ES2273667T3 - HAND FOR HAND AND GARDEN TOOLS AND PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THE SAME. - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to handles (2) for hand and garden tools provided with functional parts (3). The handles each have a shape and/or dimensions which are adapted to an associated group of hands. The invention also relates to methods for producing the handles and to handle and tool sets which are composed of handles of the aforementioned type.

Description

Handle for garden and hand tools and procedures for manufacturing them.

The present invention relates to handles for hand and garden tools according to the preamble of the claim 1, to processes for manufacturing the themselves, as well as sets of handles and composite tools with  such handles.

A handle of this type is known for the Publication EP-A-0 482 351.

It is understood by handles for hand tools and garden, in the context of the present invention, especially those in the form of hammers, pliers, pruning shears or similar tools with the shape of pliers or scissors, forms, files, pallets, small digging shovels, saws or the like that, during use, they require a preferred coupling position hand in hand, that is whose handles are grabbed and surrounded by users preferably in a well determined position of the hand, dependent on the manipulation of the tool during its employment, varying little or nothing this hand position during the use. Such mangoes are commercially made so far considering the purpose of application of the respective tool, for example a hand saw or pliers, in sizes and preselected forms, and are configured differently by the various manufacturers, frequently following standards given. In the series of products of any manufacturer there is, specifically, for a tool of a certain type and size always only one handle assigned in each case.

The configuration of the handles depending on the application purpose of the respective tool should be performed according to ergonomic criteria, especially when Tools are used professionally. Therefore, it has investigated already [for example in "Ergonomische Arbeits-mittelgestaltung, Systematik "(Report of Research No. 156), published by the German National Institute of Labor Protection and Accident Investigation 1979], what coupling positions should have their hands on the handles and what measures ergonomic handles should have favorable. Surprisingly it is found, however, that you are not even investigations lead to mangoes that sufficiently consider the anatomical characteristics of the very different sizes and / or shapes of the human hand, nor the handle configurations belonging to the prior art have subsequently developed the knowledge resulting from such investigations. Specifically, hand tools or garden handles already belonging to the prior art can be classified essentially in three lessons.

A first class of mangoes is characterized because they are equipped with means to improve their manipulability These means consist, for example, of hollows for fingers and finger partitions in handles for hand saws (DE 92 13 560 U1), cavities for housing thumbs or outer contours elliptically shaped in pliers handles (US 4 829 858, EP 0 227 031 A2), hollows of hemispherical handle, intended for support against the palm of the hand, in files (EP 0 413 202 A1) or finger hollows in combination with a cross section of the handle essentially rectangular to oval (EP 0 411 470 A1).

A second class of handles is adapted or is individually adaptable to the user's hand. For this the handles comprise hardenable doughs, like cement or consisting of plastic, conformable by hand in the case of hammers (US 2 205 769, DE 26 34 656 B1) or reversible masses, plastically deformable, in the case of pliers (DE 1 737 800 U1). Similar handles have been proposed for weapons and various rackets sports (CH 208 563, DE 41 30 934 A1). Particularly in in combination with tennis rackets there are multiple proposals, which they usually work with calable handle covers, for a individual shaping of the handle (for example DE 17 81 753 U1, DE 23 26 715 A1, DE 24 45 877 A1, DE 78 25 203 U1).

Finally, to the third class of mangoes belong those for which it has been proposed to manufacture them in few different standardized sizes and shapes (for example US 2 205 769, DE 17 81 753 U1, DE 23 26 715 A1).

The mangoes proposed so far, above exposed, suffer from numerous defects, clearly noticeable during use. Specifically, it must be considered, first of all, that Most of the above-mentioned publications refer to mangoes for sports equipment, particularly tennis rackets, in the use of which are generally considered important different adaptations to what is valid for a configuration Ergonomic handle on hand and garden tools. By consequently, the knowledge gained in device handles sports are no more applicable to the manufacture of handles for hand and garden tools.

At least the first class handles have in common that, in view of the various sizes and shapes of hand, they are usually too thin and too narrow and only those measures of the hand that are important for establishing the position of preferred coupling. Hammer handles, for example, do not fill the hollow of the hand, so that, above all, the Hammer kicks are distributed over limited and Small areas of the hand. Although the saw handles are molded of convex shape on the upper face in a longitudinal direction, the radii of curvature thereof are excessively large for conventional hands. Even eventually existing hollows for the fingers they are not adjusted to the hand. Although in the case of pliers are often disposed of mango portions consisting of convex or elliptical shape longitudinally, the portions of handle are usually usually too narrow and the radii of curvature too large, so particularly the face internal of the hand and the central phalanges of the fingers are requested unilaterally and also painfully when tightening the pliers Shaped handles (wood chisels) pass usually conically continuously or are they even concave longitudinally curved, which results completely contrary to the anatomy of the hand. Corresponding defects and other additional ones can be found in other handles of tools

In mangoes of the second class there is the problem that the individualized configuration does not necessarily lead also to an optimum handle configuration from the point of view Ergonomic, since there are for example songs that at the minimum variation of hand position generate unpleasant sensations of pressure The main drawback is that either the proposed hardenable doughs soften sufficiently only at temperatures so high that a deformation with the hand it is practically impossible, and / or during the phase of hardening must have acted for so long with hand over hardenable dough, until dough is hard enough, that an exact conformation is difficult. All this translates into manufacturing procedures largely unusable in practice, with medicinally non-flawless masses for the hand

Finally, in regards to mangoes from the third class, it does not follow from the publications cited above what is standardization for large and small hands or Similar. For this it is not enough to simply increase or reduce the dimensions of the handles to scale, or adapt individually the same at selected hands more or less casual

Due to these circumstances it has not been until now possible, when working with tools in which through the user's hand must transmit a force often relatively high, define the handles optimally for the Most users Therefore, without overloading areas of the hand is not currently possible to transmit high forces or guide the tools exactly, particularly when these should be used in a professional environment by operators or similar for long periods of time.

Similar problems result in the application of known handles of the type indicated above (EP-A2-0 482 351). These mangoes they also belong to the third class and can therefore be manufactured in various sizes and standardized shapes. A peculiarity of these mangoes consist of their central section - seen in a section longitudinal that contains the longitudinal axis of the handle, that is in a vertical plane - comprises a markedly oriented bulge out, which increases the width of the handle, which is intended to be located in the palm of the hand. The thickness of handle in a vertical plane perpendicular to it is constant of continuously in the central section, so this handle is not It is optimally positioned in the hand during use.

Starting from the handle described last, the purpose of the present invention is to develop handles in such ways that, while using the respective tool, prefix a preferred coupling position of the hand. Do not However, these handles should not be shaped individualized, but manufactured in a standardized series of handles for each tool. Another purpose is to propose a procedure by which it is possible to manufacture the handles of such that no particular requirements are required (for example long hardening times).

For the resolution of these and other problems the characteristics of the independent claims 1 serve, 18 to 20 and 23.

The invention is based on the finding surprising that for several different types of tools you can use a base type of handle, which is adaptable, ergonomically and considering knowledge anthropometric, basically optimally to an assigned group of hands. This is particularly useful for the configuration of agreement with the invention of a section of the handle which, in the case of the hand located in the coupling position, it adapts with its central section to the inside of the hand cavity, with its distal section place in the hand seat between thumb and forefinger and with its stretch Proximal rests against the carpal bulge. Specifically, the central section and the distal and proximal sections, respectively, they can be easily shaped in such a way and sized in such a way magnitude that during the application of force by the hand or of the different areas of the hand are not exerted loads of increased pressure or considered unpleasant, the handle is fits "tightly" to the respective areas of the hand and the hand that wraps the handle find almost by itself a default coupling position, which by users with hands of the assigned group be considered as pleasant and favorable and that in the following description it will be called the position of "preferred" coupling. Particularly achieved, of according to the invention, a pleasant feeling of restraint or grip, avoiding annoying feelings of pressure, due to the fact that the handles offer good support for the hand and the fingers do not only in areas where the main force is applied, for example in the case of a plier or hand saw between the fingers and carpal bulge, but also all other areas Adjacent hands receive ergonomically well support configured, so that the hand surrounding the tensioned handles is fully applied and supported in the less loaded cavity of the hand, the less loaded areas of the fingers are not supported by edges and the handle seat, which is located in the slit Between thumb and index, it is also well adapted. Result finally also advantageous that the handle according to the invention is Suitable for various hand and garden tools and can easily adapt to their particular requirements and to different groups of hands, due to the fact that for example bulges that must fully fill the hand cavity envelope and lengths and cross section profiles of the different sections are likely to be varied, while other areas are left unchanged. Particular embodiments of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims 2-17, 21, 22 and 24-30, respectively.

