ES2288327B1 - QUANTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF UREA THROUGH NON INVASIVE TECHNIQUES AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE TREATMENT OF HEMODIALISIS. - Google Patents
QUANTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF UREA THROUGH NON INVASIVE TECHNIQUES AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE TREATMENT OF HEMODIALISIS. Download PDFInfo
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- ES2288327B1 ES2288327B1 ES200401303A ES200401303A ES2288327B1 ES 2288327 B1 ES2288327 B1 ES 2288327B1 ES 200401303 A ES200401303 A ES 200401303A ES 200401303 A ES200401303 A ES 200401303A ES 2288327 B1 ES2288327 B1 ES 2288327B1
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- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000001631 haemodialysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000000322 hemodialysis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 208000037157 Azotemia Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 108010046334 Urease Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000385 dialysis solution Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 208000020832 chronic kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000022831 chronic renal failure syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009134 cell regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004020 intracellular membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000013399 early diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002615 hemofiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002977 intracellular fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000017169 kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006370 kidney failure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003907 kidney function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000474 nursing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005375 photometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
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Abstract
Cuantificación y Determinación de Urea Mediante Técnicas no Invasivas y su Aplicación en el Tratamiento de Hemodiálisis. En relación a la figura 1, el sistema de medida consta de un módulo de adquisición de datos (4) y de un sensor (3) mismo que se adapta a la línea arterial (2) de cualquier equipo de hemodiálisis comercial (1) una vez que la señal ha sido obtenida mediante el módulo de disparo (5) el resultado de la concentración de urea pueden ser leídos por el usuario a través de un pantalla gráfica de caracteres alfanuméricos (6) o bien mediante una interface gráfica (7).Urea Quantification and Determination by Non-Invasive Techniques and its Application in the Treatment of Hemodialysis. In relation to figure 1, the measurement system consists of a data acquisition module (4) and a sensor (3) itself that adapts to the arterial line (2) of any commercial hemodialysis equipment (1) a Once the signal has been obtained by means of the trigger module (5), the result of the urea concentration can be read by the user through a graphical display of alphanumeric characters (6) or through a graphic interface (7).
Description
Cuantificación y determinación de urea mediante técnicas no invasivas y su aplicación en el tratamiento de hemodiálisis.Quantification and determination of urea by non-invasive techniques and their application in the treatment of hemodialysis.
La presente invención esta relacionada con los procedimientos para la medida de urea en línea en aquellos pacientes sujetos al tratamiento de hemodiálisis. El modelo y el método de medida utilizado tienen su fundamento en la descripción de los mecanismos de regulación celular y su relación con los niveles de hidratación celular, cuya variabilidad es un claro indicativo del nivel de concentración de urea en sangre. Para ello se emplean técnicas no invasivas ya que el sistema de medida no tiene contacto físico directo con el paciente, ni con el equipo de hemodiálisis; en virtud de que el sensor tan solo se adapta a la línea arterial de la cánula de extracción de sangre; lo que permite obtener de forma inmediata la medida de concentración de urea durante el proceso de hemofiltración.The present invention is related to procedures for measuring urea online in those patients subject to hemodialysis treatment. The model and the Measurement method used is based on the description of the mechanisms of cellular regulation and their relationship with levels of cellular hydration, whose variability is a clear indication of the blood urea concentration level. For this they are used non-invasive techniques since the measurement system has no contact direct physicist with the patient, or with the hemodialysis team; in because the sensor only adapts to the arterial line of the blood collection cannula; what allows to obtain of form Immediate measurement of urea concentration during the process of hemofiltration
La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) es un padecimiento cuya etiología es variada, los síntomas de la misma son muchas veces poco sistematizados lo que hace difícil su diagnóstico temprano. Las causas más comunes de insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC), son la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensión arterial sumando juntas hasta un 70 o 80% de los casos. Desde luego el reto más importante para los clínicos es la detección oportuna de la IRC y evitar su progresión; sin embargo existen algunos pacientes que a pesar de todo progresan a un estadio terminal de la enfermedad, requiriendo para seguir con vida de la sustitución de la función renal. Dentro de los métodos de tratamientos sustitutivos de la función renal la hemodiálisis es el mas común en el ámbito mundial, dicho procedimiento requiere de una evaluación no solo clínica si no bioquímica de cada uno de los enfermos para poder estar en condiciones de adecuar el citado tratamiento.Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a condition whose etiology is varied, its symptoms they are often little systematized which makes their difficult early diagnosis The most common causes of kidney failure Chronic (CRF), are diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure adding together up to 70 or 80% of cases. Of course the challenge most important for clinicians is the timely detection of IRC and prevent its progression; however there are some patients who at nevertheless they progress to a terminal stage of the disease, requiring to remain alive from the replacement of the function renal. Within the methods of substitute treatments of renal function hemodialysis is the most common worldwide, this procedure requires a clinical evaluation not only if non-biochemistry of each of the patients to be able to be in conditions to adapt the aforementioned treatment.
