ES2293950T3 - Protesis de revision modular. - Google Patents

Protesis de revision modular. Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2293950T3
ES2293950T3 ES01118347T ES01118347T ES2293950T3 ES 2293950 T3 ES2293950 T3 ES 2293950T3 ES 01118347 T ES01118347 T ES 01118347T ES 01118347 T ES01118347 T ES 01118347T ES 2293950 T3 ES2293950 T3 ES 2293950T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
way
component according
femoral component
axis
traction
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES01118347T
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English (en)
Inventor
Klaus Draenert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
THURGAUER KANTONALBANK
Original Assignee
THURGAUER KANTONALBANK
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Publication of ES2293950T3 publication Critical patent/ES2293950T3/es
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/32Joints for the hip
    • A61F2/36Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/82Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin for bone cerclage
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/842Flexible wires, bands or straps
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/30721Accessories
    • A61F2/30739Devices connected to the proximal part of an endoprosthetic femoral shaft for reinforcing or replacing the trochanters, e.g. the greater trochanter
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2002/3011Cross-sections or two-dimensional shapes
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Abstract

Componente femoral de una articulación artificial de la cadera para la operación primaria u operación de revisión cementada o no, que comprende un vástago que está configurado de una o varias partes, teniendo el vástago un elemento de construcción cilíndrico, dorsolateral, que está orientado axialmente con respecto al eje (130) del canal óseo medular, que puede ser macizo o estar perforado y que está unido de manera fija o de manera que puede montarse con un segmento (100.1) metafisario anatómico proximal, que está construido de manera cónica, medial y excéntrica, soportando el segmento (100.1) metafisario proximal mediante un hombro (200) el cono (300) para el alojamiento de cabeza céntrico o excéntrico, caracterizado porque el hombro (200) presenta una o más perforaciones (71) para alojar una banda (70) de tracción.

