ES2596294A1

ES2596294A1 - Device for combating flat plates and procedure for use (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Info

Publication number: ES2596294A1
Application number: ES201630832A
Authority: ES
Inventors: José María Martínez-Val Peñalosa; Javier Muñoz Antón; Rubén Abbas Cámara; Mireia Piera Carreté; Antonio J. Rovira De Antonio; María José Montes Pita
Original assignee: Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia UNED; Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Current assignee: Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia UNED; Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Priority date: 2016-06-20
Filing date: 2016-06-20
Publication date: 2017-01-05
Anticipated expiration: 2036-06-20
Also published as: ES2596294B2

Abstract

Device for warping flat plates and procedure of use. It comprises at least one pair of pliers, opposite each other, each consisting of two longitudinal stringers, one upper that clamps on the concave face and another lower, which in turn join each other at both longitudinal ends by a transverse plate that it rotates around a solid axis with the fixed frame of the assembly. To bend the plate is the action of a mechanical jack or similar tool, which transmits the torque to the stringers; and reached the slope of the cambered elastic line, at its ends, the system is placed in said position. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

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DISPOSITIVO PARA COMBAR PLACAS PLANAS Y PROCEDIMIENTO DE USODEVICE FOR COMBATING FLAT PLATES AND USE PROCEDURE

DESCRIPCIÓNDESCRIPTION

SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICASECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE

La invención se encuadra en el campo de la construcción y el montaje mecánico, en los que se presentan configuraciones en las que unas piezas deben mantener su forma y rigidez. Un caso especialmente relevante es el de los espejos destinados a concentrar la radiación solar. Los más asequibles económicamente de estos espejos son los planos, que como tales son muy poco útiles para ese fin. Mejoran muchísimo las prestaciones si se hacen parabólicos por deformación, lo cual no es fácil, encareciéndose enormemente el montaje. Mucho más sencillo y barato, y sin merma excesiva de prestaciones ópticas, es combar los espejos como arcos circulares, con lo cual se tienen bovedillas de pequeña curvatura, capaces de alcanzar concentraciones de radiación con una intensidad netamente mayor que la natural.The invention falls within the field of construction and mechanical assembly, in which configurations are presented in which parts must maintain their shape and rigidity. An especially relevant case is that of mirrors intended to concentrate solar radiation. The most economically affordable of these mirrors are the planes, which as such are very little useful for that purpose. They greatly improve the performance if they are made parabolic by deformation, which is not easy, making the assembly very expensive. Much simpler and cheaper, and without excessive loss of optical performance, is to combine the mirrors as circular arcs, which have small curvature vaults, capable of reaching radiation concentrations with a intensity clearly greater than the natural one.

PROBLEMA TÉCNICO A RESOLVER Y ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓNTECHNICAL PROBLEM TO BE RESOLVED AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

El problema se plantea al necesitar una superficie combada en una dirección, la cual se ha de obtener a partir de una placa plana. Por un lado se ha de aplicar una deformación mecánica merced a un aparato que haga la deformación, y posteriormente se ha de hacer ésta permanente mediante un sistema que la deje fija.The problem arises by needing a surface combated in one direction, which must be obtained from a flat plate. On the one hand, a mechanical deformation must be applied thanks to an apparatus that makes the deformation, and subsequently it must be made permanent by means of a system that leaves it fixed.

La problemática específica que aborda esta invención se puede ejemplificar con el caso de los espejos usados para la concentración de la radiación solar a lo largo de una línea focal. Típicamente ello requiere un radio de curvatura muy uniforme, y de longitud aproximadamente el doble de la distancia, en perpendicular, desde la línea central del espejo hasta la línea focal.The specific problem addressed by this invention can be exemplified with the case of the mirrors used for the concentration of solar radiation along a focal line. Typically this requires a very uniform radius of curvature, and approximately twice the length, perpendicular, from the centerline of the mirror to the focal line.

