ES2552105B1 - Device and method to correct the voltage imbalance in the phases of a three-phase system - Google Patents
Device and method to correct the voltage imbalance in the phases of a three-phase system Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/50—Arrangements for eliminating or reducing asymmetry in polyphase networks
Abstract
Dispositivo para corregir el desequilibrio de tensiones en las fases de un sistema trifásico, que comprende tres medidores de energía (ME1, ME2, ME3) independientes, montados en torno a cada uno de los conductores de las fases del sistema trifásico a tratar, cuyas lecturas se trasladan a un registrador-comparador (RegComp), el cual compara estas lecturas y en base a ellas determina cuál de las tres fases tiene menos carga en un momento dado, al tiempo que genera y envía una orden a un actuador (Act) interpuesto en la entrada del sistema trifásico, el cual en la siguiente activación de una carga la conecta a la fase que menos consumo tiene en ese momento.Device for correcting the voltage imbalance in the phases of a three-phase system, comprising three independent energy meters (ME1, ME2, ME3), mounted around each of the conductors of the phases of the three-phase system to be treated, whose readings they are transferred to a recorder-comparator (RegComp), which compares these readings and based on them determines which of the three phases has less load at a given time, while generating and sending an order to an interposed actuator (Act) at the input of the three-phase system, which at the next activation of a load connects it to the phase that has less consumption at that time.
Description
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DESCRIPCIONDESCRIPTION
Dispositivo y metodo para corregir el desequilibrio de tensiones en las fases de un sistema trifasico.Device and method to correct the voltage imbalance in the phases of a three-phase system.
Objeto de la invencionObject of the invention
La mayorla de las instalaciones domesticas son monofasicas de hasta 15 Kw con una diferencia de potencial de 230 V. Cuando se preve que el consumo sea superior se opta por emplear tres fases, tres corrientes alternas diferentes, con una diferencia de tension entre ellas de 400 V, que posibilitan la division de la instalacion en circuitos alimentados por cada una de ellas y el neutro de la instalacion que, a su vez, presentan una diferencia de tension de 230 V. El neutro es comun para las tres fases de un sistema trifasico, de manera que si el sistema es equilibrado no circulara corriente por el.The majority of domestic installations are single-phase up to 15 Kw with a potential difference of 230 V. When it is expected that consumption is higher, it is decided to use three phases, three different alternating currents, with a difference in voltage between them of 400 V, which allow the division of the installation in circuits fed by each of them and the neutral of the installation which, in turn, have a voltage difference of 230 V. The neutral is common for the three phases of a three-phase system , so that if the system is balanced, no current will flow through it.
El problema que presentan este tipo de instalaciones es que estan pensadas para trabajar de manera compensada; esto se consigue cuando se emplean cargas trifasicas que consumen igual cantidad de energla de las tres fases simultaneamente. La conexion de cargas monofasicas independientes a cada una de las fases hace que se produzcan alteraciones en el funcionamiento del circuito trifasico original que se traducen en aumento del consumo, calentamiento de motores, etc.The problem with these types of facilities is that they are designed to work in a compensated manner; This is achieved when three-phase loads are used that consume the same amount of energy from the three phases simultaneously. The connection of independent single-phase loads to each of the phases causes alterations in the operation of the original three-phase circuit that result in increased consumption, motor heating, etc.