Description

Prótesis de revisión modular.
Antecedentes de la invención
La recuperación de la función de una articulación artificial de la cadera, aflojada implica vencer grandes y pequeños problemas. Los grandes problemas son los problemas de anclaje de una fijación estable con los defectos con frecuencia grandes, que quedan en el soporte óseo, después de haber retirado los componentes articulares. Problemas menores son rellenar los defectos con huesos de banco, esto se consigue con plásticos de "hueso triturado" ("morcellized bone") de tamaño correspondiente (Lamerigts NMP, 1998 Proefschrift an der katholischen Universität Niymegen). En caso de que el soporte óseo se haya reforzado de nuevo mediante huesos de banco, entonces puede cementarse un componente de sustitución articular correspondiente.
Las condiciones para un proceder de este tipo son en este caso estructuras óseas suficientemente estables, que garantizan un anclaje total estable. Sin embargo, con mucha frecuencia, estas estructuras ya no existen, lo que impone requisitos muy especiales con respecto al implante. Por tanto existe una verdadera demanda de sistemas, que puedan adaptarse a las proporciones respectivas y que consideren diferentes principios de fijación biomecánicos. En base a estos conocimientos pudo encontrarse de una manera sorprendentemente sencilla un nuevo acceso al problema de las operaciones de revisión.
Estado de la investigación
Los defectos en el lecho femoral óseo tras retirar una prótesis aflojada pueden alcanzar diferentes extensiones, lo que ha llevado a clasificaciones de los defectos óseos, por ejemplo en la DGOT (Asociación alemana de ortopedia y traumatología) (Bettin, D., Katthagen, B. D. (1997) Die DGOT-Klassifikation von Knochendefekten bei Hüft-Totalendoprothesen-Revisionsoperationen Z. Orthop. 135). En parte las destrucciones óseas son considerables. El tratamiento de los componentes aflojados se basa en la retirada completa de los componentes y dado el caso, del cemento óseo y de todo el tejido conjuntivo que rodea al implante. Sólo entonces puede evaluarse de manera realista la extensión de la pérdida ósea. Con frecuencia, el anclaje de un nuevo componente sólo es posible venciendo los defectos y anclándolos en profundidad en la diáfisis femoral aún sana, y concretamente con mucha frecuencia sin cemento. Así, en el documento US PA 5.725.592 se describe una prótesis modular, sin cemento, que se aplica para operaciones primarias, y que en las revisiones no tiene suficientes posibilidades de anclaje, sobre todo proximalmente.
Otro método es la reconstrucción del hueso con hueso de banco triturado y volver a cementar un componente de este tipo, descrito de manera global en Lamerigts, N. M. (1998) The Incorporative Process of Morcellized Bone Graft. Proefschrift University Nijmegen (Katholische Universität). En ambos casos, generalmente el anclaje no es estable proximalmente, los implantes son muy largos y pesados y los resultados son claramente peores que los de las operaciones primarias.
Exámenes y experimentos sencillos en hueso de cadáver mostraron sorprendentemente posibilidades muy eficaces, para anclar y fijar componentes femorales también con varillas más cortas de una manera muy estable en lugares receptores óseos defectuosos.
Descripción de la invención
El sistema de banda de tracción modular permite la adaptación a diferentes estados defectuosos en la revisión de un componente femoral aflojado. La invención considera en este caso diferentes defectos que han de vencerse con respecto a la longitud del vástago o la varilla y diferentes posibilidades de anclaje adicionales en el lugar receptor del fémur proximal. El sistema modular está compuesto fundamentalmente por un eje (100), que corresponde a un cilindro alrededor del eje del canal medular. Alrededor de este cilindro deben disponerse en fila diferentes segmentos: el segmento (100.1) base puede ser de diferente longitud y siempre se compone de la punta (102) y el cilindro (103) axial. Por encima del cilindro axial pueden ensartarse uno, raramente dos o más (100.2, 100.3) segmentos de vástago, a los que a continuación siempre sigue un segmento (100.1) base. La superficie (105) de alojamiento en el segmento base está diseñada de manera cóncava, el extremo correspondiente del segmento central está diseñado de manera convexa o a la inversa, ambos extremos que se articulan también pueden engancharse entre sí de manera cónica, ha dado buenos resultados especialmente un diseño de superficie de enganche mutuo, curvado, que protegen un giro y tiene en cuenta las fuerzas de tracción sobre la cara lateral y fuerzas de compresión sobre la cara medial.
El cilindro (103) axial y la perforación correspondiente son lisos o están estructurados con una ranura de guiado y salientes, para una protección contra el giro. Según el defecto que haya que vencer se determina la longitud de la prótesis y por encima del cilindro (103) axial central se coloca un segmento (100.2) central a través de la perforación (106). La sección (108) transversal del vástago está compuesta por el cilindro lateral, que también puede ser hueco (109 y 112), el segmento (111) de unión y la parte (110) medial y forma el contorno convexo-cóncavo-convexo (104) de la cara dorsal. El canal del anclaje de tracción (varilla de empuje) atraviesa (113) la parte medial por zonas amplias.
