ES2587396B2 - Design process of an industrial installation of dense CO2 injection from pipe transport conditions to permanent geological storage conditions - Google Patents
Design process of an industrial installation of dense CO2 injection from pipe transport conditions to permanent geological storage conditions Download PDFInfo
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- ES2587396B2 ES2587396B2 ES201500284A ES201500284A ES2587396B2 ES 2587396 B2 ES2587396 B2 ES 2587396B2 ES 201500284 A ES201500284 A ES 201500284A ES 201500284 A ES201500284 A ES 201500284A ES 2587396 B2 ES2587396 B2 ES 2587396B2
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
- E21B41/005—Waste disposal systems
- E21B41/0057—Disposal of a fluid by injection into a subterranean formation
- E21B41/0064—Carbon dioxide sequestration
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
Abstract
Se reivindica el proceso de diseño de una instalación industrial de inyección de CO{sub,2} denso en un almacenamiento geológico, consistente en las siguientes etapas:#Caracterización geológica para obtener un modelo geológico de la formación.#Perforación del pozo de investigación para validar el modelo geológico y obtener un rango de presiones iniciales de operación.#Instalación de equipos y montaje de instalaciones auxiliares para poder realizar la caracterización hidráulica y una operación sísmica e hidrogeológicamente segura.#Caracterización hidráulica para obtener las condiciones iniciales de inyección en la formación y los datos de cálculo de la siguiente etapa.#Completación del primer pozo de inyección y dimensionamiento final de la instalación para fijar el número de pozos, sus válvulas de regulación de presión y ajustar el caudal de inyección final mediante el acondicionamiento de la temperatura.The design process of a dense CO {sub, 2} industrial injection facility in a geological storage is claimed, consisting of the following stages: # Geological characterization to obtain a geological model of the formation. # Drilling of the research well for validate the geological model and obtain a range of initial operating pressures. # Installation of equipment and installation of auxiliary facilities to perform hydraulic characterization and a seismic and hydrogeologically safe operation. # Hydraulic characterization to obtain the initial conditions of formation injection and the calculation data for the next stage: # Completion of the first injection well and final sizing of the installation to set the number of wells, their pressure regulating valves and adjust the final injection flow by conditioning the temperature.
Description
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DESCRIPCIONDESCRIPTION
PROCESO DE DISENO DE UNA INSTALACION INDUSTRIAL DE INYECClbN DE CQ2 DENSO DESDE CONDICIONES DE TRANSPORTE POR TUBERIA A CONDICIONES DE ALMACENAMIENTO GEOLOGICO PERMANENTEDESIGN PROCESS OF A CQ2 DENSE INDUSTRIAL INJECTION SYSTEM FROM PIPE TRANSPORT CONDITIONS TO PERMANENT GEOLOGICAL STORAGE CONDITIONS
SECTOR DE LA TECNICATECHNICAL SECTOR
Tecnicas industriales diversas; transportes ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIONVarious industrial techniques; transport BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Se han desarrollado numerosos modelos teoricos y algunos estudios experimentales, pero tan solo existen unas pocas instalaciones a escala real capaces de inyectar C02 para su entrampamiento geologico permanente. No se incluyen todas aquellas instalaciones cuyo objetivo es la recuperacion de un hidrocarburo por presentar diferencias operativas fundamentales. Asi pues, existen pocos procedimientos precedentes que describan el proceso necesario para la inyeccion del C02 y su posterior entrampamiento geologico permanente.Numerous theoretical models and some experimental studies have been developed, but there are only a few real-scale facilities capable of injecting C02 for permanent geological entrapment. Not all facilities whose objective is the recovery of a hydrocarbon are included due to the presentation of fundamental operational differences. Thus, there are few preceding procedures that describe the process necessary for the injection of C02 and its subsequent permanent geological entrapment.
Ninguna de las instalaciones existentes inyecta el C02 desde las condiciones de transpose por tuberia y lo entrampa geologicamente en estado denso. A continuation se exponen las caracteristicas basicas de funcionamiento de dichas instalaciones:None of the existing facilities injects C02 from the conditions of pipeline transpose and entrap it geologically in a dense state. Below are the basic operating characteristics of these facilities:
• "Planta piloto de Ketzin", situado en la ciudad de Ketzin a 40 km de Berlin, bombea C02 gas a 600 m de profundidad en un yacimiento de gas depletado y se entrampa gracias a una valvula antiretorno en el fondo del pozo.• "Ketzin pilot plant", located in the city of Ketzin 40 km from Berlin, pumps C02 gas 600 m deep into a depleted gas field and is trapped thanks to a non-return valve at the bottom of the well.
