ES1305444U - Pontoon for floating solar energy system and floating solar energy system (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Abstract

Pontoon that is arranged to be included by a solar energy system that is provided with at least one solar panel and is arranged to float on a water surface by means of at least the pontoon, wherein the pontoon includes a structural element and a float, the structural element having a composition such that the structural element as such does not float on said water surface and the float having a composition such that the float as such floats on said water surface, wherein the structural element is provided of a cavity in which at least part of the float is disposed and the structural element includes a portion that extends laterally above the cavity, wherein the structural element includes at least 50 weight percent concrete and a thickness of the laterally extending part of the structural element in a position above the cavity is at least 4 centimeters. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

DESCRIPTION

Pontoon for floating solar energy system and floating solar energy system

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a pontoon that is arranged to be included by a solar energy system. The invention also relates to a floating solar energy system including the pontoon.

BACKGROUND

Solar energy systems allow generating electrical energy from solar radiation. In the last decade, solar energy systems have gained popularity and are increasingly used. Solar energy systems can be placed, for example, on the roofs of buildings. However, the production of electrical energy through solar panels placed on the roofs of buildings can be hindered by nearby objects, such as an adjacent building.

Today, solar energy systems can also be used on water surfaces, such as the surface of a pond, lake, river or sea. Typically, these types of solar energy systems are not hindered, or at least less hindered, by neighboring objects such as buildings. The solar energy system used on a water surface can be floating. In this way, solar energy can be generated efficiently. In addition, the surface area covered by the solar panels of the solar power system can be relatively high over a relatively large area.

However, floating solar energy systems present specific difficulties, particularly when it comes to the pontoons of such systems. For example, wind, waves, and water currents can destabilize the pontoons of a floating solar energy system, which can cause damage to the solar energy system. Additionally, wind, waves and water currents, as well as ultraviolet radiation and the water itself, can wear down the floating solar energy system. In particular, when a solar energy system is floating on a saltwater surface, such as a seawater surface, such wear can be significant.

Wear and tear on a solar energy system, particularly the pontoons of a solar energy system, introduces an increased risk of solar energy system failure. This failure can be caused, for example, by parts of the solar energy system breaking or even by the collapse of the solar energy system or parts of it, such as a pontoon. The costs of repairing or replacing parts for floating solar energy systems can be significant. Additionally, a breakdown in power generation can harm the people and businesses that depend on the energy generated. During repair or replacement, at least part of the solar energy system may not be able to generate electrical power.

A floating solar energy system for example is known from US 2017/0040926 A1. However, this system consists of many different parts and can be considered vulnerable to wear and tear. The importance of durability of solar energy systems, particularly pontoon solar energy systems, is not yet fully recognized. After all, the application of this type of systems is relatively young and the scale of application continues to grow. This is especially true in the case of large offshore floating solar energy systems, applied at sea. The desire to keep a pontoon light can come at the expense of durability. Therefore, there is a need for a floating solar power system, particularly for a floating power system pontoon, which has greater durability, while being light enough to float.

STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a pontoon that is arranged to be included by a solar energy system that is provided with at least one solar panel and is arranged to float on a water surface, for example, a water surface of a pond, lake, river and/or sea, by means of at least the pontoon, in which the pontoon includes a structural element and a float, in which the structural element is provided with a cavity in which at least part of the float and the Structural element includes a portion that extends laterally above the cavity.

The structural element has a composition such that the structural element as such does not float on said water surface. The specific weight of the structural element is greater than the specific weight of the water that forms said aquatic surface. In particular, the density of the structural element is, for example, at least 1500 kilograms per cubic meter or at least 2000 kilograms per cubic meter. The float has such a composition that the float itself floats on the surface of the water. The specific gravity of the float is less than the specific gravity of the water that forms said aquatic surface. In particular, the density of the float is, for example, at most 600 kilograms per cubic meter, at most 300 kilograms per cubic meter, at most 100 kilograms per cubic meter or at most 50 kilograms per cubic meter. Preferably, the density of the structural element is at least 2000 kilograms per cubic meter and the density of the float is at most 100 kilograms per cubic meter or at most 50 kilograms per cubic meter.

The thickness of the part of the structural element that extends laterally in a position above the cavity is at least 4 centimeters, preferably at least 5 centimeters. According to one aspect, the thickness of the part of the structural element that extends laterally in the position above the cavity may be at most 12 centimeters, preferably at most 10 centimeters.