La técnica habitual para combar placas de vidrio es usar ventosas o bombas de vacío para deformar momentáneamente el espejo o la superficie que se trate, hasta fijarlo con un adhesivo tipo silicona sobre piezas que lo rigidizan por su parte posterior. Como ejemplo de aplicación de uso de bombas de vacío cabe citar el documento ES2370567, y en cuanto el uso de adhesivos para fijar el vidrio sobre una estructura,The usual technique to combine glass plates is to use suction cups or vacuum pumps to momentarily deform the mirror or the surface in question, until it is fixed with a silicone type adhesive on pieces that stiffen it on its back. As an example of application of use of vacuum pumps, document ES2370567, and as for the use of adhesives to fix the glass on a structure,

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se puede citar el documento ES2232232A1 (correspondiente al de prioridad US20010879363). El documento ES2299109T3 divulga un procedimiento de prensado, en vez de vacío, para fijar el espejo a una matriz metálica. Otros varios documentos divulgan diversas formas estructurales, como el ES2419529, pero no puede considerarse, a juicio del solicitante, precedente de la invención aquí presentada.document ES2232232A1 (corresponding to priority US20010879363) can be cited. Document ES2299109T3 discloses a pressing procedure, instead of vacuum, for fixing the mirror to a metal matrix. Several other documents disclose various structural forms, such as ES2419529, but cannot be considered, in the applicant's opinion, precedent of the invention presented here.

La invención sí tiene precedentes analíticos fundamentales en la Resistencia de Materiales, en la cual se encuentran los principios físicos y las ecuaciones de la deformación de vigas y ménsulas, así como placas, las cuales se han de tener en cuenta para el correcto dimensionamiento de la invención.The invention does have fundamental analytical precedents in the Strength of Materials, in which are the physical principles and the equations of the deformation of beams and brackets, as well as plates, which must be taken into account for the correct sizing of the invention.

Conviene comenzar recapitulando las ecuaciones relativas a los dos casos relevantes para explicar y caracterizar la invención:It should begin by recapitulating the equations related to the two relevant cases to explain and characterize the invention:

Placa (o viga) empotrada en sus extremosEmbedded plate (or beam) at its ends

Placa o viga sometida únicamente a momento flector en cada extremo.Plate or beam subjected only to bending moment at each end.

Como variable independiente se empleará la abscisa normalizada y simétrica de la viga, que vale -14 en el extremo izquierdo y 14 en el derecho, de modo que el centro de la viga o placa está en x=0. En general, la viga o placa tendrá una longitud L, que lógicamente interviene en las ecuaciones de las variables dependientes que interesan, según se ve a continuación.As an independent variable, the normalized and symmetrical abscissa of the beam will be used, which is worth -14 on the left end and 14 on the right, so that the center of the beam or plate is at x = 0. In general, the beam or plate will have a length L, which logically intervenes in the equations of the dependent variables that interest, as seen below.

En el caso de apoyos empotrados, supuesto simétrico respecto del centro (x=0) las ecuaciones del momento flector M(x), pendiente de la curva deformada 0(x), y ordenada y(x) de la propia deformada respecto de la línea horizontal sin deformar son:In the case of embedded supports, symmetric assumption with respect to the center (x = 0) the equations of the bending moment M (x), slope of the deformed curve 0 (x), and ordered y (x) of the deformed itself with respect to the horizontal line without deformation are:

imagen1image 1

imagen2image2

imagen3image3

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Es de señalar que el momento flector tiene su mayor valor relativo en x=0, y vale pL2/24; pero el máximo valor absoluto se alcanza en los apoyos empotrados, donde vale -pL2/12. También es de señalar que el momento flector se anula para las abscisas 12"1/2 y -12"1/2 (que corresponden a x= 0,2882 y -0,2882). En el interior de estos dos valores, la curva es cóncava hacia arriba, y fuera de ellos la concavidad mira hacia abajo.It should be noted that the bending moment has its highest relative value at x = 0, and is worth pL2 / 24; but the maximum absolute value is reached in the embedded supports, where -pL2 / 12 is worth. It should also be noted that the bending moment is canceled for abscissa 12 "1/2 and -12" 1/2 (corresponding to x = 0.2882 and -0.2882). Inside these two values, the curve is concave up, and outside of them the concavity looks down.