El desequilibrio de voltaje, en porcentaje, es el valor absoluto de la desviacion maxima del voltaje de llnea respecto al voltaje promedio en un sistema trifasico, y su valor esta reglado por la norma UNE-EN 50160, la cual en su punto 2.10 establece que en condiciones normales de explotacion, para cada perlodo de una semana, el 95% de los valores eficaces promediados en 10 minutos de la componente inversa de la tension de alimentacion debe situarse entre el 0 y el 2% de la componente directa. Un desequilibrio de tensiones en torno a un 2% hara que las corrientes tengan un desequilibrio de un 17% con el consiguiente aumento de la temperatura del conductor. As! pues, la extraccion de potencia de la red electrica por medio de un receptor monofasico puede multiplicar por seis la potencia perdida respecto a las menores perdidas posiblesThe voltage imbalance, in percentage, is the absolute value of the maximum deviation of the line voltage with respect to the average voltage in a three-phase system, and its value is regulated by the UNE-EN 50160 standard, which at its point 2.10 states that Under normal operating conditions, for each period of one week, 95% of the effective values averaged in 10 minutes of the inverse component of the supply voltage must be between 0 and 2% of the direct component. An imbalance of voltages around 2% will cause currents to have an imbalance of 17% with the consequent increase in conductor temperature. Ace! therefore, the extraction of power from the electrical network by means of a single-phase receiver can multiply by six the lost power with respect to the lowest possible losses
La invencion plantea realizar la asignacion de cargas monofasicas a las diferentes fases intentando igualar la potencia adscrita a cada una de ellas. Aunque esta asignacion se realice siguiendo la mas estricta logica siempre se da el caso de desconocerse el uso real que el usuario final de la instalacion va a hacer de las mismas respecto a tiempo y cadencia de utilizacion, lo que terminara creando un desequilibrio de la potencia aportada por cada una de las fases a nuestra instalacion.The invention raises the assignment of single-phase loads to the different phases trying to match the power assigned to each of them. Although this assignment is made following the strictest logic, it is always the case of not knowing the actual use that the end user of the installation will make of them with respect to time and cadence of use, which will end up creating a power imbalance contributed by each of the phases to our installation.
Antecedentes de la invencionBackground of the invention
En la actualidad, las companlas electricas utilizan el factor de potencia o la energla reactivaCurrently, electric companies use the power factor or reactive energy
como unico forma de medir las perdidas de energla achacables a los receptores y este no esas the only way to measure the energy losses attributable to the receivers and this is not
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un metodo adecuado pues, en ciertos casos, consumidores que producen mayores perdidas son bonificados y gravados los que las producen menores, no bonificandose al que ahorra mas energla sino al que solo corrige su factor de potencia. El consumo de energla debido a un desequilibrio en las fases es hasta seis veces el que se producirla en un sistema equilibrado con el mismo factor de potencia.an adequate method because, in certain cases, consumers who produce greater losses are subsidized and taxed those who produce them less, not being rewarded to those who save more energy but to those who only correct their power factor. The energy consumption due to an imbalance in the phases is up to six times that produced in a balanced system with the same power factor.
Las consecuencias del desequilibrio de tensiones en las cargas se refleja tambien en las mismas cargas trifasicas (aquellas que poseen motor tales como aires acondicionados y bombas) conectadas a la instalacion incrementando su temperatura, reduciendo su vida util y haciendolos mas susceptibles de averlas. Causa corrientes de secuencia negativa de manera que un desequilibrio del 5% originara una reduccion de potencia del 25% al convertir los motores una parte de su energla en energla reactiva. Este efecto se traslada a la misma capacidad de las llneas de transporte que ven reducida por esta causa la cantidad de energla que pueden transportar.The consequences of the imbalance of stresses in the loads are also reflected in the same three-phase loads (those that have motors such as air conditioners and pumps) connected to the installation increasing their temperature, reducing their useful life and making them more susceptible to failures. It causes negative sequence currents so that a 5% imbalance will cause a 25% reduction in power by converting the motors a part of their energy into reactive energy. This effect moves to the same capacity of the transport lines that are reduced by this cause the amount of energy they can transport.
En cuanto a las monofasicas o asimetricas el desequilibrio genera fluctuaciones de voltaje permanentes, sobrecalentamiento en los receptores, en cables de alimentacion y protecciones, as! como circulacion de corriente por el neutro. Un desequilibrio de un 2% en las tensiones ocasionara un desequilibrio en las corrientes de fase de un 17%. En iluminacion hara fluctuar el suministro e incluso parpadear la lampara.As for the single-phase or asymmetric, the imbalance generates permanent voltage fluctuations, overheating in the receivers, in power cables and protections, as well! as current circulation through the neutral. An imbalance of 2% in the voltages will cause an imbalance in the phase currents of 17%. In lighting, the supply will fluctuate and even the lamp will flash.