Recientemente se ha utilizado el modelo cinético de la urea (KTV) para poder determinar si un tratamiento de este tipo es adecuado o no; en este modelo se mide el nivel sérico de la urea al inicio y al final del tratamiento, implicando un gasto importante no solo en el aspecto económico si no en el de recursos humanos y materiales.Recently the kinetic model has been used of urea (KTV) to determine if a treatment of this type is suitable or not; in this model the serum level of the urea at the beginning and end of treatment, involving an expense important not only in the economic aspect but also in that of resources Human and material.
La tendencia actual en las técnicas de diálisis, es la de hacer uso de elementos de medida cada vez más eficaces y membranas de mayor superficie y permeabilidad. Las técnicas de medida On-line utilizan sensores que entran en contacto con la sangre y por tanto, han de ser desechables. El titular de la presente invención M.C. Gustavo A. Martínez Chavez, ha diseñado un prototipo, cuyo funcionamiento se centraliza en el empleo de técnicas fotométricas dentro del rango de la luz visible y del infrarrojo próximo, a efecto de obtener información relevante de la concentración de urea durante el proceso de diálisis. Sin que para ello se tenga contacto con el circuito estéril que se establece en la práctica de este tipo de procedimiento.The current trend in dialysis techniques, is to make use of increasingly effective measuring elements and membranes of greater surface and permeability. The techniques of On-line measurement use sensors that enter contact with blood and therefore must be disposable. He holder of the present invention M.C. Gustavo A. Martínez Chavez, has designed a prototype, whose operation is centralized in the use of photometric techniques within the range of visible light and near infrared, in order to obtain relevant information of the urea concentration during the dialysis process. Without for this, contact is made with the sterile circuit that establishes in practice this type of procedure.
La invención plantea el problema de crear un modelo lo suficientemente descriptivo sobre los mecanismos de regulación celular y su relación con los niveles de hidratación celular (Hiperosmolaridad), cuya variabilidad en aquellos pacientes con trastornos renales son un claro indicativo del nivel de concentración de urea en sangre.The invention poses the problem of creating a sufficiently descriptive model about the mechanisms of cell regulation and its relationship with hydration levels cellular (Hyperosmolarity), whose variability in those patients with kidney disorders are a clear indication of the level of blood urea concentration
Este problema aunado a la concepción de un instrumento de medida que de manera sencilla y con seguridad en su funcionamiento permita medir la concentración de urea durante la práctica del tratamiento de hemodiálisis de forma no invasiva, así como que el coste técnico sea bajo en lo referente a la adquisición de sus componentes y requerimientos de operación.This problem coupled with the conception of a measuring instrument that simply and safely in your operation allows measuring urea concentration during Hemodialysis treatment practice non-invasively as well as the technical cost is low in relation to the acquisition of its components and operation requirements.