• Yubari, en Hokkaido, Japon inyecta una corriente mezcla de C02 con N2 en capas no recuperables de carbon para recuperar el metano.• Yubari, in Hokkaido, Japan injects a mixed current of C02 with N2 into non-recoverable layers of carbon to recover methane.
• "Hellisheidi Power Station" en Islandia, disuelve el gas C02 en agua para obtener acido carbonico y lo inyecta en basalto para que reaccione con la roca, dando lugar a Calcita, Dolomita, Magnesita y Siderita.• "Hellisheidi Power Station" in Iceland, dissolves C02 gas in water to obtain carbonic acid and injects it in basalt to react with the rock, giving rise to Calcite, Dolomite, Magnesite and Siderite.
• Otway en Australia, tras una primera fase de inyeccion de C02 en un yacimiento de hidrocarburos depletado a 2 Km de profundidad, ha iniciado una segunda fase• Otway in Australia, after a first phase of injecting C02 into a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir at 2 km depth, has started a second phase
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de inyeccion de C02 disuelto en agua para almacenarlo en un acuifero salino a 1,4 km.of injection of CO2 dissolved in water to store it in a saline aquifer at 1.4 km.
• The Lacq Pilot en Francia, bombea C02 gas procedente de oxicombustion en un yacimiento depletado a 4,5 km.• The Lacq Pilot in France, pumps C02 gas from oxicombustion in a 4.5 km depleted reservoir.
Tan solo la planta piloto de almacenamiento geologico de Hontomin, dispone de unas instalaciones que acondicionan el C02 a las condiciones de transpose por tuberfa, calculado segun el procedimiento objeto de la patente, inyecta el C02 en estado denso para su entrampamiento geologico permanente.Only the Hontomin geological storage pilot plant has facilities that condition the C02 to the conditions of transpose by pipeline, calculated according to the procedure object of the patent, injects the C02 in dense state for its permanent geological entrapment.
El procedimiento expuesto es el que se ha llevado a cabo para la realizacion de la planta piloto de Hontomin y permite su extension a una planta industrial.The exposed procedure is the one that has been carried out for the realization of the Hontomin pilot plant and allows its extension to an industrial plant.
EXPLICACION DE LA INVENCIONEXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION
El problema tecnico a resolver es el proceso de disefio de una instalacion industrial para el entrampamiento de C02 desde una red de transpose industrial hasta un almacenamiento geologico permanente, compuesto por una formacion sello y una formacion almacen.The technical problem to be solved is the process of designing an industrial installation for the entrapment of C02 from an industrial transpose network to a permanent geological storage, composed of a seal formation and a storage formation.
Description de la invencionDescription of the invention
El proceso objeto de la presente patente se compone de las siguientes eta pas:The process object of the present patent is composed of the following steps:
Etapa 1: Caracterizacion geologica.Stage 1: Geological characterization.
Para la realizacion de la caracterizacion geologica se llevaran a cabo las siguientes acciones:For the realization of the geological characterization the following actions will be carried out:
• Una cartografia geologica.• A geological cartography.
• Las campanas geofisicas asociadas• Associated geophysical bells
• La determination de las propiedades geologicas de elementos similares a los esperados en las dos formaciones geologicas, tanto sello como almacen, que se pueden encontrar en superficie.• The determination of the geological properties of elements similar to those expected in the two geological formations, both seal and storage, that can be found on the surface.
Con ello se obtiene el modelo geologico estatico de una formacion geologica que debe cumplir los siguientes requisitos:This results in the static geological model of a geological formation that must meet the following requirements:
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• La formation geologica sello debe asegurar la estanqueidad requerida para almacenar el C02 a una profundidad bajo el nivel freatico natural superior a 800 m.• The geological seal formation must ensure the tightness required to store the C02 at a depth below the natural physical level exceeding 800 m.
• La formation geologica almacen debe situarse inmediatamente bajo la formation sello y su permeabilidad, garantizara el almacenamiento del C02 en las condiciones correspondientes a su profundidad en el terreno.• The storage geological formation must be placed immediately under the seal formation and its permeability, it will guarantee the storage of CO2 in the conditions corresponding to its depth in the ground.
Etapa 2: Perforation del pozo de investigation:Stage 2: Drilling of the research well:
Durante la perforation del pozo de investigation se realizaran las siguientes accionesDuring the drilling of the research well the following actions will be carried out
y verificaciones:and verifications:
• Obtencion ordenada de muestras de la columna litologica del sondeo.• Orderly collection of samples from the lithological column of the survey.