En el caso de aplicar en los extremos un momento flector puro, F0, dextrógiro en la izquierda y levógiro en la derecha, sin más solicitaciones, las ecuaciones del momento flector F(x), pendiente de la curva deformada 9(x), y ordenada z(x) de la propia deformada respecto de la línea horizontal sin deformar son:In the case of applying at the ends a pure bending moment, F0, dextrógiro on the left and levógiro on the right, without further requests, the equations of the bending moment F (x), slope of the deformed curve 9 (x), and ordered z (x) of the warped itself with respect to the horizontal line without deformation are:

F(x) = F0 <p(.x) =F (x) = F0 <p (.x) =

z(x) = Sr (x-2)(x+2)z (x) = Sr (x-2) (x + 2)

Dado que el radio de curvatura R que provoca un momento flector Mf en una sección dada con momento de inercia I de la sección y módulo de elasticidad E esSince the radius of curvature R that causes a bending moment Mf in a given section with moment of inertia I of the section and modulus of elasticity E is

* = m/Mf* = m / Mf

el caso último, con momento flector constante, produce un radio de curvatura constante, y por tanto se está en una circunferencia. Por descontado, el propio peso siempre estará presente, pero si el valor de F0 se hace suficientemente grande en comparación con los momentos flectores del caso del propio peso con extremos empotrados, la curva resultante, suma de ambas, será sensiblemente igual a un arco circular.The latter case, with constant bending moment, produces a constant radius of curvature, and therefore it is in a circle. Of course, the weight itself will always be present, but if the value of F0 becomes large enough compared to the bending moments of the case of the weight itself with embedded ends, the resulting curve, sum of both, will be substantially equal to a circular arc. .

EXPLICACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓNEXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION

La invención se aplica a una placa, plancha o espejo, que en todo caso es una pieza paralelepipédica con tres dimensiones que son su espesor, su anchura, que es la dimensión en la cual se produce la deformación, que produce concavidad en la cara que denominamos superior, y la longitud, a lo largo de la cual se ha de mantener elThe invention is applied to a plate, plate or mirror, which in any case is a parallelepipedic piece with three dimensions that are its thickness, its width, which is the dimension in which the deformation occurs, which produces concavity in the face that we call superior, and the length, along which the

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mismo perfil o sección combada, con la concavidad hacia arriba, siendo esa la cara superior, consistiendo la invención en un par de pinzas opuestas, que aterran cada una a cada borde longitudinal de la pieza a lo largo de ella, consistiendo cada pinza en dos largueros longitudinales, uno que apoya en la cara inferior, y está junto al borde de la pieza, y se extiende a lo largo y en paralelo a dicho borde; y otro larguero que apoya en la cara superior, en paralelo al susodicho larguero inferior, pero más alejado del borde, de tal modo que las líneas en las que virtualmente apoyan en la pieza por una y otra cara, están separadas entre sí por una distancia que es el brazo total del momento flector aplicado en cada borde o extremo, a lo largo de todo él, y ambos largueros, sobresaliendo de la longitud de la pieza, están unidos entre sí por sus extremos longitudinales, mediante una pletina transversal en la que se engastan los citados extremos; teniendo a su vez dicha pletina, justo en su centro, un círculo en el que se engasta una pieza cilindrica de anclaje, alrededor de la cual puede girar la pletina, estando dicha pieza de anclaje firmemente sujeta a la estructura o armazón en la que va a quedar fija la pieza definitivamente, teniendo a su vez la pletina un brazo o palanca transversal a ella, con movimiento totalmente solidario al de la pletina, pudiéndose variar la posición de los largueros de la pinza haciendo rotar ésta alrededor del eje virtual de la pieza de anclaje, lo que deforma la pieza por la acción de los largueros que ejercen un par de fuerzas, y a partir de ahí queda combada la pieza en toda su anchura, aplicándose un giro al brazo o palanca de la pletina, que es dextrógiro en el lado izquierdo y levógiro en el lado derecho, hasta quedar la normal a la pieza en un extremo y la normal a la pieza en el otro extremo, formando un ángulo en su punto de corte que sea igual, en radianes, a la anchura de la pieza dividida por el radio de curvatura buscado en la concavidad de la cara superior.the same profile or section, with the concavity facing up, that being the upper face, the invention consisting of a pair of opposing clamps, which each ground each longitudinal edge of the piece along it, each clamp consisting of two longitudinal stringers, one that rests on the underside, and is next to the edge of the piece, and extends along and parallel to said edge; and another stringer that rests on the upper face, parallel to the aforementioned lower stringer, but further from the edge, such that the lines on which they virtually rest on the piece by one and the other face, are separated from each other by a distance which is the total arm of the bending moment applied at each edge or end, along it, and both stringers, protruding from the length of the piece, are joined together by their longitudinal ends, by means of a transverse plate in which the aforementioned ends are set; said plate in turn, just in its center, a circle in which a cylindrical anchor piece is set, around which the plate can rotate, said anchor piece being firmly attached to the structure or frame in which it is going to permanently fix the piece, with the plate in turn having an arm or lever transverse to it, with a movement completely integral to that of the plate, being able to vary the position of the stringers of the clamp by rotating it around the virtual axis of the piece anchoring, which deforms the piece by the action of the stringers that exert a pair of forces, and from there the piece is commanded in its entire width, applying a turn to the arm or lever of the plate, which is dextrogiro in the left side and levógiro on the right side, until it is normal to the piece at one end and the normal to the piece at the other end, forming an angle at its cutting point that is equal, in radians, to the width of l a piece divided by the radius of curvature sought in the concavity of the upper face.