The invention will be described below. in detail by means of embodiments thereof and with relation to the attached drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic elevation view of a handle for a saw-shaped hand tool;

Fig. 2 shows, superimposed, three views in cross section according to lines A-A, B-B and C-C of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a schematic elevation view of the handle of Fig. 1 with one hand indicated in position still open

Fig. 4 is a schematic elevation view of the handle of Fig. 1, but with a hand located in the position of preferred coupling;

Fig. 5 schematically shows the palm of a right hand for the representation of the parts of the hand important for the invention;

Fig. 6 is an elevation view of a Hammer-shaped hand tool with a handle according to the invention;

Fig. 7 is a view of the hammer in a position rotated by 90º with respect to Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 shows four sectional views transversal according to lines A-A a D-D of Fig. 6;

Figs. 9 and 10 samples seen paths, corresponding to Figs. 6 and 7, of a handle for a tool of garden in the form of small shovel;

Fig. 11 shows five sectional views transversal according to lines A-A a E-E of Fig. 9;

Fig. 12 shows paths seen, corresponding to Figs. 9 and 10 but on a smaller scale, from the shovel complete;

Figs. 13 and 14 show different views, corresponding to Figs. 6 and 7, of a handle for a tool hand-shaped formon;

Fig. 15 shows, superimposed, three views in cross section according to lines A-A a C-C of Fig. 13;

Fig. 16 is a view of an upper part of a hand tool according to the invention in the form of a small combined pliers, with a handle according to the invention;

Fig. 17 is a view of the pliers in a position rotated 90º with respect to Fig. 16;

Fig. 18 shows, in adjacent positions, four views in cross section according to the lines A-A to D-D of Fig. 16;

Figs. 19 and 20 show different views, corresponding to Figs. 16 and 17, of a large combined pliers, with a handle according to the invention;

Fig. 21 shows three section views transversal according to lines A-A a C-C of Fig. 20;

Figs. 22 and 23 show different views, corresponding to Figs. 16 and 17, of an embodiment alternative of the pliers according to Figs. 19 to 21;

Fig. 24 is a view of a bottom of the pliers in a position turned by another 90º with respect to the Fig. 23;

Fig. 25 shows various sectional views transversal according to lines A-A a E-E of Fig. 23;

Figs. 26 to 28 show different views, corresponding to Figs. 22 to 24, of a hand tool according to the invention in the form of a water pump pliers adjustable

Fig. 29 shows, in adjacent positions, various views in cross section according to the lines A-A to D-D of Fig. 27;

Fig. 30 shows, on a smaller scale, a view corresponding to Fig. 27 of the complete pliers;

Figs. 31 to 33 schematically show the handle according to Figs. 6 and 7 with one hand in three positions different;

Figs. 34 and 35 schematically show the handle according to Figs. 9 to 12 with one hand in two positions different;

Figs. 36 and 37 schematically show the handle according to Figs. 13 to 15 with one hand in two positions different;

Figs. 38 and 39 schematically show the handle according to Figs. 16 to 21 with one hand in two positions different;

Figs. 40 and 41 schematically show the handle according to Figs. 26 to 28 with one hand in two positions different;

Figs. 42 and 43 show a plan view and an elevation view, respectively, of a forged pliers;

Fig. 44 shows four sectional views transversal according to lines A-A a D-D of Fig. 42;

Figs. 45 and 46 show different views of plant and elevation, respectively, of a steel pliers;

Fig. 47 shows two sectional views transversal according to lines A-A and B-B of Fig. 45;

Figs. 48 and 49 are plant views and of elevation, respectively, of a pliers with articulation of angled lever;

Fig. 50 shows three sectional views transversal according to lines A-A a C-C of Fig. 48;

Figs. 51 and 52 show, in paths seen in perspective and floor, respectively, an oval handle for the explanation of the terms used in the following description; Y

Fig. 53 shows, in various views essentially corresponding to Figs. 26 to 30, a tool according to the invention in the form of a shear for sheet metal for left handed

Figs. 51 and 52 schematically show a usual handle 201, oval essentially continuously in longitudinal direction, which is found, for example, at the end of a hammer stick For the best understanding of the invention, specifically, in the description of the examples of realization, the terms explained below. One axis given in the cross section by the maximum diameter is the x axis, an axis given by the minimum diameter is the y axis, and a central axis or Longitudinal axis, perpendicular to both, is the z axis. In addition, the width of the handle 201 is measured in the direction of the x axis (measure 202), the thickness of the handle 201 in the direction of the axis and (measure 203) and handle length 201 in the z direction (measure 204). It is also assumed that the handle is subdivided by two imaginary boundary surfaces 205, 206, indicated by dashed lines, for example parallel to the zy plane, in a first external section of the handle 207, a second internal section of the handle 208 and a third external section of the handle 209, being arranged these three sections adjacent to each other in the direction of the x axis. In this way, the first section of the handle 207 has a first outer surface 210, which contains a first zone with small radii of curvature, and the third section of the handle 209 a second external surface 211 diametrically opposite, which contains a second zone with small radii of curvature. The second section 208 has, on the other hand, two third and fourth external surfaces 212 and 213 diametrically opposed, with large radii of curvature, reaching these surfaces 212 and 213, in each case, approximately to the cut lines, suggested by points 214, 215 and 216, 217, respectively, with the respective bordering surfaces and continuously extending the contours constituted by the surfaces 210 and 211, so that the entire external contour of the surface is here, in its cross section, continuously elliptical or oval. It is also assumed that, for right-handed people, the section of the handle 209 adapts to the cavity of the hand and the different surfaces match corresponding areas of the hand and the fingers Finally, it can be mentally assumed that handle 201 is for example of a piece and solid and is appropriate, for example, for a hammer, a file or the like. If on the contrary it is of pliers, which usually have two handle arms tiltable, it can be assumed mentally, for the purpose of invention, that one of said handle arms is made essentially by section 207 according to Figs. 51 and 52, and the another handle arm essentially by section 209, missing in this case the internal section 208. The width, thickness and length of such bipartite handles are indicated, analogously to Figs. 51 and 52, through measures 202 and 203 in the respective section cross. In Figs. 1 to 15 surfaces are indicated bordering, which subdivide the different sections, through lines of strokes, although otherwise they are not mentioned further.

Figs. 1 to 4 show a hand tool 1 in the form of a saw, comprising a handle 2 and a functional part 3 fixed to it by screws or the like. The handle 2 is provided, as is usually the case, for example, in the so-called saws, of a central hole 4, with respect to the which are arranged, as explained in the explanations relative to Figs. 50, 51, a first section of handle 6 remote of functional part 3 (on the right and outside in Fig. 1), with support surfaces for the palm of the hand, and a second section with handle 5 (on the left in Fig. 1), with support surfaces for the fingers

In Figs. 3 and 4 indicates how the handle is caught, during the use of the saw, first from behind (Fig. 3) and then surrounded (Fig. 4) by a human hand 7. Specifically, in Figs. 1, 3 and 4 represents the position that enters right-handed consideration, and Fig. 4 shows the position of preferred coupling of the hand to the saw during use.