• Realization de ensayos de well logging consistentes en medidas de resistividad, de Caliper (diametro del sondeo), densidad, electromagn6tico y rayos gamma..• Realization of well logging tests consisting of measurements of resistivity, Caliper (bore diameter), density, electromagnetic and gamma rays.
• Verification del modelo geologico mediante estos ensayos de well logging y la correlation y estudio de las muestras litologicas obtenidas.• Verification of the geological model through these well logging tests and the correlation and study of the lithological samples obtained.
• Obtencion ordenada de testigos de muestra de las formaciones sello y almacen.• Orderly collection of sample witnesses of the seal and storage formations.
• Verification de la estanqueidad y de la resistencia geomecanica del sello mediante ensayos petrofisicos consistentes en microscopia, composition quimica y mineralogica, densidad real, porosidad y permeabilidad y geomecanicos de los testigos correspondientes.• Verification of the seal and the geomechanical resistance of the seal by means of petrophysical tests consisting of microscopy, chemical and mineralogical composition, real density, porosity and permeability and geomechanics of the corresponding controls.
• Verification de las propiedades fluidomecanicas de la formation almacen mediante ensayos de laboratorio en condiciones de reservorio de alta temperatura y alta presion (ATAP) de los testigos correspondientes.• Verification of the fluidomechanical properties of the storage formation by laboratory tests under high temperature and high pressure reservoir conditions (ATAP) of the corresponding controls.
• Verification de la presion de apertura de las formaciones geologicas mediante el ensayo de leak off test (LoT). Este ensayo consistente en el registro de la presion de inyeccion para la que se produce el incremento (escalon) del caudal de agua a traves de la formation, se realiza durante la perforation del pozo a diferentes profundidades, fundamentalmente en las formaciones sello y almacen.• Verification of the opening pressure of the geological formations by means of the leak off test (LoT). This test consisting of the recording of the injection pressure for which the increase (step) of the water flow through the formation takes place, is carried out during the drilling of the well at different depths, mainly in the seal and storage formations.
• Verification de la formation sello por presentar valores de presion de inyeccion efectiva elevados o inalcanzables.• Verification of the seal formation for presenting high or unattainable effective injection pressure values.
• Verification de la inyectabilidad en la formation almacen. Este ensayo es una caracterizacion hidraulica previa. Consiste en intentar inyectar agua de formation en el pozo de investigation (sondeo) una vez alcanzada la formation almacen, a una presion de hasta de un 90% de la presion obtenida en el ensayo LoT. La obtencion de una permeabilidad aparente, mediante un modelo radial,• Verification of injectability in the formation warehouse. This test is a previous hydraulic characterization. It consists of trying to inject formation water into the research well (probe) once the formation store is reached, at a pressure of up to 90% of the pressure obtained in the LoT test. Obtaining an apparent permeability, using a radial model,
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concordante con los ensayos de laboratorio realizados sobre los testigos validara la capacidad inicial de la formation almacen .concordant with the laboratory tests carried out on the witnesses, it will validate the initial capacity of the formation warehouse.
Con ello se obtienen los datos para ajustar el modelo geologico estatico y los valores preliminares de las presiones de operation maxima y minima en fondo de pozo: la minima se determina mediante el ensayo ATAP y la maxima sera el 90% del valor del LoT. El ensayo de leak off test sera realizado durante la fase de perforation de la formation almacen.This gives the data to adjust the static geological model and the preliminary values of the maximum and minimum operating pressures at the bottom of the well: the minimum is determined by the ATAP test and the maximum will be 90% of the LoT value. The leak off test will be performed during the perforation phase of the formation warehouse.
Etapa 3: Instalacion de equipos y montaje de instalaciones auxiliares.Stage 3: Installation of equipment and installation of auxiliary installations.
Durante esta etapa se realizara la instalacion de los siguientes equipos y el montaje de las siguientes instalaciones auxiliares necesarias para el desarrollo de los ensayos de caracterizacion hidraulica.During this stage the installation of the following equipment and the assembly of the following auxiliary installations necessary for the development of hydraulic characterization tests will be carried out.
• Montaje de la red de control sismico: Se compondra de al menos tres estaciones de mediciones sismicas de registro permanente interconectadas en tiempo real y sincronizadas, situadas en los vertices de un triangulo y colocadas individualmente a una distancia entre 500 y 1000 m del pozo de investigation. Deberan registrar las ondas sismicas a frecuencia de muestreo de al menos 200 Hz. Un ejemplo de esta red se puede ver en la figura 5.• Assembly of the seismic control network: It will consist of at least three stations of permanent recording seismic interconnected in real time and synchronized, located in the vertices of a triangle and placed individually at a distance between 500 and 1000 m of the well of investigation. They should record seismic waves at a sampling frequency of at least 200 Hz. An example of this network can be seen in Figure 5.