Hasta ahora la unica solucion aplicada para paliar este tipo de alteraciones consiste en utilizar reles de medicion y monitorizacion de redes trifasicas, tambien denominados reles de desequilibrios de tensiones, cuya mision es la de desconectar motores y cargas que pueden producir este efecto en la red por causa de fallos, averlas o mala distribucion de cargas. Sin embargo esta opcion, debido a su coste y envergadura, solo se utiliza para grandes dispositivos o grandes redes quedando sin alternativa viable su correccion en sistemas domesticos o de pequenas instalaciones.Until now the only solution applied to alleviate this type of alterations is to use measurement and monitoring networks of three-phase networks, also called voltage imbalance relays, whose mission is to disconnect motors and loads that can produce this effect in the network by cause of failures, failures or poor distribution of loads. However, this option, due to its cost and size, is only used for large devices or large networks, and its correction in domestic systems or small installations is no viable alternative.
Descripcion de la invencionDescription of the invention
La invencion propone una solucion aplicable a cualquier tipo de instalaciones y con un coste asumible para cualquier usuario incluso para las instalaciones domesticas y de pequenas industrias. El dispositivo de la invencion, que tambien podrla denominarse "equilibrador dinamico de fases” realizar una monitorizacion continuada del consumo registrado en cada una de las fases de las que se alimenta una instalacion concreta, de manera que la activacion de una nueva carga de las existentes en ella se realizara adscribiendola a la fase que menos consumo tenga en ese momento.The invention proposes a solution applicable to any type of installation and with an acceptable cost for any user even for domestic and small industrial installations. The device of the invention, which could also be called "dynamic phase balancer", carry out a continuous monitoring of the consumption recorded in each of the phases of which a specific installation is fed, so that the activation of a new load of the existing ones it will be done by assigning it to the phase that has less consumption at that time.
El metodo para corregir el desequilibrio de tensiones en las fases de un sistema trifasico de la presente invencion preve la ejecucion continuada de dos etapas:The method for correcting the voltage imbalance in the phases of a three-phase system of the present invention provides for the continued execution of two stages:
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- una etapa de lectura del consumo que se esta experimentando en cada una de las fases electricas de un sistema trifasico, realizada de forma continuada o a intervalos programados; y- a stage of reading the consumption that is being experienced in each of the electrical phases of a three-phase system, carried out continuously or at programmed intervals; Y
- una etapa de conexion de la proxima carga en la fase electrica que menos consumo tenga en cada instante.- a stage of connection of the next load in the electric phase that has less consumption at every moment.
El metodo de seleccion de cargas empleado, para abaratar la solucion, no trata a la totalidad de las cargas de una instalacion como cargas dinamicas, sino que se analiza la utilizacion que el usuario hace de cada una de las cargas existentes y se clasifican en orden al tiempo de activacion que tienen. Las que se consideran como permanentes se reparten entre las fases allcuotamente en base a la potencia consumida por cada una de ellas, de manera que en condiciones exclusivas permitan trabajar al sistema de manera equilibrada. Entre las que se usen de manera discontinua se determina cuales son las que se activan y desactivan mas frecuentemente y estas son las que se eligen como cargas equilibradoras, susceptibles de conectarse a cualquier fase.The method of selection of loads used, to reduce the cost of the solution, does not treat all the loads of an installation as dynamic loads, but rather analyzes the use that the user makes of each of the existing loads and is classified in order at the time of activation they have. Those that are considered as permanent are distributed among the phases allcuotally based on the power consumed by each of them, so that in exclusive conditions they allow the system to work in a balanced way. Among those that are used discontinuously, it is determined which are the ones that are activated and deactivated most frequently and these are the ones that are chosen as balancing loads, capable of being connected to any phase.
Se trata pues de conectar estas cargas equilibradoras a una de las tres salidas (la que tenga menos carga) de un actuador, alimentadas de manera independiente desde cada una de las fases que suministran energla al usuario.It is therefore about connecting these balancing loads to one of the three outputs (the one with the least load) of an actuator, fed independently from each of the phases that provide power to the user.