Este problema se resuelve según esta invención, con la definición del modelo de los mecanismos de control para la hidratación celular, los cuales pueden presentarse como una expansión o compresión (RVD ó RVI) por la acción del cambio de concentración por los fenómenos de Hiper-osmolaridad o Hipo-osmolaridad. (Ref. D. Hausinger, Biochemical Journal, 1996. 313,697-710) y si lo relacionamos con el índice de masa de la célula "m" y asumimos que estas son directamente proporcionales a su área "A" y a la diferencia de concentraciones del líquido intracelular C(t) y el extracelular C(s) (\DeltaC = C(s) – C(t)) contenidos en un volumen constante "V" e inversamente a un espesor "d" del grosor de la célula, es posible la conformación de un modelo de difusión celular expresado como sigue:This problem is solved according to this invention, with the definition of the model of the control mechanisms for cellular hydration, which can be presented as an expansion or compression (RVD or RVI) by the action of the change of concentration due to Hyper- phenomena. osmolarity or hypo-osmolarity. (Ref. D. Hausinger, Biochemical Journal, 1996. 313,697-710) and if we relate it to the mass index of the cell "m" and assume that these are directly proportional to its area "A" and to the difference in concentrations of the intracellular fluid C (t) and the extracellular C (s) (\ Delta C = C (s) - C (t)) contained in a constant volume "V" and inversely to a thickness "d" the thickness of the cell, It is possible to form a cell diffusion model expressed as follows:
Que resulta ser una ecuación ordinaria cuya solución se encuentra determinada por las condiciones iniciales dentro de un intervalo conocido y esta dado por:That turns out to be an ordinary equation whose solution is determined by the initial conditions within a known interval and is given by:
Donde:Where:
C(t) = Variación de concentración de la membrana intracelular (moles/s.) C (t) = Variation of intracellular membrane concentration (moles / s.)
Cs = Concentración de la membrana extracelular (moles/l) Cs = Extracellular membrane concentration (moles / l)
Co = Concentración inicial de la membrana intracelular (moles/l) Co = Initial concentration of the intracellular membrane (moles / l)
A = Área de la célula (cm^{2})A = Cell area (cm2)
d = Espesor de la capa intra-extraceluar (cm)d = Thickness of the layer intra-extracellular (cm)
t = Tiempo (s)t = Time (s)
K= Coeficiente de difusión expresado en (cm^{2}/seg)K = Diffusion coefficient expressed in (cm2 / sec)
La expresión que define la Absorbencia (A) y la Transmitancia (T) y que son la representación matemática más simple de la llamada ley de Beer, quedan expresadas como;The expression that defines Absorbency (A) and Transmittance (T) and that are the simplest mathematical representation of the so-called Beer law, they are expressed as;
Si se sustituye C(t) de la expresión 1 en C de la formula 3, a efecto de poder estimar el cambio de concentración en función a la variación de intensidades en la Absorbancia obtenemos que:If C (t) of the expression 1 in C of formula 3 is substituted, in order to be able to estimate the change in concentration based on the variation of intensities in Absorbance we obtain that:
De la misma manera para encontrar la relación entre el voltaje y la concentración del líquido a medir, considerando el cociente de intensidades expresado como la relación de voltajes dado por:In the same way to find the relationship between the voltage and the concentration of the liquid to be measured, considering the ratio of intensities expressed as the ratio of voltages given by:
Si se sustituye 5 en la relación formada por las expresiones 3 y 3.a a efecto estimar el cambio de concentración en función a la variación voltaje, se obtiene que:If 5 is substituted in the relationship formed by the expressions 3 and 3.a to estimate the change in concentration in function to the voltage variation, it is obtained that:
Sustituyendo valores en las formulas 6 que corresponden a la variación en la concentración del contenido ureico de una muestra de solución, así como valores típicos en las dimensiones de la célula del orden de micras, es posible obtener la representación gráfica del equilibrio de osmolaridad entre las capas intra y extracelulares, dependiendo del sentido en que se efectúe el cambio en el incremento del gradiente de concentración \DeltaC, además de los valores de voltaje en condiciones de oscuridad y de iluminación de un fuente puntual, por lo que es posible el obtener la relación que guarda la variación del voltaje en función a la concentración de la solución.By substituting values in formulas 6 that correspond to the variation in the concentration of the urea content of a solution sample, as well as typical values in the cell dimensions of the order of microns, it is possible to obtain the graphic representation of the osmolarity balance between the intra- and extracellular layers, depending on the direction in which the change is effected in increasing concentration gradient \ Delta C plus the voltage values in the dark and lighting of a point source, so it is possible to obtain the ratio that keeps the variation of the voltage in function to the concentration of the solution.
A efecto de mejorar la comprensión de cuanto se ha descrito en el presente modelo funcional propuesto por esta invención, se describe brevemente la realización del sistema de cuantificación y determinación de urea mediante técnicas no invasivas, motivo también de la presente invención.In order to improve the understanding of how much described in this functional model proposed by this invention, the embodiment of the system is briefly described quantification and determination of urea by means of techniques not invasive, also a reason for the present invention.