• Montaje de la red de control hidrogeologico: Se compondra de al menos cuatro estaciones que rodearan el pozo de investigation, con capacidad de determinar el nivel piezometrico de los pozos circundantes. Al menos una de las estacion ademas tendra capacidad de medir las caracteristicas quimicas del acuifero mas proximo al pozo de investigation (PH, ORP, LDO) y. Estas estaciones deberan registrar al menos un dato promedio horario. Un ejemplo de esta red se puede ver en la figura 5.• Assembly of the hydrogeological control network: It will consist of at least four stations surrounding the research well, with the ability to determine the piezometric level of the surrounding wells. At least one of the stations will also have the ability to measure the chemical characteristics of the aquifer closest to the research well (PH, ORP, LDO) and. These stations must record at least one hourly average data. An example of this network can be seen in Figure 5.
• Instalacion de instrumentation en el fondo del pozo: Se instalaran en el fondo del pozo al menos dos manometros y dos termometros, separados entre si al menos 10 m en profundidad., que registren de forma continua y en remoto, la information del fondo de pozo con una frecuencia de muestreo de al menos un dato por segundo o mayor.• Installation of instrumentation at the bottom of the well: At least two manometers and two thermometers will be installed at the bottom of the well, separated from each other at least 10 m deep., To record continuously and remotely, the information of the bottom of well with a sampling frequency of at least one data per second or greater.
• Instalacion de instrumentation en la cabeza del pozo: Se instalaran en cabeza de pozo al menos un manometro y un termometro que registren de forma continua y en remoto, con una frecuencia de muestreo de al menos un dato por segundo o mayor.• Instrumentation installation in the wellhead: At least one manometer and one thermometer that are recorded continuously and remotely will be installed in the wellhead, with a sampling frequency of at least one data per second or greater.
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• Montaje de una instalacion hidraulica: Se dispondra de una instalacion hidraulica capaz de inyectar agua de formacion con la que se pueda alcanzar en el fondo del pozo una presion al menos de un 10% superior a la obtenida en el leak off test. Esta instalacion hidraulica estara dotada de un sistema de control capaz de trabajar a caudal constante, o a presion constante en cabeza o en fondo de pozo, registrando en remoto las senales de caudal y presion con una frecuencia de muestreo de al menos un dato por segundo.• Mounting a hydraulic installation: A hydraulic installation will be available capable of injecting formation water with which a pressure at least 10% higher than that obtained in the leak off test can be reached at the bottom of the well. This hydraulic installation will be equipped with a control system capable of working at a constant flow, or at constant pressure at the head or at the bottom of the well, remotely recording the flow and pressure signals with a sampling frequency of at least one data per second.
Con estos medios el pozo de investigacibn pasa a ser un pozo de inyeccion y ya se puede caracterizar hidraulicamente la formacion geologica almacen de forma compatible con la seguridad sismica e hidrogeologica.With these means, the research well becomes an injection well and the stored geological formation can be hydraulically characterized in a manner compatible with seismic and hydrogeological safety.
Etapa 4:Caracterizacion hidraulica:Stage 4: Hydraulic characterization:
La caracterizacion hidraulica consistira en un conjunto de pruebas cuyo objetivo sera la obtencion de las condiciones iniciales de inyectabilidad. Las pruebas que se realizaran son:The hydraulic characterization will consist of a set of tests whose objective will be to obtain the initial conditions of injectability. The tests that will be performed are:
• Pruebas de comportamiento: Las pruebas de comportamiento tienen como objetivo registrar la evolucion de la presion maxima alcanzada en el fondo del pozo despues de la inyeccion durante un tiempo definido a caudal constante. La duracion de la prueba quedara definida por el tiempo que se tarde la primera vez en alcanzar el 90% de la presion maxima de operation. La prueba se iniciara desde una presion conocida y facilmente alcanzable. Se repetira frecuentemente durante toda la vida del almacen para conocer la evolucion de su comportamiento hidraulico• Behavioral tests: Behavioral tests are aimed at recording the evolution of the maximum pressure reached at the bottom of the well after injection for a defined time at a constant flow rate. The duration of the test will be defined by the time it takes the first time to reach 90% of the maximum operating pressure. The test will start from a known and easily attainable pressure. It will be repeated frequently throughout the life of the warehouse to know the evolution of its hydraulic behavior
• Pruebas a presion constante en el fondo del pozo: Estas pruebas tienen por objeto determinar los caudales de inyeccion en regimen permanente a diferentes valores de presion en fondo de pozo. Se realizaran con valores crecientes de la consigna de presion, seleccionados entre el intervalo definido por la presion minima y la maxima, de manera que se ensayen al menos cinco valores ademas de los correspondientes a sus extremos. En cada prueba se alcanzara la presion de consigna con un caudal elevado, y seguidamente se continuara la inyeccion de agua de formacion a caudal variable manteniendo constante la presion de fondo durante el resto de la prueba.,Se dara por finalizada la prueba cuando quede registrado de forma efectiva la tendencia del caudal..• Constant pressure tests at the bottom of the well: These tests are intended to determine the injection rates in permanent regime at different pressure values at the bottom of the well. They will be carried out with increasing values of the pressure setpoint, selected between the interval defined by the minimum and maximum pressure, so that at least five values are tested in addition to those corresponding to their ends. In each test the set pressure will be reached with a high flow rate, and then the injection of water of formation at a variable flow rate will continue, keeping the background pressure constant during the rest of the test. The test will be terminated when it is registered effectively the flow trend ..