El numero de cargas que se utilicen como equilibradoras depende de la potencia que sea necesario compensar a partir de la asignacion inicialmente realizada de cargas base a cada una de las fases y la energla que vayan consumiendo las que se conecten sucesivamente.The number of loads used as balancers depends on the power that needs to be compensated from the initial assignment of base loads to each of the phases and the energy consumed by those that are connected successively.
Para poder distribuir de forma sincronizada las cargas en cada fase hacemos uso del metodo Greedy. El metodo greedy es una tecnica muy usada por su eficiencia, es decir, su bajo grado de complejidad. Trata de dar solucion a aquellos problemas en los que tenemos n entradas (en nuestro caso las cargas) y se requiere encontrar una clasificacion que satisfaga ciertas restricciones sobre las m salidas (en nuestro caso las 3 fases). Cada asignacion que cumpla dichas restricciones se denomina solucion posible. Cuando encontramos una solucion posible que maximice o minimice (en funcion del problema) a la funcion objetivo, decimos que dicha solucion es una solucion optima.To be able to distribute loads in a synchronized way in each phase we use the Greedy method. The greedy method is a technique widely used for its efficiency, that is, its low degree of complexity. Try to solve those problems in which we have n inputs (in our case the loads) and it is required to find a classification that satisfies certain restrictions on the m outputs (in our case the 3 phases). Each assignment that meets these restrictions is called a possible solution. When we find a possible solution that maximizes or minimizes (depending on the problem) the objective function, we say that this solution is an optimal solution.
La monitorizacion de la energla suministrada por fase se realiza mediante medidores de energla montados en la acometida, que preferentemente emplean medidores toroidales independientes ubicados en torno a cada uno de los conductores de las mismas. Las lecturas realizadas se trasladan a un registrador-comparador compuesto por un microprocesador, memoria e interface de comunicaciones encargado de compararlas y determinar, mediante una logica program ada, cual de las tres fases tiene menos carga. Este registrador-comparador manda la orden al actuador para que la siguiente solicitud de activacion de carga sea realizadaThe monitoring of the energy supplied per phase is carried out by means of energy meters mounted on the connection, which preferably employ independent toroidal meters located around each of the conductors thereof. The readings carried out are transferred to a register-comparator composed of a microprocessor, memory and communications interface responsible for comparing them and determining, through a programmed logic, which of the three phases has less load. This recorder-comparator sends the order to the actuator so that the next load activation request is made
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mediante la conexion de su salida, correspondiente a dicha carga, a la entrada que este conectada a la fase mas descargada.by connecting its output, corresponding to said load, to the input that is connected to the most discharged phase.
El conjunto de los mecanismos citados anteriormente puede ser sustituido por un unico dispositivo que dispondrfa de bornes para el conexionado de las fases de entrada y bornes para la conexion de las cargas, disponiendo internamente el cableado entre las diferentes partes del sistema.All the mechanisms mentioned above can be replaced by a single device that would have terminals for the connection of the input phases and terminals for the connection of the loads, internally arranging the wiring between the different parts of the system.
El registrador/comparador opcionalmente se emplea para mostrar un historico de las lecturas del consumo de cada una de las fases y de la frecuencia y asignacion de conexion y desconexion de las cargas a ellas.The recorder / comparator is optionally used to show a history of the readings of the consumption of each of the phases and of the frequency and assignment of connection and disconnection of the loads to them.
Asl mismo el registrador puede disponer de conexion Ethernet de manera que permita el acceso de forma remota desde la red pudiendo visualizarse el consumo de cada una de las fases en tiempo real o el historico de consumo de cada una de ellas.Likewise, the recorder can have an Ethernet connection so that it allows access remotely from the network, being able to visualize the consumption of each of the phases in real time or the consumption history of each one of them.
Descripcion de las figurasDescription of the figures
Para complementar la descripcion que se esta realizando y con objeto de facilitar la comprension de las caracterlsticas de la invencion, se acompana a la presente memoria descriptiva un juego de dibujos en los que, con caracter ilustrativo y no limitativo, se ha representado lo siguiente:To complement the description that is being made and in order to facilitate the understanding of the features of the invention, a set of drawings is attached to the present specification in which, with an illustrative and non-limiting nature, the following has been represented:
La figura 1 muestra un diagram a en bloques de un dispositivo realizado segun la presente invencion en el que se integran todos sus componentes o mecanismos en una sola unidad, que controla el cuadro electrico de conexiones de la instalacion.Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a device made according to the present invention in which all its components or mechanisms are integrated into a single unit, which controls the electrical connection panel of the installation.