The parts of the right hand 7, necessary for The explanation of the invention can be seen in Fig. 5. According to it, the hand 7 contains a thumb 8 with a proximal phalanx 9 adjacent to hand 7 and a distal phalanx 10 away from the hand 7, as well as the other four usual fingers, each with paths proximal, middle and distal phalanges 11 to 14. Hand 7 also has, between thumb 8 and index, a seat 15 of the thumb, a bulge 16 of the thumb, a carpal bulge 17 and a song 18 of the hand with a bulge 19 of the hand singing. The part where the fingers begin is called bulge 20 of the root of the fingers, and the part delimited by bulges 16 to 20 and the bulge 15 of the thumb is called the central surface of the hand or, abbreviated, palm of the hand 21, which in the position of preferred coupling according to Fig. 4, here of interest, configures a characteristic hand cavity.

According to Fig. 1, the first section 6 is subdivided into three imaginary sections, arranged one below the another in the longitudinal direction of the handle 2 and delimited in Fig. 1 by planes 23, 24 indicated with dashed lines, specifically an upper section 25, a central section 26 and a lower section 27, designating for reasons that will be noticeable later upper and lower sections, then always as a section "distal" 25 and "proximal" section 27, respectively.

According to the invention, the handle 2 is shaped and sized such that in the position of preferred coupling section 6 with its central section 26 penetrating in the cavity of the hand and support the palm of the hand 21, the distal section 25 is surrounded by the hand seat 15 between thumb and index, and proximal section 27 serve for support of the bulge of the hand 17. Consequently, the central section 26 is provided, in a longitudinal direction and in at least one direction transverse, of a bulge 28 markedly oriented towards outside and that increases the thickness and width of section 6, while the distal and proximal sections 25 and 27, respectively, they have, in longitudinal sense and in said at least one sense transverse, an outline 29 or 30, respectively, slightly concave, which reduces the thickness and width of section 6. Particularly in Fig. 2 (section B-B) you can it can be seen that the central section 26 has an area in which both the width measured in the direction of a transverse axis 31 as well as the thickness of the handle 2 measured perpendicularly to it are maximum. In addition, a comparison between sections A-A and B-B shows that the thickness of handle 2 decreases clearly from said maximum value, longitudinally, towards the distal section 25, until reaching, in the area illustrated by the section A-A of distal section 25, the minimum value. Also towards the proximal end decreases progressively the thickness of the handle 2, until, in an area next to the proximal section 27, it reaches the minimum value. Own thing preferably also for the width of the handle. The transitions between the various sections 25 to 27 are preferably continuous, that is to say without steps, smooth and in such a way that the section central 26 convex pre-wired progressively pass the sections 25 and 27 concave inwardly.

The second section 5, located diametrically opposite section 6, to the left of a central plane imaginary 33 of handle 2 in Fig. 1, is configured and dimensioned in the exemplary embodiment similar to the first section 6. It includes at least one central section 34 an outline 35, which in longitudinal and transverse direction part, in correspondence with the preferred coupling position of a trapecial interior contour of the enveloping fingers (Fig. 4), but it is rounded ovoid, that is, without presenting corners and songs that press against the fingers. Specifically, and as it is illustrated in Fig. 1, also section 5 may be provided with two sections 36 and 37 adjacent to central section 34, distal (or upper) and proximal (or lower), respectively, endowed both in its lower part, like sections 25, 27, of contours 36a and 37a essentially concave domed inwardly.

As indicated in Figs. 3 and 4, the shapes and dimensions of sections 25 to 27 are chosen in such so that the bulge 28 fills broadly practically the entire cavity of the hand, the distal section 25 of section 6 is adapted to thumb seat size 15 and fits widely against it, and an essential area of carpal bulge 17 is lean tightly against concave contour 30. It turns out appreciably that, thanks to the described bulges and different thicknesses and / or widths between sections A-A and C-C, such support is achieved of the different areas of the hand against the surfaces of the respective parts of the handle that can be found practically of automatically the preferred coupling position. For him on the contrary, the second section 5 is bulged and sized in such so that the inner faces of the central phalanges 12 are supported against the surface of the handle 2 located completely to the left in Fig. 1, and that like the surface of section 6 is extends to either side of the respective transverse axis (by example 31 in section B-B) over an angular area preselected (see also Figs. 50, 51), until paths 39 and 40 of respective interior sections of union of section 5 with section 6, as illustrated particularly in Fig. 2. In addition, the contours of the surfaces of sections 5 and 6 are chosen in such a way that their separations measured in the respective cross section A-A or C-C (for example measure 41 in section A-A) are essentially the same as separations between the inner faces of the central phalanges 12 and the diametrically opposed internal faces of the hand cavity or palm of the hand 21, the hand being in the position of preferred coupling

The surfaces 39, 40 of the internal section of the handle 2 are domed slightly convex out on the example of realization, in order to offer at hand also in This area a good support surface. In addition, they constitute a continuous extension of the surfaces of sections 5 and 6.

The described support on a large area of the different parts of the hand against the corresponding parts of the handle is particularly achieved when handle 2 has, in a central zone constituted by the central sections 26, 34, a width of in total more than 30 mm and in a distal or proximal area, respectively constituted by distal sections 25, 36 or proximal 27, 37, a width of more than 25 mm. In addition, the handle should have a thickness in the distal area, measured perpendicular to the width, which is chosen essentially equal to the separations between the inner faces of the proximal phalanges of thumb 9 and fingers 11 arranged in parallel in the position of preferred coupling In addition, the thickness of the handle 2 should be, in the distal and proximal area (A-A, C-C), at least about 20 mm, and from there increase to values of at least 30 mm in the central area. In which concerns the curvature relationships of the various sections, particularly in Figs. 1 and 2 it is illustrated that preferably the central section 26 of the first section 6 - seen in section longitudinal - it has radii of curvature smaller than the section central 34 of the second section 5, while the radii of curvature - seen in cross section and respectively referred to the cross-sectional plane for example in the sections A-A to C-C - are larger that in the central section 34 of section 5. This is achieved in the exemplary embodiment, due to the fact that the handle 2 is provided, from the distal zone to the proximal zone, in continuous essentially ovoid cross sections (Fig. 2). The length of handle 2 is, finally, preferably at least 100 mm, in correspondence with the respective hand length. It is evident that the indicated measures are limited upwards essentially for the dimensions of the greatest hands that should be held each time in consideration.

At the distal end and / or proximal areas distal and / or proximal of handle 2 conveniently present paths zones as a curb 42, 43, which extend in the direction circumferential, whose cross section is larger than the section transversal in the area of sections A-A and C-C in Fig. 2. In these areas 42, 43 can lean, in the preferred coupling position of the hand, the external faces of the phalanges of the index and pinky and eventually also the edge 18 of the hand or the bulge 19 of the song of the hand.

A further essential feature of the invention is that the handle 2 is configured in such a way that its parts are adapted to the size and / or shapes of a group of assigned hands. This means that handle 2 does not fit individually to specific hands or configured for one hand considered as "average hand", but based on hand measurements are selected and classified data and then subdivided in such a way that in each group there is a plurality of hands (as large as possible) to which you can assign a handle that is useful for the hands of this group and be considered as pleasant by the users of this group in the use of the respective tool. It must be worth particularly for professional applications by operators or similar and give rise to that, even in case of use prolonged continuous, no effects of fatigue and pain appear in the  hand or arm, or they are as small as possible.

Surprisingly it has also been proven that handles with the characteristics described above are appropriate for numerous different tools and, depending on the respective function, only modifications are required relatively small, as will be described below in basis of further embodiments.

While the handle 2 according to Figs. 1 - 4 is especially suitable for tools with drive thrust-pull, such as for example saws hand and brushes, Figs. 6 - 8 show a handle 45 for the stick 46 of a hammer-shaped functional part 47, in which the hand grabs the handle 45, in the preferred coupling position, from above and above. Very similar handle constructions they are suitable for example for flat pallets, small hoes Garden hand or small garden hand rakes.