• Pruebas a caudal de inyeccion constante: Con estas pruebas se pretende comprobar la no existencia de alteraciones de presion fuera de la tendencia• Constant injection flow tests: These tests are intended to verify the non-existence of pressure changes outside the trend
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esperada en regimen permanente. Se realizaran pruebas de larga duracibn a caudal constante con valores de consigna iguales a los caudales obtenidos al final de las pruebas a presibn constante en fondo.expected in permanent regime. Long-term tests will be carried out at a constant flow rate with setpoint values equal to the flow rates obtained at the end of the constant pressure tests in the background.
Pruebas a presion constante en cabeza. Estas pruebas de caracterizacibn sirven para definir los elementos a instalar en la completacion definitiva del pozo de inyeccibn, necesarios para adecuar la presibn de recepcion del C02 en la cabeza del pozo, establecida como minimo en 8 MPa de presion, a la presion de inyeccibn en el fondo del pozo, determinada en las pruebas anteriores en funcion del caudal de inyeccion. Para ello se inyectara agua de formacibn a maximo caudal hasta alcanzar la presibn de consigna en cabeza. Una vez alcanzada la presibn de consigna, se regulars el caudal para mantener dicha presion. Transcurrido un tiempo, sera conocida la tendencia de presibn en fondo y caudal. La diferencia de presibn entre la de recepcion y la de inyeccibn serviran para la definicion de los elementos necesarios de la completacion. En la Figura 3 se reflejan los registros de presibn y caudal que se obtienen en la realizacion de una prueba de este tipo.Tests at constant head pressure. These characterization tests serve to define the elements to be installed in the definitive completion of the injection well, necessary to adapt the reception pressure of C02 at the wellhead, set at a minimum at 8 MPa of pressure, to the injection pressure in the bottom of the well, determined in the previous tests according to the injection flow. For this, water will be injected at maximum flow until reaching the setpoint pressure at the top. Once the set pressure has been reached, the flow rate will be regulated to maintain said pressure. After a while, the trend of bottom and flow pressure will be known. The difference in pressure between the reception and the injection will serve to define the necessary elements of the completion. Figure 3 shows the pressure and flow records that are obtained in the performance of such a test.
Pruebas de recuperacibn de presibn en el fondo del pozo. El objetivo de dicha prueba es evaluar la permeabilidad y transmisividad asociadas a distintas zonas proximas al pozo de inyeccibn, existencia de discontinuidades internas como pueden ser barreras generadas por fallas u otros accidentes tectonicos.La prueba se realiza al finalizar cualquiera de las pruebas anteriores y consiste en detener la inyeccibn y registrar la recuperacibn de la presibn.Pressure recovery tests at the bottom of the well. The objective of this test is to evaluate the permeability and transmissivity associated with different areas close to the injection well, existence of internal discontinuities such as barriers generated by failures or other tectonic accidents. The test is performed at the end of any of the previous tests and consists in stopping the injection and recording the recovery of the pressure.
