ES2274720B1 - METHOD OF OBTAINING CONTROLLED BY EVAPORATION IN EMPTY OF ORGANIC POINTS OF NANOSCOPIC SIZE OF PERILEN-TETRACARBOXILICO-DIANHIDRIDO (PTCDA), AND ITS APPLICATIONS. - Google Patents

Abstract

Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size of perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA), and their applications. This patent consists of a method of formation of the commonly called "organic dots", aggregates of perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride molecules (better known by the acronym, PTCDA) in sizes of a few nanometers. For this we use metal atoms fixed in specific areas of a substrate that has a network of dislocations or nucleation centers. Specifically, we have obtained islands of organic PTCDA molecules of less than six (6) nanometers in size, using iron atoms as an anchor and a reconstructed gold substrate Au (111) as a surface with nucleation points. These organic points combine the optoelectronic properties of PTCDA molecules with an amplification of these properties due to the low size, nanoscopic size and periodicity of their arrangement on the gold surface. The technical sectors to which the invention belongs are: nanotechnology, materials science, organic chemistry, optoelectronic devices, biosensors, organic lasers, laptop screens and dye, dye and paint industries.

Description

Method of obtaining controlled by evaporation in vacuum of organic points of nanoscopic size of perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), and its applications.

Technical sector

The patent we present with this application it is a procedure for training and obtaining organic aggregates the size of a few nanometers (1 nanometer = 10 - 9 meters) using the self-anchoring of organic molecules to a substrate. For this we use metal atoms fixed in specific areas of a substrate that presents a network of dislocations or centers of nucleation Specifically we have obtained islands of organic molecules PTCDA (acronym for perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride)  less than six (6) nanometers in size, using iron atoms as an anchor and a reconstructed gold substrate Au (111) as surface with nucleation points. The technical sectors where it would be located are: nanotechnology, materials science, organic chemistry, optoelectonic devices, organic lasers, laptop screens and dye industries, dyes and paints

Current state of the art

Already in 1965 Gordon Moore, co-founder of the American company Intel, manufacturer of microprocessors, observed that the density of transistors of an integrated circuit doubled every year, at that time. This fact, which is called Moore's law, has become a real requirement for the computer industry and it is believed that it will continue to be fulfilled for at least the next two decades. However, Moore's prediction involves a series of technological difficulties that must be overcome. First, the traditional inorganic semiconductors (silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide) on which current transistors are based, have a minimum size limit below which carrier density is too small. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new materials that replace these inorganic semiconductors when making smaller and smaller transistors. Among new substitute materials for current inorganic semiconductors, organic materials are considered as good candidates. Organic materials begin to be widely used in optoelectronic devices (computer screens and television monitors, to name them the English term, display ) has become popular in the popular language given its important properties of electroluminescence and photoluminescence. Apart from the very popular screens of current TFT monitors (acronym for English; thin film transistor ), based on polymers, and OLEDs (in English, organic light emitting diode ) in general, we can give as an example of the use of materials organic in current devices the displays of radios (those manufactured by the firm PIONEER ), screens of cameras (in development by the main companies of the sector) and lighting devices (in development by the companies PHILIPS and General Electrics ).

If we look at the successive technological advances and the new features that the materials will have to give us in the near future, we must necessarily consider organic materials. In fact, its advantages and its potential for use in devices are: the aforementioned possibility of "miniaturization" at nanometer sizes (1 nanometer = 0.000000001 meters ), the flexibility of these materials (and therefore their resistance to shocks), the ease processing (it is possible to use simple "printing" techniques), the low cost, and the ability to form ordered structures from own growth patterns, called "self-assembled". This last property is considered one of the most appropriate strategies to address nanotechnology, since in order to couple the nanometric devices to the current ones, the former must be extended, either through endless replication processes, or by using the properties of "self-organization" of the materials. Let us cite, as an example of materials and devices that make use of self-organizing properties, current optoelectronic devices that are based on multilayers of inorganic semiconductor materials, such as quantum dot lasers. These devices, the quantum dot lasers, contain within them an active region consisting of aggregates (points, spheres, islands, disks, ... a generic name to designate any form of aggregate) of semiconductor material with a few hundred nanometers . These quantum dots are grown by taking advantage of the self-organizing properties of the materials. Devices as everyday as CD or DVD readers work thanks to an active region of semiconductor quantum dots III-V [books].