Como procedimiento de uso de la invención, se aplica la fuerza ejercida por un gato mecánico, una prensa hidráulica, un empujador eléctrico con dos tornillos sinfín opuestos, o cualquier procedimiento mecánico de extensión poniendo los extremos o cabezales de dicho mecanismo sobre los puntos de empuje existentes en los brazos transversales de las pletinas, en los que se ejerce una fuerza tal que, multiplicada por la distancia desde el punto de empuje al eje de giro, produce un par de giro que iguala al momento flector que se aplica para combar la placa, plancha o espejo plano, que corresponde a un par de fuerzas, por unidad de longitud de la placa, que es igual al producto de módulo de elasticidad del material de la placa por el cubo de su espesor,As a method of using the invention, the force exerted by a mechanical jack, a hydraulic press, an electric pusher with two opposite screws, or any mechanical extension procedure is applied by placing the ends or heads of said mechanism on the thrust points existing in the transverse arms of the plates, in which a force is exerted such that, multiplied by the distance from the point of thrust to the axis of rotation, produces a torque that equals the bending moment that is applied to combine the plate , plate or flat mirror, which corresponds to a couple of forces, per unit length of the plate, which is equal to the product of modulus of elasticity of the plate material by the cube of its thickness,

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dividido todo ello por doce veces el radio de curvatura del arco cóncavo que forma la sección recta transversal de la pieza.divided all this by twelve times the radius of curvature of the concave arch that forms the cross-sectional straight section of the piece.

Una vez alcanzada la posición del brazo de abrazadera que proporciona la pendiente de la placa, en cada pinza de un mismo par, que es congruente con el momento flector deseado, se colocan unos calzos firmes entre los brazos de empuje de las pletinas de las pinzas, retirándose el gato mecánico, la prensa hidráulica o cualquier otro elemento usado en la aplicación de la fuerza.Once the position of the clamp arm that provides the slope of the plate is reached, in each clamp of the same pair, which is congruent with the desired bending moment, firm shims are placed between the push arms of the clamp plates. , removing the mechanical jack, the hydraulic press or any other element used in the application of force.