The combination of a structural element of non-floating composition and a float of floating composition makes it possible to obtain a relatively strong and durable pontoon that is still capable of floating. Preferably, at least a part of the structural element is located above the float or a part thereof. The thickness of the structural element at a position above the cavity, and preferably above the float, is at least 4 centimeters, allowing for a relatively light structural element that may still be sufficiently strong. Having a thickness of the structural member at a position above the cavity, and preferably above the float, of at most 12 centimeters, may allow for a relatively strong structural member that may still be sufficiently light.

The experiments carried out show that the thicknesses of the structural element in a position above the cavity that are in a range of 4 to 12 centimeters, preferably in a range of 5 to 10 centimeters, can allow an advantageous combination between the durability of the pontoon and the size of the pontoon. After all, if the weight of the structural element is relatively high, the size of the float must be relatively large to keep the pontoon floating. A relatively large size of the float can make the pontoon more difficult to handle, and may also increase the vulnerability of the pontoon. After all, the float material can be relatively vulnerable.

Preferably, the thickness of the majority of the part of the structural element that extends laterally above the cavity is at least 4 centimeters, preferably at least 5 centimeters. Preferably, the thickness of the majority of the part of the structural element that extends laterally above the cavity is at most 12 centimeters, preferably at most 5 centimeters. Such thickness ranges of the laterally extending portion of the structural member may be most effective when applied to the bulk of the laterally extending portion. Said majority of the laterally extending part may, for example, refer to a majority, for example, at least 70%, at least 90%, or about 100%, of an area of the laterally extending part above the cavity, such as an area along a top surface, or a bottom surface, of the portion that extends laterally above the cavity or an area along a laterally extending cross section that It extends across that portion of the structural member that extends laterally above the cavity. Thus, in one embodiment, the laterally extending portion of the structural elements extends along an area above the cavity, wherein the thickness of the laterally extending portion of the structural element is at least 4 centimeters and/or at most 12 centimeters along a majority, for example at least 70%, at least 90%, or approximately 100%, of the area above the cavity.

In one embodiment, the laterally extending portion may have a longitudinal shape in two orthogonal, preferably horizontal, directions. Preferably, the laterally extending portion extends in the two orthogonal horizontal directions. Preferably, the laterally extending portion is formed substantially as a plate. Preferably, the plate is substantially continuous. Alternatively, the plate may be discontinuous, for example provided with a plurality of openings.

In one embodiment, the laterally extending portion forms a top portion of the structural member. Preferably, the pontoon has a top surface. Preferably, the structural element has a top surface. Preferably, the upper surface of the pontoon is formed by the upper surface of the structural element, in particular by an upper surface of the laterally extending part of the structural element.

In one embodiment, the ratio between the weight of the structural element and the top surface area of the structural element in a vertical projection is at least 125 kilograms per square meter, preferably at least 150 kilograms per square meter, more preferably at least 150 kilograms per square meter. minus 175 kilograms per square meter. Preferably, the ratio between the weight of the structural element and the top surface area in a vertical projection is at most 350 kilograms per square meter, preferably at most 310 kilograms per square meter, more preferably at most 280 kilograms per square meter. square. Such proportions can be achieved, for example, by using concrete in the composition of the structural element. In one embodiment, the majority of the mass of at least the laterally extending portion is concrete.

In one embodiment, the ratio between the weight of the portion of the structural member that extends laterally above the cavity and the area of the top surface of the structural member above the cavity in a vertical projection is at least 120 kilograms per square meter, preferably at least 140 kilograms per square meter, more preferably at least 165 kilograms per square meter. Preferably, the ratio between the weight of the part of the structural element extending laterally above the cavity and the area of the top surface of the structural element above the cavity in a vertical projection is at most 330 kilograms per square meter. , preferably at most 295 kilograms per square meter, more preferably at most 265 kilograms per square meter.

In one embodiment, the float has a thickness in a vertical direction, wherein a ratio between the thickness of the laterally extending portion of the structural member at the position above the cavity and the thickness of the float at a position below the position above the cavity is at least 0.1, preferably at least 0.15, and/or is at most 0.3, preferably at most 0.2. Preferably, the laterally extending portion of the structural elements extends along an area above the cavity, where the ratio between the thickness of the laterally extending portion of the structural element and the thickness of the float is at least 0.1 and/or is at most 0.3, over a majority, for example at least 70%, at least 90%, or about 100%, of the area above the cavity. In one embodiment, the thickness of the float is at least 0.25 meters and/or is at most 0.70 meters, preferably along the majority, for example at least 70%, at least 90%. or approximately 100%, of the area above the cavity.