Pruebas de respuesta sismica: El objetivo de esta prueba es determinar la la presibn maxima de operacion admisible con una operacibn segura. Para ello se alcanzaran presiones en el fondo de pozo hasta el valor de presibn del leak off test, al objeto de valorar la posible existencia de respuesta sismica de la formacibn geologica .Para cada estacibn sismica de vigilancia, se definira una linea de base en funcibn del ruido identificado en cada una de ellas. Se registrar^ la actividad sismica natural durante al menos seis meses sin actividad hidraulica, perforacibn, o actividades de sismica inducida para caracterizaciones geologicas. El resultado perseguido con la determinacion de esta linea de base sera la identificacion del evento natural, entendiendo que es aquel que se produce con una media de al menos cinco veces al dia. Se define como evento a estudiar aquel evento superior al natural que es registrado por tres estaciones sismicas y se triangula por encima de la formacibn almacen definida en la caracterizacion geolbgica. Si la respuesta sismica esta asociada a cualquiera deSeismic response tests: The objective of this test is to determine the maximum allowable operating pressure with a safe operation. For this, pressures will be reached at the bottom of the well up to the pressure value of the leak off test, in order to assess the possible existence of a seismic response of the geological formation. For each seismic monitoring station, a baseline will be defined in function of the noise identified in each of them. Natural seismic activity will be recorded for at least six months without hydraulic activity, drilling, or induced seismic activities for geological characterizations. The result pursued with the determination of this baseline will be the identification of the natural event, understanding that it is the one that occurs with an average of at least five times a day. It is defined as an event to study that event superior to the natural one that is recorded by three seismic stations and is triangulated above the storage form defined in the geological characterization. If the seismic response is associated with any of
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las pruebas anteriores, se reducira la presion maxima de operacion a un valor inferior en al menos un 1% a la maxima alcanzada en la prueba precedente, siendo en cualquier caso la presion de inyeccion en el fondo de pozo un valor igual o inferior al 90% del LoT.the previous tests, the maximum operating pressure will be reduced to a value lower by at least 1% to the maximum reached in the previous test, the injection pressure at the bottom of the well being in any case a value equal to or less than 90 % of LoT.
Con ello se obtienen las condiciones de operacion iniciales de un pozo de inyeccion, definido por las curvas P,Q de inyectabilidad y la distribution de la permeabilidad y transmisividad aparente en el reservorio. Ademas se correlacionan la presion en la cabeza y en el fondo del pozo para diversos caudales y se establece un sistema sencillo para determinar la evolution temporal de su comportamiento durante la operacion.This results in the initial operating conditions of an injection well, defined by the P, Q injectability curves and the distribution of the permeability and apparent transmissivity in the reservoir. In addition, the pressure in the head and bottom of the well is correlated for various flows and a simple system is established to determine the temporal evolution of its behavior during the operation.
Estas condiciones iniciales de operacion se ajustan posteriormente en funcion de las propiedades fisicas del C02 en las condiciones de inyeccion.These initial operating conditions are subsequently adjusted based on the physical properties of C02 under the injection conditions.
Etapa 5. Completacion del pozo de inyeccion y dimensionamiento final de la instalacion.Stage 5. Completion of the injection well and final sizing of the installation.
Esta etapa incluye las siguientes acciones:This stage includes the following actions:
• Completacion del pozo: La presion de transporte y de inyeccion del C02 es de 8 MPa. La presion maxima en el fondo del pozo durante la inyeccion ha quedado limitada por el resultado del ensayo de leak off test y el valor de la presion que pueda generar una respuesta sismica. Si los 8 MPa de reception en la cabeza de pozo, mas la presion de la columna de C02, dada por la profundidad del pozo y la densidad del C02 a la temperatura y presion en el tubing de inyeccion, supera la presion maxima de operacion en el fondo del pozo, es necesario incluir en la completacion del pozo la instalacion en el tubing de una valvula reductora de presion. a. Se dimensionara para que al caudal de inyeccion de C02 determinado anteriormente, la presidn en el fondo del pozo sea inferior a la maxima de operacion; es decir la caida de presion localizada en la valvula reductora de presion debe ser superior o igual a 8 MPa + P coiumna de C02 - P maxima de operacidn en fondo- La valvula se ubicara en el pozo a una profundidad tal que la presion de la columna de C02 compense sobradamente la caida de presion y, tras la misma, la presion sea siempre mayor que la del C02 en la cabeza de pozo.• Completion of the well: The transport and injection pressure of the C02 is 8 MPa. The maximum pressure at the bottom of the well during the injection has been limited by the result of the leak off test and the value of the pressure that can generate a seismic response. If the 8 MPa of reception at the wellhead, plus the pressure of the C02 column, given by the depth of the well and the density of the C02 at the temperature and pressure in the injection tubing, exceeds the maximum operating pressure at the bottom of the well, it is necessary to include in the completion of the well the installation in the tubing of a pressure reducing valve. to. It will be sized so that at the injection rate of C02 determined above, the pressure at the bottom of the well is less than the maximum operating; that is to say, the pressure drop located in the pressure reducing valve must be greater than or equal to 8 MPa + P coiumna of C02 - Maximum P in depth operation - The valve will be located in the well at a depth such that the pressure of the C02 column more than compensates for the pressure drop and, after it, the pressure is always greater than that of C02 at the wellhead.