La figura 2 muestra un diagrama de bloques de una variante de realizacion de este dispositivo cuando se trata de controlar varios cuadros electricos de una misma instalacion electrica trifasica.Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a variant embodiment of this device when it comes to controlling several electrical panels of the same three-phase electrical installation.
Realizacion preferente de la invencionPreferred Embodiment of the Invention
Tal y como se aprecia en la figura 1, el dispositivo para corregir el desequilibrio de tensiones en las fases de un sistema trifasico comprende los siguientes componentes o mecanismos:As can be seen in Figure 1, the device for correcting the voltage imbalance in the phases of a three-phase system comprises the following components or mechanisms:
- Tres medidores de energla (ME1, ME2, ME3) independientes, consistentes en consisten en sendos anillos toroidales montados en torno a los conductores de las fases (R,S,T) de la instalacion trifasica a corregir, cuyas lecturas se trasladan a un registrador- comparador (RegComp).- Three independent energy meters (ME1, ME2, ME3), consisting of two toroidal rings mounted around the conductors of the phases (R, S, T) of the three-phase installation to be corrected, whose readings are transferred to a registrar-comparator (RegComp).
- Un registrador-comparador (RegComp) que recibe y compara las tres lecturas efectuadas por los medidores de energla (ME1, ME2, ME3) y en base a ellas determina cual de las tres fases tiene menos carga en un momento dado, al tiempo que genera y envla una orden a un actuador (Act) interpuesto en la entrada del sistema trifasico para que la siguiente activacion de una carga se realice en la fase mas descargada.- A recorder-comparator (RegComp) that receives and compares the three readings made by the energy meters (ME1, ME2, ME3) and based on them determines which of the three phases has less charge at a given time, while generates and sends an order to an actuator (Act) interposed at the input of the three-phase system so that the next activation of a load is carried out in the most discharged phase.
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- Un actuador (Act) que mediante las ordenes emitidas por el registrador-comparador (RegComp), cierra los contactos de las salidas correspondientes a la fase que menos carga tiene en ese instante, de manera que cuando se active una de las cargas conectadas a dichas salidas, sea alimentada desde la fase que menos consumo tiene en ese momento.- An actuator (Act) that by means of the orders issued by the recorder-comparator (RegComp), closes the contacts of the outputs corresponding to the phase that has less load at that moment, so that when one of the loads connected to these outputs, be fed from the phase that has less consumption at that time.
El registrador-comparador (RegComp) esta compuesto por un microprocesador, una unidad de memoria, una interface de comunicaciones y una logica programada que es la encargada de comparar las lecturas efectuadas por los medidores de energla (ME1, ME2, ME3) y determinar cual de las tres fases tiene menos carga; asl como de enviar una orden al actuador (Act) interpuesto en el sistema trifasico para que la siguiente activacion de una carga se realice en la fase que esta mas descargada en ese momento.The recorder-comparator (RegComp) is composed of a microprocessor, a memory unit, a communications interface and a programmed logic that is responsible for comparing the readings made by the energy meters (ME1, ME2, ME3) and determine which of the three phases it has less load; as well as sending an order to the actuator (Act) interposed in the three-phase system so that the next activation of a load is carried out in the phase that is most discharged at that time.
Este registrador-comparador (RegComp) puede realizar una monitorizacion continuada del consumo registrado en cada una de las fases de las que se alimenta una instalacion concreta. Asl mismo, este mecanismo determina y muestra un historico de las lecturas del consumo de cada una de las fases y de la frecuencia y asignacion de conexion y desconexion de las cargas a ellas. Finalmente, el registrador-comparador (RegComp) dispone de conexion de red adecuada para permitir el acceso de forma remota desde la red, para visualizar el consumo de cada una de las fases en tiempo real o el historico de consumo de cada una de ellas.This recorder-comparator (RegComp) can carry out a continuous monitoring of the consumption recorded in each of the phases of which a specific installation is powered. Likewise, this mechanism determines and shows a history of the readings of the consumption of each of the phases and of the frequency and assignment of connection and disconnection of the loads to them. Finally, the logger-comparator (RegComp) has an adequate network connection to allow remote access from the network, to visualize the consumption of each phase in real time or the consumption history of each one of them.