En la figura 1, se muestra el diagrama a bloques del funcionamiento de dicho sistema en el que se emplean conceptos fotómetricos, a efecto de obtener información relevante de la concentración de soluto durante el proceso de diálisis.In figure 1, the block diagram is shown of the operation of said system in which concepts are used photometric, in order to obtain relevant information from the solute concentration during the dialysis process.
La figura 2, es un diagrama esquemático de la realización del modulo de sensado en donde se encuentra el mecanismo de fotometría, mismo que se adapta a las líneas de extracción arterial del equipo de hemodiálisis.Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the realization of the sensing module where the photometry mechanism, which adapts to the lines of arterial extraction of hemodialysis equipment.
La figura 3, es una vista en perspectiva de la realización del sistema de cuantificación y determinación de urea motivo de la presente invención.Figure 3 is a perspective view of the realization of the urea quantification and determination system reason for the present invention.
Es importante destacar que aunque la invención describe la realización del procedimiento preferido por el suscrito, esto no implica que se vea limitada por estas realizaciones especificas. Mas bien se pretende cubrir todas las modificaciones y propuestas que estén dentro del objeto de la presente invención.It is important to note that although the invention describes the performance of the procedure preferred by the subscribed, this does not imply that it is limited by these specific embodiments. Rather it is intended to cover all modifications and proposals that are within the purpose of the present invention
En relación a la figura 1, el sistema de medida consta de una serie de circuitos electrónicos de adquisición de datos mediante el uso de un microcontrolador (4) y de un sensor opto-electrónico (3) mismo que se adapta a la líneas arterial (2) de cualquier equipo comercial de hemodiálisis (1), una vez que la señal a sido obtenida mediante el interruptor de disparo (5) el resultado de la concentración de urea pueden ser leídos por el usuario a través de un pantalla gráfica de caracteres alfa-numéricos (6) o bien mediante una interface gráfica (7).In relation to figure 1, the measurement system It consists of a series of electronic circuits for acquiring data by using a microcontroller (4) and a sensor opto-electronic (3) same that adapts to the lines arterial (2) of any commercial hemodialysis equipment (1), a Once the signal has been obtained by the trip switch (5) The result of urea concentration can be read by the user through a graphic character display alpha-numeric (6) or through an interface graphic (7).
La figura 2, es una vista en sección longitudinal del cuerpo detector de urea en la línea para su utilización en cualquier maquina de hemodiálisis, mismo que se integra por una fuente de luz puntual (9) y de un arreglo foto-detector (10), que se adaptan a través de una cámara oscura (8) en la línea arterial del paciente (2).Figure 2 is a sectional view. longitudinal of the urea detector body in the line for use in any hemodialysis machine, same as integrates by a point light source (9) and an arrangement photo-detector (10), which are adapted through a dark chamber (8) in the patient's arterial line (2).
La figura 3, y última, es una vista en perspectiva de una realización de un sistema de monitorización para determinación y cuantificación de urea en línea en que utiliza el detector de urea, así como la aplicación del modelo motivo de la presente invención (11), de igual forma se ilustra un tipo medida de la concentración de urea, en la pantalla de caracteres alfa-numéricos y de la interface gráfica (12) la cual puede utilizarse en cualquier ordenador comercial (13) y los datos correspondientes pueden cargarse para su representación gráfica en cualesquiera de los paquetes de computo destinados a esta actividad como por ejemplo; Excell, Matlab, Sigmaplot entre otros.Figure 3, and last, is a view in perspective of an embodiment of a monitoring system for determination and quantification of urea in line using the urea detector, as well as the application of the motive model of the present invention (11), a measured type is also illustrated of urea concentration, in the character display alpha-numeric and graphical interface (12) the which can be used in any commercial computer (13) and corresponding data can be loaded for representation graphic in any of the computer packages destined to this activity as for example; Excell, Matlab, Sigmaplot between others.
De todo lo descrito con anterioridad y a partir de los resultados obtenidos, se desprenden las ventajas que presenta esta invención.Of everything described above and from from the results obtained, the advantages that presents this invention.
Primero, se cuenta con evidencia científica de la existencia de una correlación entre la concentración de urea y la transmitancia, que por su sencillez, su exactitud, y repetibilidad, ofrece grandes posibilidades de monitorización en los centros sanitarios que cuenten con este servicio.First, there is scientific evidence of the existence of a correlation between urea concentration and the transmittance, that by its simplicity, its accuracy, and repeatability, offers great monitoring possibilities in the health centers that have this service.