As in Figs. 1 - 4, handle 45 it is subdivided imaginary by imaginary planes 48 and 49, which extend transversely to a longitudinal axis 50 of the stick 46 both in a first upper section 45a and also in a second lower section 45b, in two distal sections 51 and 52, two central sections 53 and 54 and two proximal sections 55 and 56, respectively. The central section 53 of the first section 45a is characterized, as in handle 2, by a marked bulge convex 57, oriented outward and extending in direction longitudinal and in both transverse directions, which weakens towards the distal section 51 and passes a concave contour 58 of the distal section 51. Unlike handle 2, in the variant of illustrated handle the proximal section 55 of the upper section 45a it has a contour 59 essentially rectilinear or very slightly convex, on which it rests, during use and in the position of Preferred coupling, carpal bulge 17 (Fig. 5). From according to an embodiment variant, the end of the zone Proximal handle is thickened as a bead, similarly to handle 2. This results in an additional transmission to the edge 18 from the hand of centrifugal forces generated during the hitting, which is particularly advantageous in the case of large hammers As illustrated in Fig. 8, the handle 45 presents, in an area constituted by the central sections 53, 54 (cross sections B-B and C-C in Fig. 8), again an ovoid shape, so that the spokes of curvature - seen in cross section - on the surface of section 45a are larger than on the surface of the section 45b The cross sections in the distal and proximal areas of the 45 handle are, on the contrary, essentially oval (sections A-A, D-D in Fig. 8). Finally, Figs. 7 and 8 show that not only the width but also the thickness (for example measure 60 in cross section C-C), which is mainly defined by the distance between the surfaces 61, 62 of an internal section 64, which joins the sections 45a and 45b, clearly decreases from a maximum value in an area handle center 45 both towards the distal and also towards the proximal area. With that, on the one hand the bulge 57 is molded, in the preferred coupling position, optimally to the hand cavity, while on the other hand the smaller radii of curvature and different thickness behavior in the areas of sections 52, 54 and 56 of the second section allow, avoiding sharp edges, a good reproduction of the trapecial interior contour of the surrounding fingers, taking into Consider the different finger lengths. For the last reason the central section 54 of the second section 45b of a slight bulge 63, oriented towards outside. The surfaces 61, 62 of the inner section 64 of the handle 45 are convexed slightly convex outwards (Fig. 7) and they constitute an extension without solution of continuity of the surfaces of sections 45a, 45b. Otherwise, the handle 45 is configured essentially analogously to handle 2 and is assigned to a selected group of hands.

In Figs. 31 and 33 indicates how it is seized the handle 45, during the use of the hammer 47, by the human hand 7, first on the side of the first section 45a (Fig. 31) and then surrounded (Fig. 32). Specifically illustrated, as in the Figs. 3 and 4, the position that comes into consideration for right-handed people, and Fig. 32 shows the preferred coupling position of the hand during the use of hammer 47. With dashed lines 57a and 63a, Specify where the bulges 57 and 63, appreciable in Fig. 6. Fig. 33 shows schematically the position of the hand from above and the shape trapecial resulting from phalanges 11, 12 and 14 of the index in relationship with thumb position 8.

Figs. 9-12 illustrate a handle 65 for a functional part in the form of a garden shovel 66, being subdivided the handle 65 by imaginary planes 68, 69, which extend perpendicular to a longitudinal axis 67 in each section first and second 65a and 65b, respectively, in two sections distal 70 and 71, two central sections 72 and 73 and two sections proximal 74 and 75, respectively. Call attention to this handle 65 first of all an outward-oriented bulge 76, existing in the central section 72 of the first section 65a, which first increases from the distal section 70 concave to a maximum cross section of the handle 65 and from there it decreases with a large radius towards the proximal section 74. In the second section 65b the central section 73 is again slightly bulged outward, extending the contour with a large radius to the zone of the maximum cross section, to then pass, through of an adjacent convex arch 77, to the proximal section 75, which has for example an outline 78. The thickness of the handle 65 (for example the measure 79 in section D-D of Fig. 11) between two surfaces 80 and 81, which join the surfaces of the sections 65a, 65b, of an inner section 82 (Fig. 11) has in this case its maximum value, unlike handles 2 and 45, in a mango area that is closer to the proximal area than to the distal zone (section D-D in Fig. 11). With it intends to take into account the different coupling position preferred hand, while using garden shovel 66, with with respect to a hammer or a saw, said position must be given coupling, again, more or less alone. In this coupling position the hand surrounds the handle 65 at an acute angle from behind and above. Specifically, one end approximately hemispherical of the proximal area of the handle rests on the area of the cavity of the hand and against the bulge 19 of the hand singing, while the rest of the palm presses from above on the handle 65, resting the fingers laterally against the handle 65. This is particularly apparent from Figs. 34 and 35, in the which indicates how it is grasped from the proximal end of the handle and then surrounded handle 65, while using the shovel of garden 66, by the human hand 7. Specifically illustrated, by same as in Figs. 3 and 4, the position that comes into consideration for right-handed people, and Figs. 34 and 35 show the position of preferred hand coupling, while using the shovel garden 66, in two positions rotated 90º with respect to the axis longitudinal. With contour lines the contour is specified complete with the handle 65, being able to appreciate that the bulging 76, illustrated in Fig. 9, it is located in the hand cavity. The hand movements, usually pushers or pressures and rotating in the case of garden shovel 66, they reproduce similarly also in other hand or garden tools. By consequently, handle 65 is also suitable for files, reamers and hand saws with straight handles.

As particularly illustrated in Fig. 11, the cross sections of the handle 65 have been chosen so something different than until now. In the distal area the sections transverse (A-A) are essentially oval, for then become ovoids (B-B, DC). Then follow, in the direction of proximal end, again oval cross sections (D-D) until almost circular (E-E in Fig. 11). Otherwise, the handle 65 is configured so essentially analogous to handles 2, 45.

Figs. 13 and 15 illustrate a handle 83 for a form-shaped functional part 84. The handle 83 is subdivided through imaginary planes 85, 86, in first sections and second 83a, 83b, respectively, in two distal sections 87 and 88, two central sections 89, 90 and two proximal sections 91 and 92, respectively, and is largely similar to handle 45 for a hammer. How the introduction of force during use occurs in this case essentially radially, by radial guidance or tilting by the hand, the handle 83 is preferably practically symmetric, both with respect to a central plane (line 93 in Fig. 14) extending parallel to the surface flat bottom of the form as well as a central plane (line 94 in Fig. 13) that extends perpendicular to the First. The shape of the cross section of the handle 83 is essentially oval along its entire length (A-A to C-C), presenting the central section 89, 90, of both a section 83a as well as a section 83b, a bulge characteristic 95 and 96, respectively, oriented outward, which the width and thickness vary both longitudinally and cross. In addition, the distal and proximal sections 87, 88 and 91, 92, respectively, are concavely domed, while the central sections 89, 90 are on the contrary domed by convex shape, and the same applies to surfaces 97, 98 (Fig. 14) of an inner section that joins together sections 83a, 83b. The consequent decrease in the width and thickness of the handle 83 in the longitudinal direction, from maximum values in a central area to minimum values in the distal and proximal areas, respectively, it occurs essentially continuously, of so that the surfaces of sections 83a, 83b and section interior determine convex areas located between two sections concave, as illustrated particularly in Figs. 13 and 14.

At the respective proximal end the handles 45, 65 and 83 may present, according to need and purpose of application, a rounded or hemispherical or shell-shaped contour, such as It is illustrated in Figs. 6-15, respectively. Otherwise it is Obviously the distal sections 51, 52, etc. correspond to upper sections 25, 36 of Figs. 1 - 4 and the proximal sections 55, 56, etc. to the lower sections 27, 37 of Figs. 1 - 4, already that in the handle illustrated there only the longitudinal axis of the handle is arranged during use differently than in the Figs. 5 - 15. Therefore it is recommended, for reasons of standardization and in analogy to the remaining description, designate also sections 25, 36 and 27, 37 as distal sections and proximal

In Figs. 36 and 37 indicates how it is seized the handle 83, during the use of the form 84, by the human hand 7, firstly from the side of an outer section 83a (Fig. 36) and then surrounded (Fig. 37). Specifically it has been illustrated, to difference from Figs. 3 and 4, the position that enters left-handed consideration, and Fig. 37 shows the position of preferred coupling, during use of formon 84, hand left. With dashed lines you specify where they come to be located on the hand the bulges of the lateral surfaces 97 and 98, illustrated in Fig. 6, while bulging 95, located in Figs. 36 and 37 behind, it is housed in the cavity of hand. In addition, Figs. 36 and 37 show the application characteristic for forms 84, in which right-handed people they grab the handle 83 usually with the left hand while the right hand holds a hammer to strike with it on a proximal end 99. Because of this manipulation is also rotated the position of the hand with respect to the handle in 180º, it is say thumb 8 is located in a concave section of the area proximal of the handle, while the little finger is placed in a section concave of the distal area of the handle.