El actuador (Act) puede ser un circuito de tipo domotico, o tratarse de un circuito a base de contactores o tiristores; en cualquier caso la finalidad del mismo es la de cerrar los contactos de las salidas correspondientes a la fase que menos carga tenga y que no esten consumiendo en ese momento, de manera que cuando se active la carga conectada a dichas salidas, sera alimentada desde la fase que menos consumo tenga en ese momento.The actuator (Act) may be a home-type circuit, or it may be a circuit based on contactors or thyristors; In any case, its purpose is to close the contacts of the outputs corresponding to the phase that has less load and that are not consuming at that time, so that when the load connected to these outputs is activated, it will be fed from the phase that has less consumption at that time.
El dispositivo descrito puede presentar diferentes variantes en funcion de las condiciones de la instalacion y de la inversion economica necesaria para montar el equipo. Este sistema alcanzarla su mejor aprovechamiento siendo empleado en una instalacion con control domotico en la que la activacion de los diferentes dispositivos se realizase, exclusivamente, por orden del sistema de control. La solicitud de activacion, cursada manualmente por el usuario mediante un pulsador, pantalla, movil, tablet, etc. se traslada al sistema mediante una entrada digital y serla este el que de la orden de activacion/desactivacion de la salida correspondiente tras comprobar cual fase es la que se encuentra, en ese momento, con menor carga y activando la salida correspondiente a esa carga alimentada por dicha fase.The described device may have different variants depending on the conditions of the installation and the economic investment necessary to assemble the equipment. This system will reach its best use by being used in an installation with home control in which the activation of the different devices was carried out exclusively by order of the control system. The activation request, manually sent by the user by means of a push-button, screen, mobile, tablet, etc. it is transferred to the system by means of a digital input and it will be the one that of the order of activation / deactivation of the corresponding output after checking which phase is the one that is, at that time, with the lowest load and activating the output corresponding to that load fed by that phase.
En una segunda variante no se precisa control domotico y, por ende, no se precisa hacer variaciones en las instalaciones existentes. En este caso solo el sistema detecta de manera continuada el consumo que se esta experimentando en cada una de las fases y posiciona lasIn a second variant, home automation control is not required and, therefore, it is not necessary to make variations in existing facilities. In this case, only the system continuously detects the consumption that is being experienced in each of the phases and positions the
salidas de todas las cargas en la fase que menos consumo tenga en cada instante. Al activarseoutputs of all loads in the phase that has less consumption at every moment. When activated
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cualquiera de los circuitos de alimentacion de una de ellas, mediante el metodo como se haya realizado habitualmente en la instalacion, dicho circuito sera alimentado desde esa fase. A continuacion se vuelve a revisar el consumo en las tres fases y se manda una nueva orden a las salidas de manera que se activen las correspondientes a la nueva fase que sea la mas descargada. Evidentemente solo se manda la orden a aquellas salidas que no tengan consumo en ese instante.any of the power circuits of one of them, by the method as has been usually done in the installation, said circuit will be fed from that phase. Then the consumption in the three phases is reviewed again and a new order is sent to the outputs so that those corresponding to the new phase that are the most downloaded are activated. Obviously only the order is sent to those outlets that have no consumption at that time.