El segmento metafisario muestra en la forma de U de la transmisión de fuerzas medial, ventral y dorsalmente una superficie de revestimiento curvada en forma de parábola. El hombro (200) de la prótesis presenta otras perforaciones para bandas (60) de tracción y cables (71). En el cono de la prótesis (300) se aloja el anclaje (50) de empuje, que axialmente a través del cono para un tornillo de tracción o, tal como se muestra, con arandela (54) y cabeza (51) de tornillo, así como una tuerca (55) protegida frente al giro. Los demás anclajes de tracción también pueden realizarse como tornillos de tracción sencillos (por ejemplo 60), estando colocada entonces la cabeza de tornillo en el hombro (200) y la rosca electrodo tornillo de tracción, distalmente en el hueso.
Mediante la combinación de anclaje de tracción, tornillos de tracción y cables, los vástagos de prótesis pueden fijarse de una manera estable incluso en lugares receptores de hueso con grandes defectos.
Ejemplo
Tras un diagnóstico claro de un aflojamiento de prótesis de cadera, la articulación se descubre a través del acceso anterior; se retira cuidadosamente el tejido cicatricial, se luxa la articulación y se retira la varilla aflojada. Generalmente puede extraerse de manera sencilla, raramente se requiere un instrumento de extracción. A continuación, se extrae cuidadosamente el cemento óseo y el tejido conjuntivo, pudiendo ser de gran utilidad en este caso un escoplo de titanio de ultrasonidos.
El lugar receptor de hueso, que se ha liberado de tejido conjuntivo, se lava intensamente con lavado con irrigación a presión ("Jet-Lavage") y a continuación se reconstruye de manera ósea; para ello se utiliza hueso de banco, que se trituró en un molino, este denominado "morcellized bone" (hueso triturado) se mezcla 50:50 con una cerámica ósea en forma de envoltura como granulado, por ejemplo Synthacer®, y se comprime con ayuda de una varilla de ensayo en el conducto medular óseo de forma parietal. Después se introducen tubos de drenaje a través de la fosa intertrocantérea y se conectan a un vacío. A continuación se lava el canal medular óseo con cuidado con H_{2}O_{2} y se rellena con cemento óseo, para lo que se utiliza un sistema de aplicación de esnórquel. En el lecho relleno de cemento óseo y hueso se introduce axialmente la prótesis montada. Tras endurecer el cemento se perfora la prótesis de manera axialmente cónica y en caso necesario mediante otras perforaciones predeterminadas y se ancla de manera estable con anclajes de tracción o tornillos de tracción en el hueso del lugar receptor proximal. Los tornillos también pueden atornillarse ventajosamente a través del cemento aún blando, cuando las perforaciones se perforaron previamente en el hueso. Esto tiene la ventaja de que el cemento óseo se embute en caliente en la rosca de tornillo.
En condiciones óseas aún estables, el sistema de prótesis también puede anclarse en el lugar receptor del fémur de manera estable sin cemento óseo.
Prótesis de revisión modular
Fig. 01
Sistema modular NPS proyectado en un fémur.
Fig. 01/00
Segmentos de varilla
Fig. 01/100.1
Segmento metafisario
Fig. 01/100.2
Segmento central diafisario
Fig. 01/100.3
Segmento base
Fig. 01/101
Desplazamiento = Eje de canal de médula ósea-centro de rotación
Fig. 01/102
Punta del segmento base
Fig. 01/103
Cilindro axial del segmento base
Fig. 01/105
Superficie de alojamiento de los segmentos (segmento base y segmento de vástago)
Fig. 01/106
Perforación del segmento de vástago
Fig. 01/110
Perforación de apertura
Fig. 01/130
Canal de médula ósea
Fig. 01/200
Hombro de la prótesis
Fig. 10/300
Cono de la prótesis
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Fig. 01/50
Anclaje de empuje
Fig. 01/51
Cabeza de tornillo
Fig. 01/54
Arandela
Fig. 01/55
Tuerca cónica
Fig. 01/60
Tornillo de anclaje de tracción
Fig. 01/70
Banda de tracción
Fig. 01/71
Perforación en el hombro de la prótesis para banda de tracción
Fig. 02
Fig. 02/104
Segmento de transición entre parte lateral y parte medial de la sección transversal de la prótesis en el segmento metafisario
Fig. 02/108
Curvatura convexa-cóncava-convexa de la superficie de revestimiento dorsal
Fig. 02/109
Segmento metafisario, parte lateral
Fig. 02/110
Segmento metafisario, parte medial
Fig. 02/111
Curvatura convexa de la superficie de revestimiento ventral
Fig. 02/112
Perforación a lo largo del eje del canal en el segmento lateral
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Fig. 02/113
Canal de perforación de anclaje de empuje
Fig. 03
Sistema modular NPS proyectado en un fémur.
Fig. 03/100
Segmentos de varilla
Fig. 03/100.1
Segmento metafisario
Fig. 03/100.3
Segmento base
Fig. 03/101
Desplazamiento = Eje de canal de médula ósea-centro de rotación
Fig. 03/102
Punta del segmento base
Fig. 03/103
Cilindro axial del segmento base
Fig. 03/105
Superficie de alojamiento de los segmentos (segmento base y segmento de vástago)
Fig. 03/106
Perforación del segmento de vástago
Fig. 03/110
Perforación de apertura
Fig. 03/130
Eje de canal de médula ósea
Fig. 03/200
Hombro de la prótesis
Fig. 03/300
Cono de la prótesis
Fig. 03/50
Anclaje de empuje
Fig. 03/51
Cabeza de tornillo
Fig. 03/54
Arandela
Fig. 03/55
Tuerca cónica
Fig. 03/60
Tornillo de anclaje de tracción
Fig. 03/70
Banda de tracción
Fig. 03/71
Perforación en el hombro de la prótesis para banda de tracción.