Otherwise, the handle 83 may be configured analogously to the others described so far Examples of realization

So far described handles 45, 65 and 83 they are made in one piece, the sections being joined first, through adapted interior sections, in one piece with the second sections. However, the invention does not remain limited to such handles, but is applicable analogously also to split handles with movable handle arms one with respect to the other, such as used in pliers, shears or Similar. In analogy to Figs. 50, 51 will therefore be designated then, for the purpose of unifying the description, one of the two handle arms as the first section and the other handle arm as a second section, the two handle arms being separated or sections, unlike Figs. 1 to 15, for a space intermediate.

In the configuration of the pliers handles is important that in the normal open position, for example when prepare to cut a wire, or when surrounding an object with the serrated opening in the mouth of a combined pliers, all four distal phalanges 14 (Fig. 5) apply as much uniformly possible against the surface of a first section, to be able to exert enough strength. However, in the case of closed pliers the surface of this section should rest against the central phalanges 12.

Figs. 16-18 illustrate a handle 100, configured according to the invention, for a combined plier 101. A handle arm or section 102 is in this case configured on its outer surface analogously to the first or upper section of the handles described so far. , while a handle arm or section 103 is configured on its outer surface analogously to the second section of the handles described so far. In contrast to Figs. 1-12, the two sections 102 and 103 are also symmetrical with respect to a central plane passing through a longitudinal axis 104, in order to make the pliers usable, in choice, in two positions rotated 180 ° with respect to the longitudinal axis, and in both positions the same preferred coupling position is found. Accordingly, only the configuration according to the invention of the section will be described in more detail below.
102

According to Figs. 16 and 17 section 102 is equipped with a surface 105 and is subdivided by planes imaginary 106, 107 in a distal section 108, a central section 109 and a proximal section 110, respectively, arranged one after the other in longitudinal direction According to the invention section 102 is configured and sized so that, in the position of usual hand coupling for small combined pliers, the central section 109 will penetrate the cavity of the hand, the section distal 108 be surrounded by the seat 15 of the hand and the stretch proximal 110 serve as support for carpal bulge 17. By consequently, the central section 109 is provided, in the sense longitudinal and in both transverse directions of a bulge convex 111 markedly oriented outward while the distal section 108 narrows, from central section 109, to a slip protection collar 112, applied on the distal end The outer contour of the distal section 108 is configured, in a lateral area 114, such that, as illustrated in the side view according to Fig. 16, extend with a concave arch flat and with a small angle of inclination with respect to to longitudinal axis 104, while along the surface upper 105, noticeable in Fig. 17, also extends so slightly concave but with an angle of inclination comparatively larger with respect to longitudinal axis 104. Similarly, the proximal section 110 extends on the surface upper (Fig. 17) under a relatively large angle of inclination with respect to longitudinal axis 104, although essentially in shape convex, while the surface in a lateral area 115 (Fig. 16) is set at an angle of inclination comparatively small with respect to longitudinal axis 104 and also in shape slightly convex At the proximal end the upper section 102 It is conveniently configured as a shell.

As further illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17, the handle 100 has its greatest width (section C-C) at a point that is closer to the end proximal of the handle to the distal end. This is achieved by the fact that the distal section 108 is made relatively long and the proximal section 110 relatively short, while the section Central 109 has an average length or is combined with the section proximal 110, in a section with convex surface. In this way, the proximal area of the handle offers, as usual in pliers small, to carpal bulge 17 a support surface only partial. To achieve, despite this, that in the preferred coupling position of the hand no zones occur unwanted pressure, the thickness of section 102 (measure 116 in the section A-A in Fig. 18) increases from distal to progressively proximal to a point of maximum handle width (section A-A to section C-C in Fig. 8), then decrease only slightly to the extreme proximal (section D-D), understood under the maximum handle width the distance between the two vertices in the surfaces of the central sections 109 of both handle sections 102 and 103 (measure 117 in section C-C of Fig. 18).

Otherwise, the outer contour of the section 102 is sized and configured, in longitudinal section and in cross section as well as in the direction of the width of the handle as well as in the direction of the thickness of the handle, such that the another section 103 suits, with identical configuration, well enough and without creating annoying corners and edges at trapecial interior contour of the surrounding fingers, resulting in the preferred coupling position of the hand. Since the maximum value of the width of the handle, constituted by the bulge 111 in section 102 and a symmetrical bulge in section 103, is in this case displaced towards the proximal end, the fingers that surround the handle come to be placed automatically, in the preferred coupling position, such that the phalanges central 12 of the cordial finger and the ring finger are located at either side of a vertex of bulge 111, that is of the maximum width point, and the index finger and little finger remain located in places where the width of the handle is already already considerably less, in correspondence with the different finger lengths It would even be conceivable that the finger cordial will be applied, in the area of the maximum width of the handle, to the lower section 103 and that the little finger could not rest on the proximal section, or only partially, which is tolerable in small pliers

The surfaces 102a, 103a, facing each other yes, they are not essential for the purposes of the invention and can therefore be configured, in a manner known per se, with well-rounded edges. The width of the handle (117 in Fig. 18) at the different points at handle length, and particularly the bulges, are sized in correspondence with the assigned group of hands of such that, taking into account the function of a pliers, result in a comfortable preferred coupling position.

A handle 118 according to Figs. 19-21 for a large combined plier is essentially configured analogous to Figs. 16-18, although correspondingly expanded in scale. Consequently, equal parts have been endowed with the same reference numbers as in Figs. 16-18. Clearly visible (Fig. 19) is in this case first of all the configuration of a bulge 119 provided in the central section, which on the one hand it is shaped longitudinally but on the other hand, to unlike the embodiments described so far, it is nevertheless also shaped in a more transverse direction strongly than in the other transverse direction. It turns out particularly appreciable of Figs. 19 and 21 (section B-B) in one of the transverse directions. The asymmetric configuration of bulge 119 is chosen in this in such a way that, on the one hand, optimal support is achieved for right-handed and, on the other hand, the thickness of the other section 103 in the side surrounded by the fingers is not excessive, so that the distal phalanges 14 are still well supported. In a position of the pliers rotated 180º with respect to the longitudinal axis still given a sufficiently good handle support in the hand with minor bulge Of course a form of handle in which both handle arms or handle sections are symmetrically configured

For the rest, for handle 118 the same is worth than for the remaining mangoes, particularly as regards development of the handle contour, noticeable in Fig. 19.

In Figs. 38 and 39 indicate how it is seized a handle 100 or 118, during the use of the combined plier 101, by the human hand 7. Specifically represented, as in the Figs. 3 and 4, the position that comes into consideration for right-handed people, illustrating Figs. 38 and 39 the preferred coupling position hand in hand, during the use of pliers 101, in different views of raised and plan. Lilac and 119th dashed lines show clearly where they come to be located in the hand the appreciable bulges 111 and 119 in Figs. 17 and 20, respectively. Depending on the size of the pliers 101 they can be gripped and guide the proximal handle sections 110 or so near the proximal handle end, which depends primarily on the axial length of sections 110.

