10 tipos de flavonoides en infusiones de rooibos fermentado, en agua y en alcohol. Los principales compuestos fueron aspalatina, rutina y orientina y su contenido estaba en el rango de 1,0 a 1,3 mg/g.Bramati et al. 2002, using HPLC, identified 10 types of flavonoids in infusions of fermented rooibos, in water and in alcohol. The main compounds were aspalatine, rutin and orientin and their content was in the range of 1.0 to 1.3 mg / g.
También existe una producción "no fermentada” que se denomina rooibos verde, de mayor precio, cuyas infusiones son de color amarillento. Esta variedad posee mayor cantidad de flavonoides. Bramati et al.2004, presentan los contenidos en flavonoides analizados mediante HPLC con resultados de aspalatina 50 mg/g, orientina 5mg/g y rutina 2mg/g.There is also a "non-fermented" production called green rooibos, of higher price, whose infusions are yellowish in color. This variety has a greater amount of flavonoids. Bramati et al. 2004, present the flavonoid contents analyzed by HPLC with results of aspalatine 50 mg / g, orientine 5mg / g and routine 2mg / g.
Nosotros hemos experimentado con "rooibos fermentado” y "rooibos sin fermentar” , en infusiones con agua y con alcohol. Las disoluciones se aplican sobre la superficie del hormigón que, previamente, se ha limpiado con un cepillo o con aire comprimido, nunca con agua ni otro tipo de disolvente.We have experimented with "fermented rooibos" and "unfermented rooibos", in infusions with water and alcohol. The solutions are applied to the surface of the concrete that has previously been cleaned with a brush or compressed air, never with water or any other type of solvent.
Las disoluciones acuosas y las etílicas funcionan perfectamente y disciernen de forma efectiva y rápida las zonas carbonatadas de las no carbonatadas en todas las muestras ensayadas. Aqueous and ethyl solutions work perfectly and effectively and quickly discern carbonated from non-carbonated areas in all samples tested.
El cambio de coloración en esta tinción únicamente se aprecia en la zona no carbonatada, ya que este indicador identifica de intenso marrón oscuro dicha parte, mientras que la zona carbonatada no ve alterado su color. Este efecto tiene como ventaja principal que la interfase entre zona carbonatada y sin carbonatar queda mejor definida que con las tinciones de curcumina y antocianinas anteriores.The change in coloration in this staining is only seen in the non-carbonated area, since this indicator identifies this part as intense dark brown, while the carbonated area does not see its color altered. The main advantage of this effect is that the interface between the carbonated and non-carbonated areas is better defined than with the previous curcumin and anthocyanin stains.
ReferenciasReferences
Alekseev S.N. and Rozental N.K. (1976).- The rate of concrete carbonation. Carbonation of Concrete. RILEM International Symposium, Cement and Concrete Association. Alekseev SN and Rozental NK (1976) .- The rate of concrete carbonation. Carbonation of Concrete. RILEM International Symposium, Cement and Concrete Association.
Bramati L. et al. (2002).- Quantitative characterization of flavonoid compounds in Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by LC-UV/DAD. J. Agric Food Chem. 50(20): 5513-9.Bramati L. et al. (2002) .- Quantitative characterization of flavonoid compounds in Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by LC-UV / DAD. J. Agric Food Chem. 50 (20): 5513-9.
Bramati L. et al. (2004).- Unfermented Rooibos Tea: Quantitative characterization of flavonoids by HPLC-UV and determination of the total Antioxidant activity. J. Agric Food Chem. 51(25): 7472-4.Bramati L. et al. (2004) .- Unfermented Rooibos Tea: Quantitative characterization of flavonoids by HPLC-UV and determination of the total Antioxidant activity. J. Agric Food Chem. 51 (25): 7472-4.