Claims (15)

1. Componente femoral de una articulación artificial de la cadera para la operación primaria u operación de revisión cementada o no, que comprende
un vástago que está configurado de una o varias partes,
teniendo el vástago un elemento de construcción cilíndrico, dorsolateral, que está orientado axialmente con respecto al eje (130) del canal óseo medular, que puede ser macizo o estar perforado y que está unido de manera fija o de manera que puede montarse con un segmento (100.1) metafisario anatómico proximal, que está construido de manera cónica, medial y excéntrica,
soportando el segmento (100.1) metafisario proximal mediante un hombro (200) el cono (300) para el alojamiento de cabeza céntrico o excéntrico, caracterizado porque el hombro (200) presenta una o más perforaciones (71) para alojar una banda (70) de tracción.
2. Componente femoral según la reivindicación (1), configurado de tal manera que el elemento (103) de construcción cilíndrico como eje de construcción continuo aloja dorsal y lateralmente el segmento metafisario reniforme en una sección transversal mediante una perforación completa o no cerrada y que éste está configurado de una o varias partes.
3. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) y (2), construido de tal manera que el eje del vástago femoral coincide con el eje del canal femoral y en el plano frontal, el eje central del cuello encierra con el eje diafisario un ángulo de entre 125º y 145º, generalmente de 135º, y en una vista axial abarca un ángulo entre la diáfisis y el eje del cuello femoral, un denominado ángulo de antetorsión de entre 5º y 15º, generalmente de 7º.
4. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (3), diseñado de tal manera que la superficie ventral del segmento (100.1) metafisario proximal está curvada de manera axialmente convexa y de manera cóncava hacia la parte ventral de tal manera que el centro de curvatura está situado ventralmente y el radio de curvatura se reduce de manera continua hacia la parte proximal.
5. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (4), construido de tal manera que la superficie de revestimiento medial del segmento (100.1) metafisario proximal está curvada de manera axialmente convexa y de manera cóncava a lo largo del contorno medial y concretamente de tal manera, que el centro de curvatura del revestimiento está situado medialmente y su radio disminuye de manera continua hacia la parte proximal.
6. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (5), construido de tal manera que la superficie de revestimiento dorsal del vástago está curvada proximalmente alrededor del eje de la parte lateral hacia la parte medial de manera convexa-cóncava-convexa (104) en forma de un golpe de ola o de un "3" redondeado con lados asimétricos y una transición redondeada.
7. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (6), constituido de tal manera que la superficie de revestimiento lateral del vástago está construida en gran parte en línea recta, de manera cónica en forma de cilindro, saliendo hacia la parte proximal o en forma de rodillo saliendo hacia la parte lateral.
8. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (7), constituido de tal manera que la superficie ventral y/o la superficie medial y/o la superficie dorsal y/o la superficie lateral del vástago está(n) estructurada(s) mediante rebordes longitudinales orientados de manera coaxial.
9. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (8), construido de tal manera que el vástago pasa mediante un componente (200) de hombro al cono (300), que para alojar una banda de tracción presenta una perforación central.
10. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (9), constituido de tal manera que el cono (300) está perforado axialmente con respecto a su eje de construcción o de manera oblicua con respecto al mismo para alojar una banda de tracción o tornillo de tracción, o de manera que el hombro (200) presenta perforaciones adicionales para alojar bandas (60) de tracción adicionales con hilos o cables (71) y/o barras de tracción/empuje y/o tornillos de tracción.
11. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (10), constituido de tal manera que el cono está orientado hacia arriba entre 2º y 9º, generalmente 5º, de tal manera que el ángulo CCD no cambia y el desplazamiento (101) también permanece sin modificar, aunque el eje del cono se proyecta de 2 cm a 4 cm por debajo del tubérculo ilíaco (Tuberculum innominatum) a la circunferencia laterodorsal del fémur compacto.
12. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (11), constituido de tal manera que en el hombro (200) están configuradas perforaciones para alojar bandas de tracción hacia la pared femoral dorsal, lateral y ventral.
\newpage
13. Componente femoral según la reivindicación (12), constituido de tal manera que a través del hombro en varias secciones de nivel están configuradas perforaciones para alojar bandas de tracción hacia la pared femoral dorsal, lateral y ventral.
14. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (13), constituido de tal manera que el implante está fabricado de titanio, tántalo, CoCrMo o una aleación de titanio o tántalo o de acero inoxidable.
15. Componente femoral según las reivindicaciones (1) a (14), constituido de tal manera que la superficie de la mitad proximal presenta una rugosidad de 50 a 250 \mum, preferiblemente de 80 a 150 \mum.
ES01118347T 2000-07-29 2001-07-27 Protesis de revision modular. Expired - Lifetime ES2293950T3 (es)

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EP1175877A3 (de) 2003-10-22
EP1175877B1 (de) 2007-09-26
DE10036984A1 (de) 2002-02-07
ATE373998T1 (de) 2007-10-15
US20020045950A1 (en) 2002-04-18
US6770100B2 (en) 2004-08-03
DE50113053D1 (de) 2007-11-08

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