In Figs. 22 to 24 a handle of a large pliers. The two handle sections are in this case configured completely asymmetrically, in order to achieve a optimal coupling in a certain position. The 121 handles are they differ from those according to Figs. 19 to 21 for a first section 122 with a central section 123, which has a bulging 124 extremely marked longitudinally and in cross direction. Because of bulge 124, which extends strongly to the side, a handle section 125 is created (see also Fig. 25) protruding laterally from both the first section 122 that its outer edge 126 extends, in the position of  preferred hand coupling, very close along the 20 bulging of the root of the fingers, so that the bulging 125 rests practically against the entire hand portion that is is between the bulge 16 of the thumb and the bulge 20 of the finger root Such handles are therefore first and foremost appropriate for pliers in which great forces must be exerted. It is also convenient in this case, as illustrated particularly in Fig. 23, prolong the handle section 125 arranged laterally in such a way (125a, 126a) that it extends also totally or partially on a proximal section 127 adjacent.

A second facing section 128 of the handle 121 it is configured essentially analogously to section 103 according to Figs. 16 to 18 and is adapted to the trapecial position of the fingers. Since section 128 therefore has an outline exterior considerably different from that of section 122, and the section 122 is in central section 123 too wide to allow, in the case of a handle turned 180º, a pleasant support, without problems, of the phalanges, this plier is used conveniently only in a handle position, in which the palm hand 8 comes to be in the area of the first section 122 and fingers in the area of the second section 128, that is a use on both sides of the handle, in the sense of Figs. 16 a 21, is not provided in this case.

The various cross sections of the handle 121 are particularly apparent from the illustrations in section A-A to E-E, in each case to both existing sections 122 and 128.

Figs. 26 to 30 show a pump pliers of adjustable water 142 with a handle 143 comprising a first section 144 and a second section 145. The handle 143 of this pincer It is made analogously to that of pliers 19 to 21, so which results in a preferred coupling position in which a pincer head 146 (Fig. 30) occupies a defined position with respect to on hand. If the pliers 142 are used after having a 180º turn around the longitudinal axis is obtained a coupling position that, although no longer ideal, is still good In this pincer 142 is provided, in the second section 145 (lower), a smaller bulge in the transverse or thicker than in the upper section 144, since this type of pliers is frequently used for the grip of hexagons, for example in tube fittings, and for this a greater opening of the mouth. In addition, the two handle sections 144, 145 are more separated from each other than what is usually the case in pliers normal. The handle section 145, lower in the drawing, surrounded by the fingers it is also narrower in width, so that the fingers can still grab it well in all positions of opening necessary.

The shapes and sizes of a surface 147 of the section 144 and a surface 148 of section 145 are chosen essentially as described above in relation to One-piece handles according to Figs. 1 to 15. Through plans imaginary 149 and 159 sections 144 and 145 are subdivided into two distal sections 151 and 152, two central sections 153, 154 and two proximal sections 155, 156, respectively that are essentially of equal length in the longitudinal direction. The distal and proximal sections 151, 152 and 155, 156, respectively, they are essentially concavely curved in the direction longitudinal and transverse direction while the sections central 153, 154 have respective bulges 157 and 158 that extend at least longitudinally upwards and towards below, respectively. Specifically, these bulges 157, 158 they serve for the above described adaptation to the hand cavity or to the trapecial position of the fingers of an assigned group of hands in the preferred coupling position, as well as those mentioned special requirements in the case of a water pump pliers 142.

As particularly illustrated in the sections A-A to D-D of Fig. 29, the bulges 157, 158 are also marked in the sense transverse, this remarcation being asymmetric with respect to a plane center 159 indicated in Figs. 26 and 28. Unlike the example according to Figs. 19 to 21, where this asymmetry exists essentially only in the area of the central section 109, the asymmetry is extends, in the exemplary embodiment according to Figs. 26 to 30, in the longitudinal direction practically for the entire length of the handle, essentially increasing from the distal end to the end proximal of the central sections 153, 154 (sections A-A to C-C in Fig. 29) and then decreasing again slightly in the proximal sections adjacent 155, 156 (section D-D in Fig. 32). With therefore, the thickness of the handle 143 results in an increased part, where the cavity of the hand comes to be placed, in the direction towards the bulge 20 of the root of the fingers, and on the other hand is greater, towards the distal phalanges 14, where fingers may be located. In addition, proximal extreme zones 144a and 145a are widened and concavely shaped, to seating mode, to get a good support for bulging 19 of the edge of the hand (Fig. 5). In this way they are achieved with this favorable handle support surfaces for the hand, taking into Consideration of the special purpose of use.

In Figs. 40 and 41 indicates how it is seized a handle 143, during use of the water pump pliers 142, by the human hand 7. Specifically it has been illustrated, as in Figs. 3 and 4, the position that comes into consideration for right-handed, and Fig. 41 shows the preferred coupling position hand in hand during the use of pliers 142. With dashed lines 157th and 158th specifies where they come to be placed in the hand bulges 157 and 158, illustrated in Fig. 27.

Interior surfaces 160a, 160b, facing each other, of sections 144, 145 have virtually no importance for the purposes of the invention, as in the remaining pliers according to Figs. 16 to 28, and are not described by so much more in detail.

The proximal ends of both sections of all handles according to Figs. 16 to 30 may be made of hemispherical shape or as a shell. It would also be possible to provide additionally the sections corresponding to the fingers, of all the handles described, with resting cavities for the fingers. Without However, thanks to the described width and thickness profile of the handles, this is largely unnecessary, which is advantageous of face different shapes and sizes of fingers within groups of assigned hands.

For the rest it is understood that adaptation of the shapes and sizes of the illustrated handles and the positions of Preferred coupling always refer to a so-called main position of the right and / or left hand. As position main should be understood the position that basically adopts the hand during the use of the respective tool. In a certain number of handles a unit configuration of handle can also be provided for right or left handed people (for example Figs. 1 to 21). If it is not possible, or entails considerable inconvenience for users, different right hand handles can be provided correspondingly and left-handed (for example Figs. 22 to 30). It is also evident that the handles assigned to different groups of hands, but intended for the same functional part, can be distinguished particularly by the the fact that they have different lengths, thick and wide, the concave and convex bulges are configured so different and / or the bulges are provided with radii of total curvature or partially different.

The manufacture of the described handles can be carried out according to the invention, particularly according to two procedures

According to a first procedure according to the present invention the different hands of a plurality are measured of individual users, and the measures thus obtained are classified in a plurality of for example three to six kinds of types of hand or groups of hands. For these size groups of hand or hand shapes the conformation data of the corresponding handles. These can be stored digitally in a data carrier or on the machine's computer numerical control milling machine Instead of a milling machine numerical control a milling machine can also be used copier, in which copy models of the different handles for the milling process government. As preparation for the manufacture of functional parts with different handles are built-in functional parts for example in raw handles of plastic, injected by an injection process. These mangoes gross present the different basic forms with sufficient about Measure. The raw handle with the respective functional part is then fastened on a support of the milling machine, after what which handle is automatically provided by contour milling desired end Fine machining of the surface can be done, after milling, by manual polishing or with a machine, eventually using elastic polishing media. If desired, the surface can be smoothed by immersion in a solvent, in the case of the use of soluble plastics, for example in the case of handles of cellulose acetate. In a variant of machining is provided the surface of the handle, by blasting with a means of granular blasting, with a uniform surface. The parts Functional with raw handles are manufactured in large series in relatively simple injection molds and are kept in Factory stock.

Instead of plastic the handles can also be made of preordered raw pieces of wood, and after milled polished and lacquered or waxed. The functional parts are inserted under pressure, as usual in wooden handles, usually in a finished handle drill.

The selection of optimal handles for a future user is realized, for example, exploring and measuring their hands with optical or optoelectronic means, by obtaining a photocopy of the hand, and then selecting the corresponding handles by applying a program of computer.

For the optimal handle selection you can also a series of mango samples be used, which are considered by the manufacturer as optimally adapted and among which the future user select himself or her respective handles optimal. This type of selection comes into consideration when, by For example, the seller visits factories and deals directly with the Future user A sample series may also be in the trade available to its customers for selection.

The two procedures described, which start from a gross piece with oversize, are for example appropriate for the configuration of handles for forms, pallets, hammers and saws. In these cases, raw mangoes are usually not usually still united, when the final contour is milled, with the part Functional tool, but are pre-finished as part of injection or raw piece of wood. The fully finished handles They are pressed with the functional part. The selection is made as as described above.

