ES2492366A1 - Ballistic rod for photogrammetry and laser scanner (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Ballistic rod for photogrammetry and laser scanner (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2492366A1
ES2492366A1 ES201330320A ES201330320A ES2492366A1 ES 2492366 A1 ES2492366 A1 ES 2492366A1 ES 201330320 A ES201330320 A ES 201330320A ES 201330320 A ES201330320 A ES 201330320A ES 2492366 A1 ES2492366 A1 ES 2492366A1
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Prior art keywords
main body
rod
ballistic
laser
threaded
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ES201330320A
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Spanish (es)
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ES2492366B1 (en
Inventor
Pablo RODRÍGUEZ GONZÁLVEZ
Jesús FERNÁNDEZ HERNÁNDEZ
Diego GONZÁLEZ AGUILERA
Ángel Luis MUÑOZ NIETO
Fernando PÉREZ ÁLVAREZ
David HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ
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Universidad de Salamanca
Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
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Universidad de Salamanca
Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
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Priority to ES201330320A priority Critical patent/ES2492366B1/en
Publication of ES2492366A1 publication Critical patent/ES2492366A1/en
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Publication of ES2492366B1 publication Critical patent/ES2492366B1/en
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G5/00Elevating or traversing control systems for guns
    • F41G5/26Apparatus for testing or checking
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G1/00Sighting devices
    • F41G1/54Devices for testing or checking ; Tools for adjustment of sights
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/32Devices for testing or checking
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42BEXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B35/00Testing or checking of ammunition
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01CMEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C11/00Photogrammetry or videogrammetry, e.g. stereogrammetry; Photographic surveying
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01SDEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range

Abstract

Ballistic rod for laser scanner and photogrammetry. Ballistic rod for laser scanning and photogrammetric systems in forensic engineering that allows to obtain ballistic trajectories. This rod is easily recognizable by laser and photogrammetric scanning systems automatically, accurately and reliably. It comprises a main body (1) of polytetrafluoroethylene, having a tubular configuration with threaded ends, binary bands (3) arranged along the main body (1), a first interchangeable accessory (2) having conoid shape and having a threaded end for engaging at one end of the main body (1), and a second interchangeable accessory having a threaded end for engaging at the other end of the main body (1) and selected from a circular flat plate (4.1) and a hook (4.2). (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

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VARILLA BALÍSTICA PARA FOTOGRAMETRÍA Y LASER ESCÁNER BALLISTIC ROD FOR PHOTOGRAMETRY AND LASER SCANNER

D E S C R I P C I Ó N D E S C R I P C I Ó N

OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓN OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

La presente invención se refiere a una varilla destinada a ser empleada junto con sistemas de escaneo láser y fotogramétrico que permite obtener de forma fiable y precisa las trayectorias balísticas en el campo de la ingeniería forense. The present invention relates to a rod intended to be used together with laser and photogrammetric scanning systems that allows to obtain the ballistic trajectories in the field of forensic engineering reliably and accurately.

ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

La ingeniería forense es la encargada del estudio de la escena de un crimen, y dentro de las disciplinas que la componen, la balística se encarga del estudio de los proyectiles. La balística forense se subdivide en tres: interior, exterior y de efectos. Forensic engineering is responsible for the study of the scene of a crime, and within the disciplines that compose it, ballistics is responsible for the study of projectiles. Forensic ballistics is subdivided into three: interior, exterior and effects.

Para poder resolver la balística exterior es necesario disponer de información referente al desplazamiento del proyectil en la escena del crimen desde el momento en el que dicho proyectil sale del cañón. Para este fin existen unos accesorios consistentes en varillas, espigas To be able to solve the external ballistics it is necessary to have information regarding the displacement of the projectile at the scene of the crime from the moment in which said projectile leaves the cannon. For this purpose there are accessories consisting of rods, spikes

o tubos de diámetros dados, que permiten materializar físicamente la trayectoria que siguió el proyectil en los orificios perforantes causados por las armas de fuego. Esta trayectoria aproximada (acimut y elevación) permite proseguir en los análisis forenses y descartar o proponer hipótesis acerca de la posición aproximada del lugar del disparo y de la trayectoria seguida por la bala. La captura de dicha trayectoria se realiza mediante una captura fotográfica convencional durante la inspección de la escena del crimen para posteriores análisis cualitativos, puesto que por su acabado homogéneo son difícilmente aplicables a análisis cuantitativos y precisos mediante técnicas fotogramétricas. or tubes of given diameters, which allow to physically materialize the trajectory that the projectile followed in the perforating holes caused by the firearms. This approximate trajectory (azimuth and elevation) allows the forensic analysis to continue and to discard or propose hypotheses about the approximate position of the firing place and the trajectory followed by the bullet. The capture of this trajectory is carried out by means of a conventional photographic capture during the inspection of the crime scene for subsequent qualitative analyzes, since due to their homogeneous finish they are hardly applicable to quantitative and precise analyzes by means of photogrammetric techniques.