The appearance of these low dimensional characteristics in inorganic semiconductors takes place at much larger dimensions than in other materials. In metals, for example, when the size of a conducting wire (the section) is reduced below one nanometer (1 nm = 10-9 m), quantized conduction effects appear [Pascual, Méndez et al .] . These effects appear in semiconductors when the section is up to 100 nm [vanWees et al ., Wharam et al .]. Also, quantum localization effects have been observed in metallic islands [Li] or in metal surface holes [Méndez2] when these objects have smaller sizes or of the order of 10 nanometers. As an impression of the quantum character of these nanometric objects, the appearance of new states in the density of states of these materials measured by spectroscopy has been observed, or interference effects of the electron-free gas with the nano-object walls have been observed. In organic materials also appear new properties when we decrease the size.

As for organic materials, one of the more studied for its photoluminescence properties, self-organized growth, anisotropic conduction, resistance to treatments and ease of handling, are the organic molecules of PTCDA (3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride) [Forest]. These molecules, from the perilene group, grow from orderly form on various inorganic substrates, such as the metallic surfaces of gold, silver, copper [Wagner], and about semiconductor surfaces passivated as GaAs (passivated with sulfur) [Nicoara] or hydrogen-passivated silicon [Richardson]. The photodiodes made with these molecules are the ones that present the highest photoluminescence values obtained in materials organic [Forest]. Hence our interest in presenting a method new to obtain (or preparation) of these compounds.

The novel nature of the method presented here consists in the formation of nanostructures with sizes smaller than 10 nanometers constituted by organic material. Previously, nanostructures of inorganic semiconductor material, commonly referred to as "quantum dots" mentioned above, and metal nanostructures, which are called metal clusters (aggregates) have already been prepared. More recently, interesting magnetic properties have been obtained in gold metal clusters surrounded by an organic shell [Hernando]. In our case, the properties of the nanostructures that we manufacture come from the organic character, and hence the denomination of "organic points".

Description of the invention

The purpose of this application is to the right combination of organic and inorganic materials on a substrate so that, spontaneously on its own self-organization of materials, from place to organic "aggregates" (organic points) of a few nanometers in size, and therefore with special properties due to the small size and for being constituted by molecules organic. To obtain the nanostructuring of the organic material we have used specific self-organization properties in surfaces. Thanks to these properties, looking for the conditions appropriate, we are able to form "aggregates" of molecules organic on the surface of a substrate. To form the organic points we have employed a nanostructured surface of Fe / Au (111). Small amounts of iron, less than 0.1 monolayers (ML), evaporated on the face (111) of a monocrystal of Gold, Au (111), produces the spontaneous formation of islands of iron over the corners of the gold reconstruction [Voigtlánder] as shown in figure 1 [iron islands]. The STM microscopy shows us clearly (figure 1) as we have formed iron islands fixed to specific points of the gold substrate. The iron islands are the brightest objects in the image. The clear lines that cross the image in "zig-zag" are the folds due to the reconstruction of the gold substrate, Au (111). The picture shows how the iron islands are located in the corners of the folds of the reconstruction of gold. These iron islands of regular shapes, have very regular sizes depending on the amount of iron that we evaporate and are separated by distances also very regular forming an orderly network of iron islands Equispaced In a first step of our method, we employ iron islands of a few atoms (much smaller than the shown in figure 1), of less than 0.01 monolayers (ML). The Novelty of our method is to combine these iron islands with organic PTCDA molecules. Thus, we evaporate molecules Organic PTCDA, iron atoms act as seeds around which the organic molecules are fixed. One time fixed the first organic molecules, other molecules are fixed to the first giving rise to an organic aggregate that is growing while the evaporation lasts. These organic aggregates are what we have called "organic points" (see figure 2). The size of these organic points is determined by the amount of molecules that we have evaporated on the surface, obtaining points of sizes between 2 nm and 10 nm in diameter depending on this parameter. The STM image in figure 2 shows four points organic PTCDA, about 4 nanometers in average diameter, constituted by between 20 and 35 molecules each one of them. The molecules are the small bright ovals that make up the aggregates These aggregates are located in the corners of the folds of the reconstruction of the substrate where there is a iron seed The iron core, of a few tens of atoms, can be seen as a brighter central zone than the molecules that surround it.