Como variante de la invención, en vez de sobresalir por los extremos longitudinales de las piezas las puntas de los largueros que se engastan en las pletinas que estructuran cada parte de la pinza, sobresale por los laterales de la pieza la articulación de cada pinza, que no tiene pletina recta de unión entre los largueros, sino que éstos son solidarios entre sí por una pieza en C, o corchete firme, que tiene cada uno de sus extremos fijo sobre cada uno de los largueros de la pinza, siendo el larguero inferior un elemento compuesto de dos partes, una de ellas cilindrica hueca, que está fijada al armazón fijo que soporta todo el sistema, y que está interrumpida como tal pieza física en al menos dos tramos longitudinales; habiendo una segunda pieza cilindrica que va insertada dentro de la pieza cilindrica hueca, y en los tramos de interrupción de ésta, lleva el cilindro interior un brazo solidario, transversal a su eje, que es el brazo de empuje, estando el extremo inferior del corchete en C también solidariamente unido al cilindro interior del larguero inferior, existiendo esas uniones en los tramos de interrupción del cilindro exterior de dicho larguero inferior, quedando la placa o pieza a combar entre los brazos del corchete en C, y estando su brazo superior unido fijamente al larguero superior.As a variant of the invention, instead of protruding from the longitudinal ends of the pieces the ends of the stringers that are crimped in the plates that structure each part of the clamp, the articulation of each clamp protrudes from the sides of the piece, which it does not have a straight connecting plate between the stringers, but these are integral with each other by a C-piece, or firm bracket, which has each of its fixed ends on each of the stringers of the clamp, the lower stringer being a element composed of two parts, one of them hollow cylindrical, which is fixed to the fixed frame that supports the entire system, and which is interrupted as such a physical piece in at least two longitudinal sections; having a second cylindrical part that is inserted inside the hollow cylindrical part, and in the interruption sections of the latter, the inner cylinder has a support arm, transverse to its axis, which is the thrust arm, the lower end of the bracket being in C also jointly and severally attached to the inner cylinder of the lower crossbar, these joints existing in the interruption sections of the outer cylinder of said lower crossbar, the plate or piece to be combined between the arms of the bracket in C, and its upper arm being fixedly joined to the upper crossbar.

EXPLICACIÓN DE LAS FIGURASEXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES

Las figuras, en general, no están a escala, pues los tamaños relativos de los elementos son muy dispares; pero son representativas de la invención y de sus principios de funcionamiento.The figures, in general, are not to scale, since the relative sizes of the elements are very different; but they are representative of the invention and its operating principles.

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La figura 1a muestra la sección recta transversal de una placa, plancha o espejo plano aferrado por un par de pinzas opuestas, aún sin ejercer acción mecánica sobre la placa, para lo cual puede usarse el gato mecánico que aparece en la figura 1b.Figure 1a shows the cross-sectional section of a plate, plate or flat mirror gripped by a pair of opposing clamps, even without mechanical action on the plate, for which the mechanical jack shown in Figure 1b can be used.

La figura 2 es un corte transversal de la pinza constituyente del dispositivo.Figure 2 is a cross section of the constituent clamp of the device.

La figura 3 es como la 2, pero ejerciendo un momento flector con la pinza.Figure 3 is like 2, but exerting a bending moment with the clamp.

La figura 4 es similar a la 1, pero con el gato mecánico ejerciendo su función.Figure 4 is similar to 1, but with the mechanical jack exercising its function.

La figura 5 representa el resultado final, con unos calzos fijos transversales en vez del gato.Figure 5 represents the final result, with fixed transverse chocks instead of the cat.

La figura 6 es una vista en planta del dispositivo aplicado a una placa.Figure 6 is a plan view of the device applied to a plate.

La figura 7 es la variante de conformación de la pinza, con brazo en C.Figure 7 is the variant of the conformation of the clamp, with arm in C.

La figura 8 es similar a la 6 pero son el gato mecánico ejerciendo la deformación.Figure 8 is similar to 6 but they are the mechanical jack exercising the deformation.

La figura 9 es una vista en planta del dispositivo en su versión variante.Figure 9 is a plan view of the device in its variant version.