Como complemento, para extrapolar la trayectoria del proyectil se emplean cuerdas y/o punteros láser, y existe la posibilidad de usar clinómetros para obtener la medida angular. Todas estas medidas y toma de datos se realizan en la propia escena del crimen. Por ello los métodos convencionales están limitados a la adquisición de la información durante la fase de inspección del escenario del crimen, con la consecuente limitación en la exactitud del dato As a complement, ropes and / or laser pointers are used to extrapolate the trajectory of the projectile, and there is the possibility of using clinometers to obtain the angular measurement. All these measures and data collection are carried out at the crime scene itself. Therefore, conventional methods are limited to the acquisition of information during the inspection phase of the crime scene, with the consequent limitation in the accuracy of the data.

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recogido y son susceptibles de una documentación incompleta. collected and are susceptible to incomplete documentation.

Debido a los problemas que presentan estas metodologías de captura actualmente se están sustituyendo por modernos métodos geomáticos como el láser escáner terrestre y los sistemas fotogramétricos automáticos. En particular, gracias a los sistemas de escaneo láser se consigue una digitalización tridimensional exhaustiva, no destructiva, precisa y objetiva de todo el conjunto de la escena del crimen. Due to the problems presented by these capture methodologies, they are currently being replaced by modern geomatic methods such as the terrestrial laser scanner and automatic photogrammetric systems. In particular, thanks to laser scanning systems, an exhaustive, non-destructive, precise and objective three-dimensional digitization of the entire crime scene is achieved.

Sin embargo, en el aspecto referente a la balística exterior las varillas comerciales actualmente existentes no son correctamente registradas por los sistemas de escaneo láser, por su material constructivo y/o su recubrimiento superficial, imposibilitando la determinación de puntos 3D en la superficie de la varilla y por tanto la determinación de la trayectoria balística. Asimismo, tampoco es posible con los diseños de varillas actuales proporcionar una reconstrucción automática y métrica a través de los sistemas fotogramétricos. However, in the aspect related to external ballistics, the currently existing commercial rods are not correctly registered by the laser scanning systems, by their construction material and / or their surface coating, making it impossible to determine 3D points on the surface of the rod and therefore the determination of the ballistic trajectory. Also, it is not possible with current rod designs to provide automatic and metric reconstruction through photogrammetric systems.

Con las varillas actuales es necesario recurrir a sistemas fotográficos e identificadores manuales para proporcionar la orientación y la posición de la propia varilla y por consiguiente para inferir cualquier cálculo balístico. With current rods it is necessary to resort to photographic systems and manual identifiers to provide the orientation and position of the rod itself and therefore to infer any ballistic calculation.

DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

La varilla balística de la presente invención permite obtener las trayectorias balísticas en el campo de la ingeniería forense. Se trata de una varilla destinada a ser empleada con sistemas de escaneo láser y fotogramétricos. La clave de la presente invención es que la varilla balística propuesta es fácilmente reconocible por este tipo de sistemas de escaneo de forma automática, precisa y fiable. The ballistic rod of the present invention allows obtaining ballistic trajectories in the field of forensic engineering. It is a rod intended to be used with laser and photogrammetric scanning systems. The key to the present invention is that the proposed ballistic rod is easily recognizable by this type of scanning systems automatically, accurately and reliably.

La varilla balística comprende un cuerpo principal de configuración tubular que es de politetrafluoroetileno. Este material permite una perfecta detección de la posición de la varilla balística por parte de la señal electromagnética emitida por los sistemas de escaneo láser y fotogramétricos gracias a su respuesta espectral. El interior del cuerpo principal es de acero o fibra de carbono. La varilla balística comprende además unas bandas binarias dispuestas a lo largo del cuerpo principal que permiten la reconstrucción de la varilla por medios de The ballistic rod comprises a main body of tubular configuration that is made of polytetrafluoroethylene. This material allows a perfect detection of the position of the ballistic rod by the electromagnetic signal emitted by the laser and photogrammetric scanning systems thanks to its spectral response. The inside of the main body is made of steel or carbon fiber. The ballistic rod further comprises binary bands arranged along the main body that allow the reconstruction of the rod by means of

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fotogrametría convergente. Su disposición permite identificar automáticamente al menos dos puntos en cada fotografía para dichos medios de reconstrucción. convergent photogrammetry. Its arrangement allows to automatically identify at least two points in each photograph for said reconstruction means.