Process

Starting from a gold surface that presents the reconstruction (22 \ times \ 3d), either a single crystal of Au (111) or gold grown on a mica or quartz substrate, and prepared under ultra-high vacuum conditions , we evaporate iron in an amount close to one hundredth of monolayer (0.01 ML). This evaporation is carried out using an iron evaporator by electronic bombardment, with a speed typically less than one tenth of an angle per minute (0.1 Å / min). Said iron growth results in the spontaneous formation of iron islands in the corners of the reconstruction. On this substrate we evaporate organic PTCDA molecules. In this case from a quartz crucible surrounded with a filament or using a commercial Knudsen type evaporator. The typical evaporation temperature of PTCDA is around two hundred fifty-five degrees Celsius (255º). The evaporation rate is less than half an angle per minute (0.5 Å / min). PTCDA molecules will spontaneously reorder around the iron islands, resulting in islands of organic material with an iron seed inside. Throughout the process, unlike other methods, the substrate temperature is the ambient temperature, it is not necessary to heat or cool the substrate at any time. If the temperature of the substrate exceeds one hundred degrees Celsius (100º), the iron ceases to be anchored at the corners of the gold reconstruction and diffuses towards the gold steps, losing its role of fixing the molecules. The temperature of the substrate does not reach these values during the evaporations, since the small amounts used make the evaporations very short and in the substrate as soon as it is heated by the radiation of the
evaporators.

In the patent we present there are variations that we will record. We can substitute iron for Other similar metals. Cobalt and Nickel also form islands about the reconstruction of gold. In case of using evaporators of These metals parameters are very similar to those of iron. We have verified that this method is also valid using the Cobalt.

Organic PTCDA molecules can be replace with others from the perilene group (NTCDA, Di-M-PTCDI, perylene), thialocyanines (CuPc, MPc in general).

Finally, the gold substrate, whose function is fix the metallic seeds where the points are going to be nuclear organic, it is substitutable for other substrates that have centers of nucleation. Specifically heteroepitaxy surfaces with network parameter difference are going to provide a network of dislocations with equally spaced nucleation zones. These surfaces are obtained in both metals and semiconductors. In the case of semiconductor materials, this growth heteroepitaxial is the foundation of the formation of points semiconductor quantum mentioned above, which constitute the active region of quantum dot lasers.