Dimensionamiento del numero de pozos de la instalacion: El numero de pozos de inyeccion necesarios en una instalacion industrial deSizing of the number of installation wells: The number of injection wells needed in an industrial installation of
almacenamiento geologico de C02, vendra dado por el entero mayor que la relation entre el caudal nominal y el caudal esperado en el primer pozo de inyeccion una vez colocada la valvula reductora .Por ejemplo, una instalacion para el almacenamiento geologico del C02 producido en una 5 central termica de carbon de 350 MW electricos de capacidad deC02 geological storage, will be given by the integer greater than the ratio between the nominal flow and the expected flow in the first injection well once the reducing valve is placed. For example, an installation for the geological storage of C02 produced in a 5 350 MW electric coal power plant with a capacity of
generation, se dimensionaria para la inyeccion de al menos 70 kg/s de C02 en las condiciones de transporte referidas anteriormente; es decir, si un pozo de inyeccion en una determinada formation geologica admite un caudal de inyeccion de 10 kg/s, serian necesarios al menos 7 pozos de 10 inyeccion operando simultaneamente.generation, would be sized for the injection of at least 70 kg / s of C02 under the transport conditions referred to above; that is, if an injection well in a given geological formation admits an injection flow rate of 10 kg / s, at least 7 wells of 10 injection operating simultaneously will be necessary.
Ajuste del caudal por acondicionamiento de la temperatura de inyeccion del C02.En un almacenamiento geologico industrial de C02, el ajuste final del caudal masico de inyeccion en cada pozo, resultante de las variaciones de presion en el fondo se logra mediante un ajuste de la 15 temperatura del fluido en la cabeza de cada pozo , ya que la densidad delAdjustment of the flow rate by conditioning the injection temperature of the C02. In an industrial geological storage of C02, the final adjustment of the mass injection flow in each well, resulting from the variations of pressure in the bottom is achieved by an adjustment of the fluid temperature at the head of each well, since the density of the
fluido depende fundamentalmente de la temperatura . Esta temperatura puede ajustarse entre 10 y 30 grados sin provocar cambios que afecten negativamente a la estabilidad del flujo de inyeccion o a la vida util del pozo.fluid depends primarily on temperature. This temperature can be adjusted between 10 and 30 degrees without causing changes that adversely affect the stability of the injection flow or the life of the well.
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Con ello queda definida una instalacion industrial de almacenamiento geologico profundo de C02. La evolucion del comportamiento hidraulico de la instalacion por efecto de cambios de permeabilidad en el complejo sello-almacen, , podra superar la capacidad de ajuste en la instalacion, haciendo necesario a lo largo 25 de la vida de la misma, cerrar o abrir algun pozo adicional. Esta evolucion se contrastara mediante la repetition periodica de la prueba de comportamiento.This defines an industrial installation of deep geological storage of C02. The evolution of the hydraulic behavior of the installation due to the effect of permeability changes in the seal-storage complex, may exceed the capacity of adjustment in the installation, making it necessary throughout the life of the same, to close or open a well additional. This evolution will be contrasted by the periodic repetition of the behavior test.
BREVE DESCRIPCION DE LOS DIBUJOSBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
La figura 1 es un esquema de la instalacion tipo. Consta de un pozo perforado y completado hasta la formation geologica almacen (pozo de inyeccion), un sistema de 5 acondicionamiento del agua de formation, instrumentos de medicion (manometros, termometros y caudalimetros) y valvulas de aislamiento y retention, as! como de tres estaciones slsmicas y cuatro estaciones hidrogeologicas radioenlazadas y una base de datos que recoge toda la information, de acuerdo con la siguiente leyenda:Figure 1 is a diagram of the type installation. It consists of a well drilled and completed until the geological storage warehouse (injection well), a system of conditioning water conditioning, measuring instruments (manometers, thermometers and flowmeters) and isolation and retention valves, as! as of three seismic stations and four radio-linked hydrogeological stations and a database that collects all the information, according to the following legend:
- 1 one
- Bomba Bomb
- 2 2
- Valvula de retention Check valve
- 3 3
- Valvula de aislamiento. Isolation valve
- 4 4
- Manometro. Manometer.