The floating materials included in the float may be, for example, expanded polystyrene or another type of solid foam material. The cavity may provide a protected space in which at least a portion of the float can be housed. Since the float, due to its composition, may be more vulnerable to wear, or other types of damage, than the structural element, the cavity makes it possible to obtain a relatively durable pontoon in which at least part of the float can be protected. Having continuity in at least part of the structural element allows the resistance of the structural element to be increased.

In one embodiment, the float defines a shape and/or one or more dimensions of the cavity. Such a definition may be the result, for example, of the structural element including a solidified material from a fluidic material that flows along the float, for example, above and/or next to the float. Preferably, by causing the fluidic material to flow along the float, for example, above and/or next to the float, the cavity is formed by solidification of the fluidic material. For example, by pouring the fluidic material over and/or around the float, the cavity may be formed by solidification of the poured material. Preferably, the fluidic material solidifies along, for example, beside and preferably above the float to form the cavity.

Thus, in one embodiment, the structural element includes a solidified material that originates from a fluidic material. The solidified material included in the structural element may be, for example, concrete. The fluidic material is preferably a suspension, such as a concrete suspension, in particular a cellular concrete suspension that has not yet solidified. Thus, preferably, the composition of the structural element includes a solidified fluidic material, such as a solidified cellular concrete suspension. Preferably, the structural element is molded.

In one embodiment, the structural element is reinforced by a solid structure, for example steel. Thus, preferably, the solid structure reinforces the structural element. In one embodiment, the solidified material surrounds at least a portion of the solid structure. Optionally, the solid structure includes a metallic material such as steel, for example, it may be made of a metallic material such as steel. Preferably, the structural element includes reinforced concrete.

In one embodiment, the float is secured to the structural member when it is introduced into the cavity. Preferably, said fixation is the result of solidification of the fluidic material. Preferably, the float is provided with at least one float coupling element for fixing the float to the structural element. Preferably, the at least one float coupling element is, at least in part, surrounded by the structural element. Said surrounding may result, for example, from the flow of the fluidic material from which the solidified material results. Preferably, the at least one coupling element of the float widens in a direction opposite to the float. The at least one coupling element of the float can be fixed to the float, for example, by screwing and/or gluing.

Preferably, one or more coupling elements are fixed to the solid structure, to allow a mechanical coupling to the structural element by means of one or more coupling elements. After fixation, at least a portion of the fluidic material can flow over and/or next to the float, and preferably into the mold, to surround the coupling elements. This may allow for durability of the fastening between one or more coupling members and the structural member.

Preferably, the float is secured to the solid structure, preferably by means of one or more float coupling elements. This can allow durability of the fixation between the float and the structural element.

In one embodiment, the structural member includes a downwardly projecting bottom portion that projects downwardly from the laterally extending portion of the structural member. Preferably, the laterally extending portion and the downwardly projecting bottom portion define the cavity. The downward-projecting bottom can form a barrier against float damage. Preferably, the laterally extending part and the downwardly projecting part are made of a single piece. Manufacturing both parts in a single piece facilitates the manufacturing process and allows you to obtain a durable pontoon.

In one embodiment, the structural element has a bottom surface, in use, wherein the downwardly projecting bottom portion defines at least part of the bottom surface of the structural element. Preferably, the downwardly projecting lower part forms a lower point, in use, of the structural element. This can increase the durability of the pontoon as it can reduce the number of parts of the pontoon.

In one embodiment, the structural member has an outer circumference that is defined by the side surfaces of the structural member, wherein the downwardly projecting bottom portion is positioned near the outer circumference. The positioning of the downward projecting bottom near the outer circumference allows for a relatively large lateral extension of the float. As a result, the pontoon can be relatively stable.

In one embodiment, the cavity provided in the structural member is open in a, in use, downward direction. This can make it easier to place the float in the cavity, for example after float repair. In one embodiment, the float is arranged to be moved out of the cavity, preferably in a downward direction, or into the cavity, preferably in an upward direction.

In one embodiment, the composition and volume of the structural element and the float are designed such that, in use and while the water surface is substantially free of waves and, preferably, is substantially free of currents, the lower part projecting towards below is, at least in part, lower than the water surface. This makes it possible to improve the protection of the float against surface waves on the water surface.

In one embodiment, the composition and volume of the structural element and the float are designed such that, in use and while the water surface is substantially free of waves and preferably is substantially free of current, the majority of the bottom projected downward it is higher than the surface of the water. The fact that most of the downward-projecting bottom is higher than the water surface allows the pontoon to be relatively light. Optionally, the float partially protrudes from the cavity.