Para facilitar la comprensión de las figuras de la invención, y de sus modos de realización, a continuación se relacionan los elementos relevantes de la misma:In order to facilitate the understanding of the figures of the invention, and of their embodiments, the relevant elements thereof are listed below:

1. Pieza, placa o espejo plano a combar en una dirección.1. Part, plate or flat mirror to be combed in one direction.

2. Soportes o anclajes del dispositivo en el armazón fijo del sistema (no objeto de esta invención).2. Brackets or anchors of the device in the fixed frame of the system (not object of this invention).

3. Eje giratorio de la pinza.3. Rotating shaft of the clamp.

4. Pletina de unión de los dos largueros de una pinza.4. Connection plate of the two stringers of a clamp.

5. Larguero superior. En la versión variante del dispositivo se llama 5b.5. Top beam. In the variant version of the device it is called 5b.

6. Larguero inferior.6. Lower beam.

7. Círculo virtual de giro de la pinza, producido por un par de fuerzas.7. Virtual circle of rotation of the clamp, produced by a pair of forces.

8. Brazo transversal de la parte giratoria del dispositivo. En la versión variante del8. Cross arm of the rotating part of the device. In the variant version of

5 dispositivo se identifica con 8b.5 device is identified with 8b.

9. Punto de empuje en el brazo 8.9. Push point on the arm 8.

10. Gato mecánico o mecanismo alternativo para aplicar un par de fuerzas.10. Mechanical jack or alternative mechanism to apply a couple of forces.

11. Rotor para desplazar los tornillos sinfín del rotor.11. Rotor to move the rotor augers.

12. Tornillo sinfín de la izquierda.12. Worm screw on the left.

10 13. Vástago empujador.10 13. Pusher rod.

14. Cabezal o extremo de empuje.14. Head or thrust end.

15. Tornillo sinfín de la derecha.15. Worm screw on the right.

16. Alojamiento para cazar el calzo 1716. Accommodation to hunt the wedge 17

17. Calzo transversal17. Transversal chock

15 18. Cilindro exterior del larguero inferior, fijo en los anclajes 2, en la versión15 18. Outer cylinder of the lower beam, fixed at anchors 2, in the version

variante.variant.

19. Cilindro giratorio interior del larguero inferior (18).19. Swivel cylinder inside the lower crossbar (18).

20. Brazo en C o corchete de la versión variante.20. C-arm or bracket of the variant version.

21. Eje activador del gato mecánico 10.21. Mechanical shaft activating shaft 10.

20 22. Interrupción del cilindro exterior (18) del larguero inferior en la versión variante20 22. Interruption of the outer cylinder (18) of the lower beam in the variant version

del dispositivo.Of the device.

MODO DE REALIZACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓNEMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

La invención parte de una placa o pieza (1) que se ha de combar, en la que se aplican 25 dos largueros cilindricos paralelos al borde, por cada lado, uno de ellos por encima y más adentro (5), y el otro por debajo y más afuera (6), que sobresalgan de la placa (1) por sus extremos, donde ambos se engastan o embeben, con libertad de giro, en sendas partes extremas de una pletina de forma rectangular (4), que en el centro va ensartada en un eje (3) que está fijo en los anclajes (2).The invention is based on a plate or piece (1) to be combined, in which two cylindrical stringers are applied parallel to the edge, on each side, one of them above and further in (5), and the other by below and beyond (6), which protrude from the plate (1) at its ends, where both are set or embedded, with freedom of rotation, on each end of a rectangular-shaped plate (4), than in the center It is strung on an axis (3) that is fixed on the anchors (2).

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Los largueros deben ser de resistencia suficiente para ejercer la fuerza del par en cuestión de manera uniforme. Por ejemplo, tómese un espejo de 1,40 metros de ancho, e indefinidamente largo (pero tomamos como longitud característica 1m). El módulo de Young E (o elástico) del vidrio vale alrededor de 7-1010 N/m2; e I es el momento de inercia, que en caso de una placa de espesor a y de longitud b resultaThe stringers must be of sufficient strength to exert the force of the pair in question evenly. For example, take a mirror 1.40 meters wide, and indefinitely long (but we take as characteristic length 1m). The Young E (or elastic) module of the glass is worth around 7-1010 N / m2; and I is the moment of inertia, which in the case of a plate of thickness a and length b results