El cuerpo principal de la varilla tiene los extremos roscados destinados al acoplamiento de unos accesorios intercambiables. Un primer accesorio intercambiable dispone de un extremo roscado y tiene forma conoide. Dicho primer accesorio intercambiable está destinado a quedar acoplado en un primer extremo del cuerpo principal. Un segundo accesorio intercambiable dispone también de un extremo roscado y está destinado a quedar acoplado en un segundo extremo del cuerpo principal. Este segundo accesorio se selecciona entre una placa plana circular y un gancho. The main body of the rod has threaded ends intended for coupling interchangeable accessories. A first interchangeable accessory has a threaded end and is cone-shaped. Said first interchangeable accessory is intended to be coupled at a first end of the main body. A second interchangeable accessory also has a threaded end and is intended to be coupled to a second end of the main body. This second accessory is selected between a flat circular plate and a hook.

El segundo accesorio intercambiable con forma de placa plana circular está destinado a su empleo en fotogrametría de rango cercano. En una realización particular de la invención dicha placa plana circular comprende unas marcas en el perímetro de la placa y en el centro de ésta tal que le dan apariencia de diana. The second interchangeable accessory in the form of a circular flat plate is intended for use in near-range photogrammetry. In a particular embodiment of the invention said circular flat plate comprises marks on the perimeter of the plate and in the center of the plate such that they give it the appearance of a target.

El segundo accesorio intercambiable es un gancho destinado a enganchar un sedal que permite determinar trayectorias balísticas largas. The second interchangeable accessory is a hook destined to hook a line that allows to determine long ballistic trajectories.

DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Para complementar la descripción que se está realizando y con objeto de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características de la invención, de acuerdo con un ejemplo preferente de realización práctica de la misma, se acompaña como parte integrante de dicha descripción, un juego de dibujos en donde con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo, se ha representado lo siguiente: To complement the description that is being made and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to a preferred example of practical implementation thereof, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part of said description. where, for illustrative and non-limiting purposes, the following has been represented:

Figura 1.- Muestra una vista de la varilla balística que comprende un segundo accesorio intercambiable en forma de placa plana circular. Figure 1.- Shows a view of the ballistic rod comprising a second interchangeable accessory in the form of a circular flat plate.

Figura 2.- Muestra una vista de la varilla balística que comprende un segundo accesorio intercambiable en forma de gancho para detectar las trayectorias balísticas a grandes distancias. Figure 2.- Shows a view of the ballistic rod comprising a second interchangeable hook-shaped accessory for detecting ballistic trajectories over long distances.

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REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓN PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

Seguidamente se describe, con ayuda de las figuras 1 a 2 anteriormente referidas, una realización preferente de la invención. Next, a preferred embodiment of the invention is described with the aid of Figures 1 to 2 above.

La varilla balística para sistemas de escaneo láser y fotogramétricos en ingeniería forense de la presente invención comprende esencialmente un cuerpo principal (1) de politetrafluoroetileno de configuración tubular y extremos roscados. En el interior de dicho cuerpo principal (1) se dispone un núcleo que es de acero o fibra de carbono. El material del núcleo de la varilla balística permite dotarla de rigidez evitando el pandeo durante su uso y conseguir que la trayectoria de la bala quede definida perfectamente según una trayectoria recta, que es la trayectoria real de la bala, y no una trayectoria curva. The ballistic rod for laser and photogrammetric scanning systems in forensic engineering of the present invention essentially comprises a main body (1) of tubular shaped polytetrafluoroethylene and threaded ends. Inside said main body (1) there is a core that is made of steel or carbon fiber. The material of the core of the ballistic rod allows it to be stiffened, avoiding buckling during use and ensuring that the trajectory of the bullet is perfectly defined according to a straight path, which is the actual trajectory of the bullet, and not a curved path.

El material del cuerpo principal (1) es politetrafluoroetileno gracias a que la respuesta espectral de dicho material permite su detección automática y precisa por parte de los sistemas de escaneo láser. The material of the main body (1) is polytetrafluoroethylene thanks to the fact that the spectral response of said material allows its automatic and precise detection by laser scanning systems.

El cuerpo principal (1) comprende en su exterior unas bandas binarias (3) que permiten su reconstrucción fotogramétrica automática. Su disposición permite identificar automáticamente al menos dos puntos en cada fotografía para dichos fines de reconstrucción. Las bandas binarias The main body (1) comprises on its exterior binary bands (3) that allow its automatic photogrammetric reconstruction. Its arrangement allows you to automatically identify at least two points in each photograph for such reconstruction purposes. Binary bands

(3) permiten la reconstrucción métrica y automática de la varilla balística por medios de fotogrametría convergente. (3) allow the metric and automatic reconstruction of the ballistic rod by means of convergent photogrammetry.