In another embodiment, the composition and volume of the structural element and the float are designed such that, in use and while the water surface is substantially free of waves and, preferably, is substantially free of currents, the majority of the Bottom projected downward is lower than the water surface. This allows relatively good protection of the float. Optionally, the float does not protrude from the cavity, that is, it is contained within the cavity.

In one embodiment, the composition and dimensions of the structural element and the float are designed so that, in use and while the water surface is substantially free of waves and, preferably, is substantially free of currents, the center of gravity of the pontoon and/or of the solar energy system is higher than the water surface, and/or is at most 20% of a lateral dimension of the float above the water surface. The fact that the center of gravity of the pontoon is higher than the surface of the water is surprising, since durable floating objects, such as boats, usually have the center of gravity lower than the surface of the water. The stability of the pontoon against wind, waves and current can benefit from an upper limit of the center of gravity. Said lateral dimension of the float may be, for example, the length, width or diameter of the float. Said lateral dimension can be measured along a horizontal direction, in use and while the water surface is substantially free of waves and, preferably, is substantially free of current.

In one embodiment, the composition and dimensions of the structural element and the float are designed so that, in use, the natural oscillation time of the pontoon and/or solar energy system is at least 10 seconds, preferably at least 15 seconds, and more preferably about 20 seconds. The stability of the pontoon against wind, waves and current can benefit from a lower limit on the natural oscillation time of the pontoon. Said lower limit may be greater than the natural oscillation times of waves, current and/or wind that may disturb the water surface during the use of the solar energy system.

In one embodiment, the solidified material is formed at least in part of concrete. Preferably, the structural element is formed at least in part of concrete, such that the structural element includes at least 70% by weight of concrete.

The structural element includes at least 50% by weight of concrete. Preferably, the composition of the structural element includes at least 80% by weight of concrete, more preferably at least 90% by weight of concrete or at least 95% by weight of concrete. In one embodiment, the structural element includes at least 50% by weight of cellular concrete or at least 70% by weight of cellular concrete. The structural element may, for example, be substantially made of concrete.

In one embodiment, the float includes expanded polystyrene. In one embodiment, the float includes at least 70% by weight expanded polystyrene. Preferably, the float includes at least 80% by weight of expanded polystyrene, more preferably at least 90% by weight of expanded polystyrene or at least 95% by weight of expanded polystyrene. The float may, for example, be made substantially of expanded polystyrene.

In one embodiment, the structural element, preferably the concrete of the structural element, includes parts of recycled solar panels. Preferably, the structural element, in particular the concrete of the structural element, includes at least 10% by weight, more preferably at least 20% by weight and/or at most 30% by weight, of recycled solar panel parts. Recycling solar panels by reusing them as part of concrete can provide an environmental benefit.

In one embodiment, the float is, at least in part, covered by a protective layer. The protective layer can be, for example, an anti-rooting membrane and/or a rubber layer. Other protective layers can be used, as an alternative or in addition to the anti-rooting membrane. For example, the anti-rooting membrane may be covered by a layer of rubber to form the protective layer. The protective layer may be substantially free of plastic, for example, it may be based on burlap and/or hemp. By means of the protective layer, the float can be protected against wear. The anti-rooting membrane can, for example, protect the float against plants that may grow on its surface. These plants can increase float wear. Thus, the protective layer can improve the durability of the pontoon and the solar energy system.

In one embodiment, the structural member has a substantially rectangular shape in a horizontal cross section that extends across the portion of the structural member that extends laterally above the cavity. A ratio between a long side and a short side of the rectangular shape may be, for example, at least 2 and/or at most 4, preferably at least 2.5 and/or at most 3, preferably about 2.7. Such a rectangular shape may allow for an efficient configuration of a solar energy system that includes a plurality of pontoons. In one embodiment, the cavity may be in the shape of a substantially rectangular box. Optionally, a ratio between a long laterally extending side and a short laterally extending side of the rectangular box is at least 2 and/or is at most 4.

In one embodiment, the pontoon is provided with one or more pairs of solar panels that are arranged substantially in a V shape, the V being inverted and positioned at least partially above the surface of the water.

Preferably, the structural element does not include plastic materials. Optionally, the structural element includes at most 10% by weight, preferably at most 5% by weight, more preferably at most 1% by weight, of plastic materials. Preferably, the float does not include plastic materials. Optionally, the float includes at most 10% by weight, preferably at most 5% by weight, more preferably at most 1% by weight, of plastic materials.