In the case of pliers and secateurs other similar tools are usually pressed today on the corresponding arms of the work tool plastic sleeves manufactured by injection processes, which They represent the upper and lower sections. Mango covers They are manufactured by an injection procedure and, for pressing on the arms of the tool, they are heated to such an extent that allow to deform and adapt to the curved arms of the pliers or similar during pressing. In correspondence with the principle configuration and assignment a series of covers of handle for a type and size of pliers. In general it can be used a form of handle covers for various types of pliers size, that is for example for combined pliers and pliers of oblique cutting or subsequent types. The handle covers are prefabricated by an injection process as a gross part with the cavity for pressing on the pliers arms. For the configuration of the selected contour covers of handle on a support mandrel of the milling machine and machined like the other types of handle. Below are hot pressed on the pliers arms.

In the manufacture of handles according to Figs. 1 a 4 for saws or similar, the raw parts of handle such that the connecting piece with the saw or the blade saw has its definitive shape and the handle part intended to be surrounded by the hand, selected individually, be inserted into The union piece.

According to a second procedure according to the invention can finally also be made the manufacture of a plurality of handles for each individual functional part of such so that, as in conventional manufacturing, they are manufactured in small series completely pre-finished tools, which by each functional part comprises for example three to six different mangoes, and remain in stock. Although the adaptation basically individualized from handles to hand size and shape of the user, which is achieved with this procedure, requires, to cause of the higher costs for means of production and of smaller production series, a greater manufacturing expense of the handles and tools and higher costs in the stock keeping for a greater number of different articles, the use value and the comfort of use are increased. By consequently, for high value tools also this procedure is advantageous. It depends largely on each individual case to which of the procedures described is given Finally the preference.

In a manufacturing process for handles plastic handles are manufactured so much that they consist of a plastic as if on a handle as a core, of a hard plastic, it is injected by an injection process a Soft plastic wrap, presenting the selected contour. The soft plastic wrap can completely surround the handle as a core, or only cover a part of the handle surface as a core. The handles as a core They are economically manufactured in large quantities as a series staggered by sizes, with built-in functional part, and held in stock. For the injection of the envelope of soft plastic individual molds are used for the various external contours, being able to combine, depending on the selection, several external contours with a handle size as a core. Also in this case it is possible to prefabricate raw handles without part Functional and keep them in stock, inject the soft wrap upon receipt of the order and then join the handle with the part functional or manufacture a set of completely pre-finished handles and functional parts and keep them in stock. The molds of Injection for soft wrap injection are manufactured a time, in correspondence with the types of mangoes developed and standardized, and are then available for a very large number of handles, being practically hardly subjected to any wear. In a convenient mold design remains mounted on the machine Injection a basic mold, and only change for different external contours mold insert parts, which It requires little time. For this individual manufacturing of the soft plastic wrap small machines can be used injection with reduced costs. Therefore, also this manufacturing process is economical as a whole. Mangoes so manufactured they offer the user even more comfort than Hard material. Alternatively, handles of this type in a conventional way completely in series.

For the manufacture of a pliers 162 (Figs. 42 to 44), comprising forged handle parts instead of manufactured ones of plastic, these are endowed, unlike the execution until now described, which provides a cross section profile approximately equal to the entire length of forged handle arms firstly with a diverse distribution of material along The length of the handle. This is indicated, in Figs. 42 to 44, for a handle section 163 which, from a cross section distal A-A, is first provided with a width rising towards the lower face, in Fig. 42, and then again decreasing towards the D-D cross section. In a further operational phase is then configured the handle part 163, in a matrix, so that in a central section 164 it results a bulge 165 corresponding to those described above bulges (for example 119 in Fig. 20) and make the stretch central 164 first progressively thicker and wider from the distal end and longitudinal direction of handle section 163 (sections A-A to C-C) and then, after reaching a maximum width, again narrower and thin towards the proximal end. By effect of stamping process the cross sections are provided, in correspondence with sections B-B a D-D, of a configuration approximately in U.

In the case of steel handle arms they can the bulges according to the invention are obtained by the fact that said arms are provided with superimposed caps, as indicated in Figs. 45 to 47. A section of handle 168 of steel is provided first of all a constant cross section throughout of the longitudinal direction, as illustrated in Fig. 47. For obtaining a bulge 169, die pieces of a sheet U-seat 170 and eventually conform later so that on their upper face they present the desired bulge 169. Seat pieces are sized on both axial ends 170 so that they can slide over the back of the section of handle 168 and then remain firmly applied laterally in the position illustrated in Fig. 47 (A-A), while the central section of the seat piece 170, provided with the bulge 169, bulge outward and to the side such as described (Fig. 47, B-B). In the points bordering the seat piece 170 with the section of handle 168 for example by welding.

Figs. 48 and 50 finally show a variant of a pliers with an angled lever joint (called lever precutter or side lever cutter) and Shaped sections made of sheet metal. Such mango sections are known with constant U cross section in the direction longitudinal.

With respect to Fig. 52, they are illustrated in the example of the handle according to Figs. 6 - 8 for a hammer, measures main for a medium handle size and variations of the contour lines in two views of the handle, as they result for three handle sizes, for example for small, medium and big. In Fig. 52 they mean:

GL

the total length of the handle

YOU

the distance between the vertex of the contour of the upper face of the upper section and the end of the mango

OH

the distance between the lowest point of the contour and the end of the handle

US

the distance between the vertex of the contour of the lower face of the lower section and the end of the mango

Uh

the distance between the lowest point of the contour of the lower face and the end of the handle

BM

the maximum thickness of the handle

Bh

the maximum width of the handle

RHQ

the radius on the upper face in the section transverse A-A

RSQ

the radius on the upper face in the section C-C cross section

The measurements are approximately

at medium handle in the handle big GL 110 mm 115 mm YOU 55 mm 60 mm OH 88 mm 94 mm US 73 mm 76 mm Uh 92 mm 99 mm BM 29 mm 32 mm Bh 35 mm 39 mm RHQ 8 mm 10 mm RSQ 12 mm 15 mm

A handle section 174 according to the invention, endowed with articulation points 173, it presents in this respect, such as shown particularly in Fig. 50, sections cross-sections A-A to C-C shaped differently along the length. Particularly, are you cross sections are chosen in such a way that in a section central result in a swelling 175 configured towards the face upper and sideways. In the distal zone (section A-A) and in the proximal area (section C-C) the cross sections are essentially circular or oval, while between the thickness and / or width of handle section 174 increases first clearly, from distal to proximal, and then decreases again, as explained in detail above.

The invention is not limited to the examples of described embodiment, which can be modified in multiple ways. This is particularly true for the individual configuration described based on the drawings, of the different handles. For one hand large, an optimally adapted handle has a larger total volume Than a handle for a small hand. This is analogously valid for the configuration of all handles of a series of the same type of mangoes In the case of hammers, forms or the like provide for further staging within the series in correspondence with the sizes of the functional parts. Without However, other criteria may also be used for the individual configuration, by groups, of the handles, particularly if, in the context of series of trials, demonstrate be suitable, for ergonomic reasons, other measures that those indicated in the drawings. It is also indifferent to purposes of the invention, if the two handle sections or parts of handle are designated as upper and lower sections and parts as well as first or second, respectively, since its configuration it depends largely on whether they are destined to lean against the palm of the hand or against the surrounding fingers, and eventually also if the respective tool is driven and guided during use. Furthermore, the invention does not only include described handles and the procedures for manufacturing the themselves, but also the tools obtained with the handles as well like games made up of several handles or tools different, assigned to equal functional parts. Specifically, These games can include, according to needs, handles and / or tools equipped with handles for right and / or left handed. Finally it is understood that the different characteristics can also be used in combinations other than those illustrated and described.