- 5 5
- Termometro Thermometer
- 6 6
- Caudallmetro. Flowmeter
- 7 7
- Cabeza del pozo Wellhead
- 8 8
- PLC de control PLC control
- 9 9
- Base de datos de toda la information Database of all information
- 10 10
- Antena principal de las estaciones slsmicas e hidrogeologicas Main antenna of seismic and hydrogeological stations
- 11 eleven
- Estaciones slsmicas e hidrogeologicas Seismic and hydrogeological stations
- 12 12
- Fondo del pozo Pit bottom
- 14 14
- Manometro superior del fondo del pozo Upper manometer of the bottom of the well
- 15 fifteen
- Termometro superior del fondo del pozo Upper well bottom thermometer
- 16 16
- Manometro inferior del fondo del pozo Bottom gauge of the bottom of the well
- 17 17
- Termbmetro inferior del fondo del pozo Bottom well bottom thermometer
- 18 18
- Llneas de medida Measurement lines
- 19 19
- Lineas de datos Data lines
- 20 twenty
- Llneas de control Control lines
1010
La figura 2 es un organigrama del proceso En el que se pueden ver las 5 Etapas de que se compone,Figure 2 is an organization chart of the process in which you can see the 5 Stages of which it is composed,
Siendo la primera la de caracterizacion geologica, de la que se obtiene el modelo geologico de una formation almacen cubierta por una formation sello a una 15 profundidad mayor de 800m.The first being that of geological characterization, from which the geological model of a storage formation covered by a seal formation at a depth greater than 800m is obtained.
55
1010
15fifteen
20twenty
2525
3030
3535
La segunda es la perforation del pozo en la que se obtendran muestas y testigos y se realizaran ensayos atap y leak off test, permitiendo validar el modelo geologico y calcular unas presiones de operation maxima y minima.The second is the drilling of the well in which samples and witnesses will be obtained and atap and leak off test tests will be carried out, allowing the geological model to be validated and calculating maximum and minimum operating pressures.
La tercera etapa sera la de instalacion de equipos de control y medida y el montaje de instalaciones auxiliares.The third stage will be the installation of control and measurement equipment and the installation of auxiliary facilities.
La cuarta etapa permitira, empleando estos equipos e instalaciones y la information del modelo geologico, realizar de forma sismica e hidrologicamente segura, la caracterizacion hidraulica. Con esto obtendremos las condiciones de operation initiates de la formation.The fourth stage will allow, using these equipment and facilities and the information of the geological model, to carry out the hydraulic characterization seismically and hydrologically. With this we will obtain the conditions of operation initiates of the formation.
La quinta etapa es la completacion definitiva del primer pozo y el dimensionamiento del numero total de pozos que compondran la instalacion industrial y el ajuste del funcionamiento de toda la instalacion.The fifth stage is the final completion of the first well and the dimensioning of the total number of wells that will make up the industrial installation and the adjustment of the operation of the entire installation.
La figura 3 es un grafico de evolution del caudal y la presion en la cabeza del pozo de inyeccion en una instalacion de las caracteristicas descritas, sobre una realization practica en la planta de demostracion de Hontomin, Burgos, el dia 7 de Octubre de 2014.De un ensayo de caracterizacion hidraulica a presion constante en cabeza de pozo. En el grafico se pueden distinguir tres partes:Figure 3 is a graph of evolution of the flow and pressure at the head of the injection well in an installation of the characteristics described, on a practical realization at the demonstration plant in Hontomin, Burgos, on October 7, 2014. From a test of hydraulic characterization at constant pressure at the wellhead. In the graph three parts can be distinguished:
Por inyeccion de un caudal constante se presuriza el pozo hasta las condiciones de trabajo de 8 MPa.By injection of a constant flow the well is pressurized to the working conditions of 8 MPa.
La zona controlada a 8 MPa., que es la zona de trabajo propiamente dicha.The controlled zone at 8 MPa, which is the work zone itself.
Y la despresurizacion final al detener la inyeccion. La velocidad de esta despresurizacion depende de las condiciones particulares de cada pozo.And the final depressurization to stop the injection. The speed of this depressurization depends on the particular conditions of each well.
La figura 4 es la representation correspondiente al modelo geologico estatico de la formation sello bajo la planta de demostracion de almacenamiento geologico de Hontomin, Burgos.Figure 4 is the representation corresponding to the static geological model of the seal formation under the Hontomin geological storage demonstration plant, Burgos.
La figura 5 es la representation de una instalacion industrial compuesta por diez pozos de inyeccion de C02 denso, cuatro estaciones hidrogeologicas de control de calidad y nivel del agua y tres estaciones sismicas.Figure 5 is the representation of an industrial installation composed of ten injection wells of dense C02, four hydrogeological stations of quality control and water level and three seismic stations.
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