l= b-a3/12l = b-a3 / 12

Para b=1m y a=0,003m (espesor que puede considerarse mínimo de un espejo plano curvado por solicitación mecánica) se tiene 1=2,25-10'6 m4/m ; por lo que si se busca un radio de curvatura de 20 m, el momento flector por metro de longitud seríaFor b = 1m and a = 0.003m (thickness that can be considered as the minimum of a flat mirror curved by mechanical request), 1 = 2.25-10.6 m4 / m; so if a radius of curvature of 20 m is sought, the bending moment per meter of length would be

M= 7-101°-2,25-10'6/20 =7,88-103 N-m/mM = 7-101 ° -2.25-10'6 / 20 = 7.88-103 N-m / m

Este par debe proporcionarse por la carga puntual P(N/m) en los puntos de contacto, en cada sección recta, entre los largueros y la pieza, y por la distancia entre esos puntos, que debe ser conmensurada con la anchura de la pieza, por ejemplo, no mayor del 10% de dicha anchura, lo que llevaría en este caso a una distancia, en cada pinza, de 14 cm. La carga puntual (uniforme a lo largo de la longitud del espejo) seríaThis torque must be provided by the point load P (N / m) at the contact points, in each straight section, between the stringers and the piece, and by the distance between those points, which must be commensurate with the width of the piece , for example, not more than 10% of said width, which in this case would lead to a distance, in each clamp, of 14 cm. The point charge (uniform along the length of the mirror) would be

P= 7,88-103 (N-m/m)/0,14 (m) = 56,3 kN/mP = 7.88-103 (N-m / m) / 0.14 (m) = 56.3 kN / m

Es muy importante que esta acción mecánica sea muy uniforme sobre el espejo a lo largo, lo cual requiere una rigidez mecánica suficiente en el larguero, que puede asociarse a un tubo de acero hueco, con un módulo elástico de 220 GPa, y un momento de inercia I para un tubo de diámetro exterior D interior d, que esIt is very important that this mechanical action is very uniform over the mirror throughout, which requires sufficient mechanical stiffness in the crossbar, which can be associated with a hollow steel tube, with an elastic module of 220 GPa, and a moment of inertia I for a tube of outer diameter D inside d, which is

l= (tt/64)-(D4- d4)l = (tt / 64) - (D4- d4)

Y si tomamos tubos macizos, queda I =0,049-D4And if we take solid tubes, I = 0.049-D4 remains

La máxima flecha sería A= P-b4/(384-E-l)The maximum arrow would be A = P-b4 / (384-E-l)

Fijando la flecha queda definido I, y por tanto D. Tomando b=1m y A=0,001m, queda l= 66 cm4; lo que significa 6 cm de diámetro de tubo macizo.Fixing the arrow is defined I, and therefore D. Taking b = 1m and A = 0.001m, it remains l = 66 cm4; which means 6 cm in diameter of solid tube.

Esta cifra es aceptable, pero un tanto elevada, y de ahí el interés de la versión variante, donde los apoyos de brazos de la pinza pueden estar más cercanos, por ejemplo, con b=0,5m (si bien P sigue valiendo lo mismo). El valor requerido de I se reduce en un factor (1/4)4 lo cual significa que D se reduce una factor 14, y por tanto 5 pasa a valer 3 cm.This figure is acceptable, but somewhat high, and hence the interest of the variant version, where the armrests of the caliper can be closer, for example, with b = 0.5m (although P is still worth the same ). The required value of I is reduced by a factor (1/4) 4 which means that D is reduced by a factor 14, and therefore 5 becomes worth 3 cm.

Para reducir estas dimensiones se puede recurrir a otros tipos de perfiles, en especial cuadrados o rectangulares, de esquinas suavizadas para evitar el excesivo rozamiento vidrio metal durante la deformación.To reduce these dimensions, other types of profiles, especially square or rectangular, of softened corners can be used to avoid excessive friction of metal glass during deformation.