El dispositivo anteriormente descrito puede presentar tambien diferentes variantes en funcion de si se trata de un solo cuadro electrico o de varios. En instalaciones con un unico cuadro electrico de control la instalacion idonea es la mostrada en la figura 1, cuya fisonomla es la que se ha descrito anteriormente; ahora bien, cuando se trata de varios cuadros electricos repartidos por la instalacion, en el cuadro principal se ubicara la unidad de medicion del consumo (ME1, ME2, Me3) acopladas en las entradas de las fases principales en la instalacion, para lo cual se ubicaran anil los toroidales en torno a los conductores correspondientes y el valor registrado se traslada a la unidad de control del registrador- comparador (RegComp) que determinara la fase que soporta menor carga y enviara a cada uno de los modulos de control de cargas (MCC), situados en cada uno de los cuadros secundarios, una senal indicativa de la fase a la cual se ha de conectar la siguiente carga, de manera que en cada momento las cargas podran alimentarse desde la fase con menos carga. Cada uno de los modulos de control de cargas (MCC) incluye un actuador (Act) de control de salidas, formado por ejemplo por contactores o tiristores, adecuados a la potencia a controlar en cada circuito, que se alimentan con las tres fases en sus bornas de entrada (R,S,T) y presentan bornas de salida para conectar las cargas (C1, C2, C3) correspondientes; as! mismo incluye un modulo de comunicaciones (ModCom) inalambrica que recibe del registrador- comparador (RegComp) una senal indicativa de la fase a la que ha de conectar la proxima carga. Al tratarse de dispositivos independientes pueden montarse tantos como sean necesarios.The device described above may also have different variants depending on whether it is a single electrical panel or several. In installations with a single electrical control panel, the suitable installation is the one shown in Figure 1, whose physiognom is the one described above; However, when it comes to several electrical panels distributed throughout the installation, the consumption measurement unit (ME1, ME2, Me3) attached to the inputs of the main phases in the installation will be located in the main panel, for which The toroids will be placed around the corresponding conductors and the registered value will be transferred to the register-comparator control unit (RegComp) that will determine the phase that supports the lowest load and will send each of the load control modules (MCC) ), located in each of the secondary panels, a signal indicative of the phase to which the next load is to be connected, so that at each moment the loads can be fed from the phase with less load. Each of the load control modules (MCC) includes an actuator (Act) for controlling outputs, formed for example by contactors or thyristors, suitable for the power to be controlled in each circuit, which are fed with the three phases in their input terminals (R, S, T) and have output terminals to connect the corresponding loads (C1, C2, C3); ace! It also includes a wireless communications module (ModCom) that receives a signal indicative of the phase to which the next load is to be connected from the register-comparator (RegComp). As they are independent devices, as many as can be mounted.
Dentro de las variantes indicadas anteriormente, si el dispositivo incorpora una conexion a internet, se incluye la optimizacion del coste de la energla utilizada. Esta opcion permite que el dispositivo que hem os denominado registrador/comparador se conecte todos los dlas a una direccion de internet, de la que se descargara el precio que tendra la energla electrica en las siguientes 24 horas. Con ello, tras la solicitud de activacion de una carga en nuestro sistema, respondera con una evaluacion sobre la minimizacion del precio que el consumo de dicha energla electrica supondra, aconsejando al usuario la postergacion de dicha activacion en caso de haber un tramo horario en el que sea mas favorable el coste.Within the variants indicated above, if the device incorporates an internet connection, the optimization of the cost of the energy used is included. This option allows the device that we have called the recorder / comparator to connect every day to an internet address, from which the price of the electric energy will be downloaded in the next 24 hours. With this, after the request for activation of a load in our system, you will respond with an evaluation on the minimization of the price that the consumption of said electric energy will imply, advising the user to postpone said activation in case there is a time section in the Make the cost more favorable.
El conocer en todo momento el consumo de energla que tenemos en cada una de las fasesKnowing at all times the energy consumption we have in each of the phases
permite que el registrador/comparador pueda ser utilizado como limitador de potencia utilizada.It allows the recorder / comparator to be used as a power limiter used.
77
Con ello, ante la solicitud de conexion de una nueva carga, puede responder bien impidiendo su activacion o bien, de manera inteligente empleando metadomotica, determinando cual de las cargas ya conectadas puede tener menos importancia o peso en ese momento en la instalacion, desconectandola para permitir el conectar la nueva sin sobrepasar el llmite de 5 potencia contratada.With this, upon request of connection of a new load, you can respond either by preventing its activation or, intelligently using metadomotics, determining which of the already connected loads may have less importance or weight at that time in the installation, disconnecting it to allow to connect the new one without exceeding the limit of 5 contracted power.