Example of embodiment of the invention

There are many applications of this invention We could quote. Let us mention, by way of example and by its today, a device similar to point lasers semiconductor quantum we call "dot device organic. "This device, again in analogy with the semiconductor quantum dots, could be a "dot laser organic "or an" organic dot sensor. "The device that we propose is constituted in its active region by multilayers of organic points. In this active region, the organic material is It finds nanostructured forming points of nanoscopic size. In figure 3 we show the procedure of realization of these dispositives. In the first phase, we have the result of this patent consisting of organic points formed on a substrate. Similar to how it is done in other patents based on PTCDA [patent-Forest], we cover the organic dots with a transparent material such as organic molecules of naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), and we get the first prototype of the device, such as It is shown in the figure. Then we evaporate gold and return to form organic points of PTCDA on its surface. We repeat this process several times to result in a multilayer of points organic In this process, the organic points will align vertically, as with quantum dots semiconductors [Teichert] improving the properties of device (better background signal in a laser or greater independence of the direction of incidence in a sensor [books]). As a result  of the growth of multilayers of organic points we have the second prototype that we show in figure 3. The base substrate and the last layer of gold act as metallic contacts of the device. To these metal contacts connections are made  electric. In the case of an organic dot laser device, applying voltage to these contacts gives light emission from the organic points. In the case of a sensor device, the light produces a potential difference that is measured between contacts The different layers of gold can be made so thin that allow the passage of light through the device. Changing the gold for a combination of two semiconductor materials of different network parameter, we have a similar device but of different properties Finally, if we use other materials organic as separators we get a points device Organic "flexible" and cheap.

Detailed description of the drawings

Figure 1. Evaporator photograph of molecules aa) Thermocouple type K. ab) Opening. ac) Ring of try it ad) Tungsten filament. ae) Quartz crucible.

Figure 2. Tunnel effect microscopy image (STM) of an Au (111) gold surface with iron islands you organize islands in the corners of the reconstruction of the substrate. Image size 70 nm x 36 nm.

Figure 3. STM image of a gold surface Au (111) with iron islands and grown PTCDA molecules around the iron These islands of organic molecules constitute  Each of the organic points. Image size 40 nm 40 nm.

Figure 4. Point device prototypes Organic a) Gold surface with organic points. b) After cover the organic dots with a transparent organic layer and on this a metallic coating (device). c) Multilayers of organic dots on metal substrates (device multilayer).

References

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http://www.intel.com/technology/magazine/silicon/moores-law-0405.htm

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[books]

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[Pascual, Méndez et al .]

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[Li]

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[Mendez2]

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[Forest]

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[Wagner]

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[Nicoara]

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[islands of iron]

• The iron atoms deposited on the gold surface diffuse on the substrate until the minimum energy levels of the reconstruction corners (22 \ times \ 3d) of gold are found. These points act as centers of
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[Forest-patent]

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[Teichert]

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Other related articles

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[Hübsch]

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[Nicoara2]

N. Nicoara , E. Roman , JM Gómez-Rodríguez , JA Martín-Gago , and J. Méndez , "Scanning tunneling and photoemission spectroscopies at the PTCDA / Au (111) interface", Phys. Rev B BF10136 (to be publish).

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Claims (13)

1. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size, characterized by the following intermediate stages:

-

formation of a metal substrate with a surface that presents a network of dislocations with centers of nucleation

-

formation of metallic islands on the previous substrate, by anchoring atoms of a metal different from the substrate in the nucleation centers of the substrate, thus creating an orderly network of equispaced islands and same size

-

formation of an aggregate network organic optically active semiconductors setting over the network of previous islands organic molecules with properties semiconductors, presenting photoluminescence and growth self-organized

2. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to the first claim, characterized in that the process continues with the following steps:

-

after forming the organic points, the substrate and the points are covered with a layer of material transparent

-

be evaporates a metallic element by evaporation to obtain a surface equal to that mentioned in the first claim, the base substrate and the metallic coating acting as electrodes when a difference of potential, establishing an electric current inside of the transparent layer, by the organic aggregates and by the metallic islands, current that excites the organic material and It produces light.

3. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to the first claim, characterized in that the process continues with the following steps:

-

after forming the organic points, the substrate and the points are covered with a layer of material transparent

-

on the layer of transparent material is deposited by evaporation a metallic element, to obtain a surface equal to that mentioned in the first claim

-

be Repeat the first cycle of operations several times claim, ending each cycle always with the layer of transparent material and over this the coating metal

-

he base substrate and the last coating of the multilayer stacking they act as electrodes when between them a potential difference, establishing an electric current on the inside of the transparent layers, for the aggregates organic and metallic islands, current that excites the Organic material of all layers and produces light.

4. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to the first to third claims, characterized in that the metallic substrate with dislocation network with nucleation centers is a reconstructed gold surface, Au (111) presenting the reconstruction 22 \ surd {3}. 5. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to the first to third claims, characterized in that the metal islands that are formed on the metal substrate are constituted by iron atoms evaporated by electronic bombardment under ultra-high conditions empty and at a speed of less than one tenth of an angle per minute (0.1 Å / min), the iron islands forming spontaneously at the corners of the reconstruction and these islands corresponding to a coating less than 0.01 monolayers (ML ). 6. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to the first to third claims, characterized in that the optically active semiconductor organic aggregates are formed by organic molecules of PTCDA (3, 4, 9, 10 perylene-tetracarboxylic) dianhydride), which are deposited on the metal islands, after evaporation of the PTCDA at a speed lower than half an angle per minute (0.5 Å / min), ensuring that the substrate temperature is the environment and avoiding having to heat or cooling the substrate, the size of the organic aggregates being between 2 nm and 10 nm, depending on the amount of molecules that evaporate on the substrate. 7. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to claims second to third, characterized in that the transparent coating is formed by organic molecules of naphthalene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (NTCDA). 8. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to the first to seventh claims, characterized in that the organic points formed upon receiving light excitation generate electrical voltage, being able to function as light sensors. 9. Method of obtaining controlled by vacuum evaporation of organic points of nanoscopic size according to claims one to four, characterized in that the metal substrates are so thin that they allow light to pass through them, the light generated at the points being able to organic go outside and outside light reach organic points. 10. Light emitting device for electrical excitation of organic points according to previous claims characterized in that it consists of

-

a reconstructed gold substrate, Au (111), which presents the reconstruction 22 \ sqrt {3}

-

on on the previous substrate there are iron islands of a coating less than 0.01 monolayers (ML), formed in the reconstruction corners

-

on each of the iron islands organic aggregates are formed optically active semiconductors of organic PTCDA molecules (3, 4, 9, 10 perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride)

-

covering the aggregates islands organic and the gold substrate is arranged a layer of material transparent formed by organic molecules of naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA)

-

on the transparent layer is deposited by evaporation a coating of gold reconstructed on its surface, with the same characteristics as previous substrate, which fulfills the mission of electrode, together with the substrate, to establish an electrical circuit through the transparent and aggregates layer, when between both electrodes a potential difference is established, causing said current the emission of light in the aggregates.

11. Light emitting device by electric excitation of organic points according to claim 10, characterized in that the device contains more than one layer of organic aggregates, each layer being always covered by its corresponding transparent layer, this layer stacking allowing the device to emit light with greater intensity. 12. Light sensor according to claims one to nine, characterized in that it consists of:

-

a reconstructed gold substrate, Au (111), which presents the 2 \ sqrt {3} rebuild,

-

on on the previous substrate there are iron islands of a coating less than 0.01 monolayers (ML), formed in the reconstruction corners

-

on each of the iron islands organic aggregates are formed optically active semiconductors of organic PTCDA molecules (3, 4, 9, 10 perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride)

-

covering the aggregates islands organic and the gold substrate is arranged a layer of material transparent formed by organic molecules of naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA)

-

on the transparent layer is deposited by evaporation a coating of gold reconstructed on its surface, with the same characteristics as previous substrate, which fulfills the mission of electrode, together with the substrate, to establish an electrical circuit through the transparent and aggregates layer when exterior light penetrates up to the organic points and these generate a difference of potential between both electrodes.

13. Light sensor according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the sensor contains more than one layer of organic aggregates, each layer being always covered by its corresponding transparent layer, this layer stacking achieving that the sensor has greater sensitivity to external light .