1010

Una vez descrita de forma clara la invención, se hace constar que las realizaciones particulares anteriormente descritas son susceptibles de modificaciones de detalle siempre que no alteren el principio fundamental y la esencia de la invención.Once the invention is clearly described, it is noted that the particular embodiments described above are subject to modifications in detail as long as they do not alter the fundamental principle and essence of the invention.

Claims

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1 - Device to combine flat plates that is applied to a plate, plate or mirror, which in any case is a parallelepipedic piece with three dimensions that are its thickness, its width, which is the dimension in which the deformation occurs, which It produces concavity on the face that we call superior, and the length, along which the same profile or section must be maintained, with the concavity facing up, that being the upper face, characterized in that it consists of a pair of Opposite pliers, which each ground each longitudinal edge of the piece along it, each clamp consisting of two longitudinal stringers, one that rests on the underside, and is next to the edge of the piece, and extends to the long and parallel to said edge; and another stringer that rests on the upper face, parallel to the aforementioned lower stringer, but further from the edge, such that the lines on which they virtually rest on the piece by one and the other face, are separated from each other by a distance which is the total arm of the bending moment applied at each edge or end, along it, and both stringers, protruding from the length of the piece, are joined together by their longitudinal ends, by means of a transverse plate in which the aforementioned ends are set; said plate in turn, just in its center, a circle in which a cylindrical anchor piece is set, around which the plate can rotate, said anchor piece being firmly attached to the structure or frame in which it is going to permanently fix the piece, with the plate in turn having an arm or lever transverse to it, with a movement completely integral to that of the plate, being able to vary the position of the stringers of the clamp by rotating it around the virtual axis of the piece anchoring, which deforms the piece by the action of the stringers that exert a pair of forces, and from there the piece is commanded in its entire width, applying a turn to the arm or lever of the plate, which is dextrogiro in the left side and levógiro on the right side, until it is normal to the piece at one end and the normal to the piece at the other end, forming an angle at its cutting point that is equal, in radians, to the width of l a piece divided by the radius of curvature sought in the concavity of the upper face.

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2 - Device for combing flat plates, according to claim one, characterized in that, as a variant of the invention, instead of protruding from the longitudinal ends of the pieces the tips of the stringers that are crimped in the plates that structure each part of the clamp, the articulation of each clamp protrudes from the sides of the piece, which does not have a straight connecting plate between the stringers, but these are integral with each other by a C-piece, or firm bracket, which has each of its ends fixed on each of the stringers of the caliper, the lower strut being an element composed of two parts, one of them hollow cylindrical, which is fixed to the fixed frame that supports the entire system, and which is interrupted as such a physical part in the minus two longitudinal sections; having a second cylindrical part that is inserted inside the hollow cylindrical part, and in the interruption sections of the latter, the inner cylinder has a support arm, transverse to its axis, which is the thrust arm, the lower end of the bracket being in C also jointly and severally attached to the inner cylinder of the lower crossbar, these joints existing in the interruption sections of the outer cylinder of said lower crossbar, the plate or piece to be combined between the arms of the bracket in C, and its upper arm being fixedly joined to the upper crossbar.

3 - Device for combining flat plates, according to first or second claims, characterized in that the stringers can have any straight sections, provided they have freedom of rotation to adapt to the tangent of the plate surface.

4 - Procedure for using a device to combine flat plates, according to claim one or two, characterized in that the separating action on the rear arms (8, 8b) is applied by means of a procedure selected from a double transverse screw (12, 15) applied by means of pushers (14) to the pivot arms of the caliper (8.8b); or threaded tube inside another tube, with nut and locknut, pushing each end of the bi-tube assembly over one of the arms, separating them from each other; or hydraulic expansion press located transversely on the rear face of the plate or piece, said press separating the arms (8, 8b) from each other, the force exerted by the pressure of the press.

5 - Procedure for using a device to combine flat plates, according to claim one, second or third, characterized in that firm wedges (17) are placed on the rear face, between both rear arms 5 symmetrical (8,8b), which shims keep the arms in said configuration, removing the double auger, the threaded tube or the hydraulic press or any other expansion element.

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