Las entradas del actuador deben estar aisladas electricamente entre si, para una diferencia de potencial de 400 V, de manera que no haya peligro de que se produzca un arco electrico entre las conexiones. Igualmente, como medida de precaucion ante ordenes erroneas, las salidas deben estar enclavadas en grupos de tres, de manera que nunca puedan estar activas dos de 10 ellas simultaneamente. Las salidas del actuador son capaces de soportar un suministro de hasta 16 A. En caso de precisarse controlar cargas de mayor potencia puede utilizarse una etapa intermedia de potencia alimentando desde ella a la bobina de excitacion de un contactor que soporte la corriente suficiente.The actuator inputs must be electrically isolated from each other, for a potential difference of 400 V, so that there is no danger of an electric arc between the connections. Likewise, as a precaution against erroneous orders, the exits must be interlocked in groups of three, so that two of them can never be active simultaneously. The actuator outputs are capable of supporting a supply of up to 16 A. In case it is necessary to control loads of greater power, an intermediate stage of power can be used by feeding from it to the excitation coil of a contactor that supports sufficient current.
Cuando se disena una instalacion electrica el proyectista intenta, sobre el papel, que las 15 hipotesis de funcionamiento asignen va lores parecidos a la intensidad que suministrara cada una de las fases que alimenta la misma. Sin embargo es muy diffcil el que, en la practica, se consiga este hecho debido, sobre todo, al desconocimiento que a priori puede tenerse sobre el uso que el usuario va a hacer de ellas. Una vez realizada una instalacion es compleja la reasignacion de cargas a las diferentes fases y, a menos que el desequilibrio sea muy 20 evidente, suele preferirse asumir el coste que supone la perdida de potencia global respecto a la capacidad de la red para transportar la energla y en la instalacion del abonado. La posibilidad de reasignar de manera dinamica las cargas a las diferentes fases supone un avance muy considerable cara a solucionar un problem a que supone un perjuicio economico para el usuario final (tanto en la parte de energla consumida como en la de generacion de 25 energla reactiva como consecuencia subyacente) pero que a buen seguro lo va a tener en proximas fechas y que, desde el punto de vista energetico, supone un despilfarro de la energia que no podemos asumir.When an electrical installation is designed, the designer tries, on paper, that the 15 operating hypotheses assign values similar to the intensity that each of the phases that feeds the same will supply. However, it is very difficult that, in practice, this fact is achieved due, above all, to the ignorance that a priori can be had about the use that the user will make of them. Once an installation is carried out, the reallocation of loads to the different phases is complex and, unless the imbalance is very evident, it is usually preferred to assume the cost of the loss of global power with respect to the capacity of the network to transport the energy and at the subscriber's installation. The possibility of dynamically reallocating the loads to the different phases implies a very considerable advance in order to solve a problem that involves economic damage for the end user (both in the part of consumed energy and in the generation of reactive energy). as an underlying consequence) but that it will surely have it in the near future and that, from the energetic point of view, it is a waste of the energy that we cannot assume.
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| DE3214367A1 (en) * | 1982-04-20 | 1983-11-03 | Pilz Apparatebau Gmbh & Co, 7302 Ostfildern | Device for monitoring current failure in at least one phase of a three-phase load |
| FR2635385B1 (en) * | 1988-08-09 | 1990-10-05 | Electricite De France | DEVICE FOR MONITORING THE IMBALANCE OF THE ELECTRICAL POWER CALLED ON THE CONDUCTIVE LINES OF AN ALTERNATIVE ELECTRICAL NETWORK OR OF A THREE-PHASE INDOOR INSTALLATION |
| JP5008669B2 (en) * | 2006-08-16 | 2012-08-22 | 株式会社アドバンテスト | Load fluctuation compensation circuit, electronic device, test apparatus, timing generation circuit, and load fluctuation compensation method |
| US8626462B2 (en) * | 2009-12-02 | 2014-01-07 | General Electric Company | Phase identification system and method |
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