Los dos extremos del cuerpo principal (1) están roscados tal que la varilla comprende unos accesos intercambiables, con extremos roscados, destinados a quedar colocados en los extremos roscados del cuerpo principal (1). Así pues la varilla balística de la invención comprende un primer accesorio intercambiable (2) que tiene un extremo roscado y está destinado a quedar acoplado en un primer extremo del cuerpo principal (1), y que tiene forma conoide. The two ends of the main body (1) are threaded such that the rod comprises interchangeable accesses, with threaded ends, intended to be placed at the threaded ends of the main body (1). Thus the ballistic rod of the invention comprises a first interchangeable accessory (2) that has a threaded end and is intended to be coupled to a first end of the main body (1), and which has a cone-shaped shape.

Adicionalmente comprende un segundo accesorio intercambiable (4) que tiene un extremo roscado y está destinado a quedar acoplado en un segundo extremo del cuerpo principal (1). Este segundo accesorio intercambiable se selecciona entre una placa plana circular (4.1) y un Additionally it comprises a second interchangeable accessory (4) that has a threaded end and is intended to be coupled to a second end of the main body (1). This second interchangeable accessory is selected between a circular flat plate (4.1) and a

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gancho (4.2). hook (4.2).

El segundo accesorio intercambiable que es una placa plana circular (4.1) se emplea para fotogrametría de rango cercano. El segundo accesorio intercambiable que es un gancho (4.2) 5 para sedal se emplea para analizar disparos a larga distancia. The second interchangeable accessory that is a circular flat plate (4.1) is used for near-range photogrammetry. The second interchangeable accessory that is a hook (4.2) 5 for fishing lines is used to analyze long-distance shots.

En un ejemplo de realización de la invención, el cuerpo principal (1) tiene unas medidas de 50cm de longitud y 8mm de diámetro exterior. El primer accesorio intercambiable (2) es una punta de bala para facilitar la inserción de la varilla balística en el interior del cuerpo o del objeto In an embodiment of the invention, the main body (1) has measures 50cm in length and 8mm in outer diameter. The first interchangeable accessory (2) is a bullet tip to facilitate the insertion of the ballistic rod inside the body or object

10 que se analiza. En una realización particular de la invención las bandas binarias tienen unas dimensiones de 12mm x 25.1mm y son de composición plástica, con lo que se tiene una mayor durabilidad frente a las manchas. El primer accesorio intercambiable es una punta de bala de 8mm de diámetro que facilita la inserción en orificios de proyectiles de 9mm. 10 that is analyzed. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the binary bands have dimensions of 12mm x 25.1mm and are of plastic composition, which has a greater durability against stains. The first interchangeable accessory is an 8mm diameter bullet tip that facilitates insertion into 9mm projectile holes.

15 El segundo accesorio intercambiable con configuración de placa plana circular (4.1) puede comprender una tarjeta frontal que funciona como identificador del orificio de entrada y permite reconstruir posiciones 3D en vistas desfavorables, es decir frontales a la varilla, tanto en sistemas de escaneo láser como fotogramétricos. Además se puede sustituir en caso de disparos múltiples con perforaciones muy próximas entre sí. Dicha tarjeta frontal es una marca 15 The second interchangeable accessory with circular flat plate configuration (4.1) can comprise a front card that functions as an identifier of the entry hole and allows 3D positions to be reconstructed in unfavorable views, that is to say front of the rod, both in laser scanning systems and photogrammetric It can also be replaced in case of multiple shots with perforations very close to each other. This front card is a brand

20 binaria. Concretamente se trata de una marca en el perímetro y una marca el centro de la placa plana circular (4.1). En una realización particular dicha marca binaria tiene un diámetro de 24 mm y un punto frontal de 2mm que permite identificar el orificio de entrada. 20 binary Specifically it is a mark on the perimeter and a mark the center of the circular flat plate (4.1). In a particular embodiment said binary mark has a diameter of 24 mm and a front point of 2 mm which allows the entry hole to be identified.