Fig. 53 shows a sheet metal shear with a Left handed handle. How the sheet metal shear is use only in one coupling position, the contours of the upper section and the lower section can be configured as such that optimal conditions result and a predetermined coupling position in which the shear head occupies a defined position with respect to the hand. Therefore, the bulging on the upper face of the upper section is shaped particularly marked longitudinally and transversely, in order to serve as a support for the cavity Hand in hand on a large surface. The distal adjacent parts and proximal extend longitudinally concavely, and the proximal end rises slightly as a seat. The section lower handle is configured in such a way that on its face only the fingers are supported and they can surround this part of the handle is still fine even when the shear is more open

Claims (30)

1. Handle (2, 45, 65, 83, 100, 118, 121, 143) for hand and garden tools that, during use, require a preferred coupling position in the hand, consisting essentially of a first section ( 6, 45a, 65a, 83a, 102, 122, 144) with a central section (26, 53, 72, 89, 109, 123, 153) intended for support in the palm of the hand, a distal section (25, 51, 70, 87, 108, 151) intended to be grasped by the hand seat between thumb and forefinger and associated with a handle head, and a proximal section (27, 55, 74, 91, 110, 127, 155 ) intended for support in the carpal bulge and associated with a handle base, with a continuous transition from the central section (26, 53, 72, 89, 109, 123, 153) to the distal section (25, 51, 70, 87 , 108, 151) and the proximal section (27, 55, 74, 91, 110, 127, 155), as well as a second section (5, 45b, 65b, 83b, 103, 128, 145) intended to be seized along the phalanges, both sections being found on respective sides of a longitudinal axis imagi nario (33, 50, 67, 94, 104) of the handle, presenting the central section - seen in a longitudinal section containing the longitudinal axis (33, 50, 67, 94, 104) of the handle - a bulge (28, 57 , 76, 95, 111, 119, 124, 157) markedly oriented outward, increasing the width of the handle (202), while the distal section (25, 51, 70, 87, 108, 151) and the proximal section ( 27, 55, 74, 91, 110, 127, 155) have, in their longitudinal section, a rectilinear, concave, or convex contour with a flat curvature, and the width of the handle (202) being maximum in an area of the central section (26, 53, 72, 89, 109, 123, 153) and decreasing from there clearly to areas located in the distal section (25, 51, 70, 87, 108, 151) or in the proximal section (27, 55, 74, 91, 110, 127, 155), respectively, characterized in that the development of the bulge (28, 57, 76, 95, 111, 119, 124, 157) is chosen such that the bulge (28, 57, 76 , 95, 111, 119, 124, 157) increase by at least one sen The thickness of the handle (203) is also transverse, also reducing the thickness of the handle (203) clearly from an area of the central section (26, 53, 72, 89, 109, 123, 153), where it has the maximum value, in direction towards areas located in the distal section (25, 51, 70, 87, 108, 151) or in the proximal section (27, 55, 74, 91, 110, 127, 155), respectively, because the second section (5 , 45b, 65b, 83b, 103, 128, 145) at least in one central section (34, 54, 73, 90, 109, 154) in a longitudinal and transverse direction an outline (35, 63, 77, 96, 111 , 119, 158) configured in correspondence with the trapecial interior contour of the phalanges that surround it, although rounded, and because the measurement relationships of the first and second sections and their sections are adapted to the sizes and / or shapes of a assigned group of hands so that the bulge (28, 57, 76, 95, 111, 119, 124, 157) is respectively
located in the hand cavity of said hands and thus prefixing their preferred coupling position. 2. Handle according to claim 1, characterized in that the first section and the second section have both upper and lower faces with a contour chosen such that the distances, measured in the respective cross-section, between the upper face and the lower face are essentially equal to the distances between the inner surfaces of the central phalanges and the diametrically opposed inner surfaces of the hand cavity in the case of hands located in the preferred coupling position of the corresponding group. 3. Handle according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in a central area determined by the central sections it has a width greater than 30 mm and in both distal and proximal areas it has a width of more than 25 mm. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that in a distal area it has a thickness that is essentially equal to the width of the thumb seats (15) when the hands of the corresponding group adopt the preferred coupling position. 5. Handle according to claim 4, characterized in that its thickness increases, from the distal zone to the central zone, to a maximum value and, from there, progressively decreases towards the proximal zone. 6. Handle according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that its thickness in the distal and proximal areas decreases to values of approximately 20 mm and the maximum value of the thickness in the central area is at least 30 mm. 7. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that from the distal to the proximal area it has essentially ovoid cross sections along its entire length, the radii of curvature - seen in cross section - in the central section (26, 109) of the first section (6, 102) larger than in the central section (34, 109) of the second section (5, 103). 8. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the second section (5, 103) also has, on either side of its central section (34, 109), both distal and proximal sections (36, 37 and 108, 110, respectively) with a contour that extends longitudinally slightly concave or rectilinear. 9. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the central section of the first section - seen in longitudinal section - has radii of curvature smaller than the central section of the second section. A handle according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the first section and / or the second section pass, at both distal and proximal ends, to a curb-like area (42, 43), whose cross section is larger than the cross section of the respective distal and proximal section. 11. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that it has a length of at least 100 mm. 12. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the second section is provided with resting hollows for the fingers. 13. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it is made in one piece and the first section (65a) is joined, by an internal section (82), in one piece with the second section
(65b). 14. Handle according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it is made in a bipartite manner, one of the handle parts comprising the first section (102) and the other handle part the second section (103) and both parts being separated For an intermediate space. 15. Handle according to claim 14 for a plier, characterized in that the bulge (111), which extends longitudinally, of the first section (102) is made such that a vertex of the bulge (111) is located closer to a proximal end than to a distal end. 16. Handle according to claim 15, characterized in that the proximal section (110) is shorter than the distal section (108) and has a proximal shell-shaped end. 17. Handle according to one of claims 14 to 16, characterized in that the first section (102) and the second section (103) are arranged essentially symmetrically. 18. Handle set for hand and garden tools which, during use, require a preferred hand coupling position, characterized in that it comprises a preselected plurality of handles according to one or more of claims 1 to 17, the device being adapted shape and / or size of each handle to a different group of hand sizes and / or hand shapes. 19. Hand or garden tool which, during use, requires a preferred coupling position of the hand, with a functional part and a handle, characterized in that the handle is configured according to one or more of claims 1 to 17. 20. Hand and garden tool set, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of hand or garden tools with the same functional part but different handles according to one or more of claims 1 to 17, the shape and / or the shape being adapted size of each handle to a different group of hand sizes and / or hand shapes. 21. Hand and garden tool set according to claim 20, characterized in that the different handles are adapted, particularly as regards their length, diameter, thickness and / or perimeter, to the assigned group. 22. Set of hand and garden tools according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the handles are adapted, particularly in the area of support surfaces for the palms of the hand and fingers, to the sizes of hand and / or Hand shapes of the hands of the assigned group. 23. Procedure for the manufacture of handles according to one or more of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that raw handles are manufactured with an overmeasure calculated with respect to selected hand types, the hand of at least one individual user is measured and carried then the handles, taking into account the measurements obtained from the hand, to a final shape and size. 24. Method according to claim 23, characterized in that the measurements of the user's hand are obtained by optical or optoelectronic scanning of the hand. 25. Method according to claim 23 or 24, characterized in that the measurements of the user's hand are transformed, by means of a computer program, into data corresponding to spatial coordinates, and obtaining the final shape and size of the handle and / or the Selection of the same is done by using such data. 26. Method according to one of claims 23 to 25, characterized in that the final shape and size of the handle are obtained by milling. 27. Method according to claim 26, characterized in that the milling process is carried out by a milling machine with numerical control. 28. Method according to one of claims 23 to 27, characterized in that the crude handle is made of plastic or wood. 29. Method according to one of claims 23 to 28, characterized in that the crude handle is smoothed by grinding (polishing) and / or lacquering and / or immersion in a solvent. 30. Method according to one of claims 23 to 29, characterized in that the hands of a plurality of individual users are measured, the measurements thus obtained are assigned to a preselected plurality of standardized groups of hands, and the raw handles are then provided, under consideration of the standardized groups of hands, of a corresponding plurality of final shapes and sizes, each finalized group being individually assigned a final shape and size.