Chinchón-Payá S. et al. (2015).- Utilización de un indicador inocuo, basado en pigmentos naturales orgánicos, en procesos de carbonatación del hormigón. ES, Patente Nacional N° 201530137.Chinchón-Payá S. et al. (2015) .- Use of a harmless indicator, based on organic natural pigments, in concrete carbonation processes. ES, National Patent No. 201530137.
Chinchón-Payá S. et al. (2016).- Indicator of carbonation front in concrete as substitute to phenolphthalein. Cement and Concrete Research 82: 87-91.Chinchón-Payá S. et al. (2016) .- Indicator of carbonation front in concrete as substitute to phenolphthalein. Cement and Concrete Research 82: 87-91.
Chinchón S. (2016).- Indicadores de pH inocuos sustitutos de la fenolftaleina. Cemento Hormigón 975: 10-12.Chinchón S. (2016) .- Innocuous pH indicators substitutes for phenolphthalein. Cement Concrete 975: 10-12.
Morandeau A. et al. (2014).- Investigation of the carbonation mechanism of CH and C-S-H in terms of kinetics, microstructure changes and moisture properties. Cement and Concrete Research 56: 153-170Morandeau A. et al. (2014) .- Investigation of the carbonation mechanism of CH and C-S-H in terms of kinetics, microstructure changes and moisture properties. Cement and Concrete Research 56: 153-170
Villain G. et al (2007).- Measurement methods of carbonation profiles in concrete: Thermogravimetry, chemical analysis and gammadensimetry. Cement and Concrete Research 37(8): 1182-1192. Villain G. et al (2007) .- Measurement methods of carbonation profiles in concrete: Thermogravimetry, chemical analysis and gammadensimetry. Cement and Concrete Research 37 (8): 1182-1192.
Claims (2)
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05271057A (en) * | 1992-03-06 | 1993-10-19 | Ruibosuteii Japan:Kk | Improving and curing agent for rheumatism |
| WO2005018334A1 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2005-03-03 | Nutriag Ltd. | pH COLOUR INDICATOR FOR USE WITH AGRICULTURAL COMPOUNDS |
| WO2007057310A1 (en) * | 2005-11-21 | 2007-05-24 | Symrise Gmbh & Co. Kg | Use of rooibos extract for protecting hair colour |
| ES2579063A1 (en) * | 2015-02-04 | 2016-08-04 | Jose Servando CHINCHÓN PAYÁ | Use of a harmless indicator, based on natural organic pigments, in concrete carbonation processes (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
-
2018
- 2018-11-12 ES ES201831091A patent/ES2759947B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05271057A (en) * | 1992-03-06 | 1993-10-19 | Ruibosuteii Japan:Kk | Improving and curing agent for rheumatism |
| WO2005018334A1 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2005-03-03 | Nutriag Ltd. | pH COLOUR INDICATOR FOR USE WITH AGRICULTURAL COMPOUNDS |
| WO2007057310A1 (en) * | 2005-11-21 | 2007-05-24 | Symrise Gmbh & Co. Kg | Use of rooibos extract for protecting hair colour |
| ES2579063A1 (en) * | 2015-02-04 | 2016-08-04 | Jose Servando CHINCHÓN PAYÁ | Use of a harmless indicator, based on natural organic pigments, in concrete carbonation processes (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
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| EPP, D. Teas as natural indicators. Journal of Chemical education, 1993, Vol. 70, Páginas 326 <p> </p> * |
| FERRUFINO, ET AL. Obtención de indicadores ácido-base a partir de sustancias naturales. 25/04/2012, Recuperado de Internet (URL:https://www.monografias.com/trabajos91/obtencion-indicadores-acido/obtencion-indicadores-acido.shtml), Recuperado de Internet [en línea] [recuperado el 20/02/2019] * |
| Natural indicators. . Flinn Scientific, 2016, Recuperado de Internet (URL:https://www.flinnsci.com/api/library/Download/75bfca43b9da4346a173bf3ac21fd68a), * |
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