Segundo, el estado actual del sistema de medida, presenta la ventaja de poder reducir el costo de este método de medida, en comparación con los sistemas electróquimicos empleados en algunos equipos de hemodiálisis. Tal es el caso de los cartuchos de hemodiálisis para la monitorización de urea, que por sus características de fabricación cuentan con un periodo de vida útil, siendo estos de un solo uso (desechables), por lo que en la mayoría de los casos su rendimiento se encuentra sujeto a las condiciones ambientales y de modo de operación.Second, the current state of the measurement system, It has the advantage of being able to reduce the cost of this method of measure, compared to the electrochemical systems used in some hemodialysis equipment. Such is the case of the cartridges of hemodialysis for urea monitoring, which by its manufacturing features have a shelf life, being these of a single use (disposable), reason why in the majority of the cases its performance is subject to the conditions Environmental and operating mode.
Tercero, el estado de la actual invención por sus características de diseño representa las siguientes ventajas para el personal medico y de enfermería.Third, the state of the present invention by Its design features represents the following advantages for medical and nursing staff.
- a.to.
- Reducir la subjetividad en la valoración del tratamiento de diálisis.Reduce subjectivity in the assessment of dialysis treatment.
- b.b.
- Lograr que el tiempo de diagnóstico en los pacientes sea más expedito.Make the diagnostic time in Patients be more expeditious.
- c.C.
- Formar parte de las nuevas técnicas en los tratamientos urológicos.Be part of the new techniques in Urological treatments
- d.d.
- Contribuir a la mejora de calidad de vida y sobre vida de los pacientes, aportando información verídica sobre los criterios de diagnostico mas apropiados para cada tipo de paciente.Contribute to the quality improvement of life and life of patients, providing true information on the most appropriate diagnostic criteria for each type of patient.
- e.and.
- Reducir los costos en lo referente a la práctica de laboratorio para la cuantificación de urea.Reduce costs in relation to the laboratory practice for the quantification of urea.
Finalmente serán independientes del objeto de la presente invención aquellos componentes electrónicos y materiales empleados en la fabricación del instrumento de medida, así como los demás detalles y/o accesorios que puedan presentarse, siempre y cuando no afecten a la esencialidad del modelo y método de medida utilizados.Finally they will be independent of the object of the present invention those electronic components and materials used in the manufacture of the measuring instrument, as well as other details and / or accessories that may arise, provided and when they do not affect the essentiality of the model and measurement method used
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| ES200401303A ES2288327B1 (en) | 2004-05-31 | 2004-05-31 | QUANTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF UREA THROUGH NON INVASIVE TECHNIQUES AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE TREATMENT OF HEMODIALISIS. |
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| ES28 | 2004-05-31 | ||
| ES200401303A ES2288327B1 (en) | 2004-05-31 | 2004-05-31 | QUANTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF UREA THROUGH NON INVASIVE TECHNIQUES AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE TREATMENT OF HEMODIALISIS. |
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| ES2288327A1 ES2288327A1 (en) | 2008-01-01 |
| ES2288327B1 true ES2288327B1 (en) | 2008-12-01 |
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| US5818048A (en) * | 1992-07-15 | 1998-10-06 | Optix Lp | Rapid non-invasive optical analysis using broad bandpass spectral processing |
| DE4331010A1 (en) * | 1993-09-13 | 1995-03-16 | Jenoptik Jena Gmbh | Measuring sensor for spectrophotometric remission measurements |
| US6212424B1 (en) * | 1998-10-29 | 2001-04-03 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for determination of the adequacy of dialysis by non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy |
| WO1998019592A1 (en) * | 1996-11-01 | 1998-05-14 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Dialysis monitoring method and apparatus |
| DE19708216A1 (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 1998-09-03 | Dietze Werner Dipl Min | Photometric analysis instrument for sample testing |
| US7326576B2 (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2008-02-05 | Prescient Medical, Inc. | Raman spectroscopic monitoring of hemodialysis |
-
2004
- 2004-05-31 ES ES200401303A patent/ES2288327B1/en not_active Withdrawn - After Issue
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| ES2288327A1 (en) | 2008-01-01 |
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