En otra realización particular de la invención la varilla balística comprende unos adaptadores In another particular embodiment of the invention the ballistic rod comprises adapters

25 que permiten ampliar su longitud. Dichos adaptadores son unas piezas cilíndricas, roscadas por sus dos extremos, destinadas a quedar acopladas entre un primer extremo de un primer cuerpo principal (1) y un segundo extremo de un segundo cuerpo principal (1), uniéndolos. En una realización particular de la invención dichas piezas cilíndricas tienen el mismo diámetro que el cuerpo cilíndrico (1). 25 that allow to extend its length. Said adapters are cylindrical pieces, threaded at their two ends, intended to be coupled between a first end of a first main body (1) and a second end of a second main body (1), joining them. In a particular embodiment of the invention said cylindrical parts have the same diameter as the cylindrical body (1).

30 30

Claims (1)

P201330320 P201330320 06-03-2013 06-03-2013 R E I V I N D I C A C I O N E S R E I V I N D I C A C I O N E S 1.- Varilla balística para sistemas de escaneo láser y fotogramétricos en ingeniería forense, caracterizada por que comprende:  1.- Ballistic rod for laser and photogrammetric scanning systems in forensic engineering, characterized in that it comprises: 5 - al menos un cuerpo principal (1) de politetrafluoroetileno, que tiene una configuración tubular, y en cuyo interior comprende un núcleo de acero o fibra de carbono, y el cuerpo principal (1) tiene sus extremos roscados, -unas bandas binarias (3) dispuestas a lo largo del cuerpo principal (1), -un primer accesorio intercambiable (2) que tiene un extremo roscado y está destinado a 5 - at least one main body (1) of polytetrafluoroethylene, which has a tubular configuration, and inside which comprises a steel or carbon fiber core, and the main body (1) has its threaded ends, - a binary bands ( 3) arranged along the main body (1), - a first interchangeable accessory (2) that has a threaded end and is intended for 10 quedar acoplado en un primer extremo del cuerpo principal (1), y tiene forma conoide, -un segundo accesorio intercambiable que tiene un extremo roscado y está destinado a quedar acoplado en un segundo extremo del cuerpo principal (1) y que se selecciona entre una placa plana circular (4.1) y un gancho (4.2). 10 be coupled at a first end of the main body (1), and has a cone-shaped shape, - a second interchangeable accessory that has a threaded end and is intended to be coupled at a second end of the main body (1) and is selected from a flat circular plate (4.1) and a hook (4.2). 15 2.- Varilla balística para sistemas de escaneo láser y fotogramétricos según la reivindicación 1 caracterizada por que comprende adicionalmente una pieza cilíndrica, roscada por sus dos extremos, destinada a quedar acoplada entre un primer extremo de un primer cuerpo principal 2. Ballistic rod for laser and photogrammetric scanning systems according to claim 1 characterized in that it further comprises a cylindrical piece, threaded at its two ends, intended to be coupled between a first end of a first main body (1) y un segundo extremo de un segundo cuerpo principal (1), uniéndolos. (1) and a second end of a second main body (1), joining them. 20 3.- Varilla balística para sistemas de escaneo láser y fotogramétricos según la reivindicación 1 caracterizada por que el primer accesorio intercambiable (2) es una punta de bala. 3. Ballistic rod for laser and photogrammetric scanning systems according to claim 1 characterized in that the first interchangeable accessory (2) is a bullet tip. 7 7
ES201330320A 2013-03-06 2013-03-06 Ballistic rod for photogrammetry and laser scanner Active ES2492366B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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ES2492366A1 true ES2492366A1 (en) 2014-09-08
ES2492366B1 ES2492366B1 (en) 2015-07-20

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999028698A2 (en) * 1997-12-03 1999-06-10 Mnemonic Systems Incorporated Standard image capture microscope for forensic identification of firearm ammunition
US20100195087A1 (en) * 2008-02-01 2010-08-05 Faro Technologies, Inc. Method and device for determining a distance from an object
US20110288819A1 (en) * 2008-07-01 2011-11-24 University Of Huddersfield Surface analysis apparatus and method

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999028698A2 (en) * 1997-12-03 1999-06-10 Mnemonic Systems Incorporated Standard image capture microscope for forensic identification of firearm ammunition
US20100195087A1 (en) * 2008-02-01 2010-08-05 Faro Technologies, Inc. Method and device for determining a distance from an object
US20110288819A1 (en) * 2008-07-01 2011-11-24 University Of Huddersfield Surface analysis apparatus and method

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
KATERINA PUENTES DM et al. Three-dimensional reconstitution of bullet trajectory in gunshot wounds: A case repot. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC AND LEGAL MEDICINE. 2009, vol. 16, páginas 407-410. Figuras 1-4. *
WILLIAM R. OLIVER et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a bullet path: validation by computed radiography. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, 1995, vol. 40, no. 2, páginas 321-324. Figura 4. *

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