In one embodiment, the pontoon is on a truck or trailer to transport the pontoon, for example, to the surface of the water. Preferably, two or more similar pontoons including the pontoon are stacked in a vertical direction on the truck or trailer. Preferably, a plurality of trucks and/or trailers are provided, each provided with at least one pontoon, preferably each provided with a plurality of pontoons. Such a plurality of trucks can be seen when the solar energy system includes, for example, at least 2000 or at least 2500 pontoons.

The invention also provides the solar energy system that includes the pontoon. Thus, in one embodiment, the pontoon is included in the solar energy system. Preferably, the solar energy system is prepared to generate electrical energy from solar radiation.

In one embodiment, the solar energy system includes a frame that is secured to the structural member, the frame being arranged to secure the at least one solar panel to the frame and, optionally, positioning the solar panel at least partially above at least part of the structural element. The frame preferably includes a plurality of frame members. Preferably, at least one solar panel is attached to the frame. Preferably, a pair of solar panels is attached to a pair of frame elements.

Preferably, at least one solar panel is fixed to the frame by means of at least one mobile closure, for example sliding, which allows the movement of at least one solar panel and the frame relative to each other. A movable closure makes it possible to reduce the forces and mechanical stresses on at least one solar panel. A completely rigid fixation between the frame and the at least one solar panel could induce mechanical loads on the solar panel, for example, due to deformation of the frame and/or the at least one solar panel caused by wind, waves and/or or the differences in thermal expansion between the frame and the solar panel. Therefore, the durability of the at least one solar panel may benefit from a loose connection between the at least one solar panel and the frame.

Preferably, the solar energy system includes, per solar panel, a securing fastener between the solar panel and the frame, which does not allow movement of the solar panel and the frame relative to each other. Fixing the frame and the solar panel to each other can benefit from such a fixing lock, as it can, for example, substantially prevent the at least one solar panel from substantially impacting the frame.

In one embodiment, the solar energy system including the pontoon is provided with a plurality of solar panels including the at least one solar panel, wherein the pontoon is one of a plurality of pontoons included by the solar energy system. , wherein the pontoons of the plurality of pontoons are mechanically interconnected. Preferably, the pontoons of the plurality of pontoons are similar. Preferably, the plurality of pontoons is formed by pontoons according to the invention. Preferably, the solar panels of the plurality of solar panels of the solar energy system are electrically connected, to produce the electrical energy. Preferably, the plurality of pontoons includes at least 100 pontoons or at least 500 pontoons, more preferably at least 2500 pontoons or at least 5000 pontoons.

In one embodiment, the pontoons of the plurality of pontoons are mechanically interconnected, preferably near the corners of the pontoons. Preferably, the pontoons of said plurality of pontoons are each mechanically interconnected with at least one other pontoon of said plurality of pontoons near the corners of the pontoons. As a result, preferably each pontoon is provided with one or more interconnected corners. Preferably, for each pontoon the number of interconnected corners is equal to the number of other pontoons that are interconnected at the interconnected corners. Thus, the plurality of pontoons may include sets of pontoons extending in orthogonal directions, and including pontoons that are spaced apart along the sets.

In one embodiment, the pontoons of the plurality of pontoons are mechanically interconnected by means of interconnecting elements. Preferably, the interconnecting elements are flexible. Preferably, the interconnecting elements are coupled to one or more of the coupling elements that are fixed to the solid structures of the pontoons, to allow mechanical coupling to the structural element by means of one or more coupling elements.

In one embodiment, the pontoons are interconnected, alternatively or additionally to the interconnecting elements, by the frame, in particular by the frame elements, to which the at least one solar panel, and preferably the plurality of solar panels, is attached. Thus, in one embodiment, the adjacent pontoons of the solar energy system are interconnected by a frame to which the at least one solar panel is attached.

In one embodiment, an overlap distance of two pontoons interconnected by at least one of the interconnecting elements is at most 100 centimeters, preferably at most 80 centimeters, more preferably at most 50 centimeters. In one embodiment, an overlap distance of two pontoons interconnected by at least one of the interconnecting elements is at least 5 centimeters, preferably at least 10 centimeters, more preferably at least 15 centimeters.

In one embodiment, the plurality of pontoons includes a set of pontoons, wherein the adjacent pontoons of the set of pontoons are spaced apart in a direction along the assembly so that the adjacent pontoons define intermediate spaces between the pontoons of said set of pontoons. . Preferably, the alternation of pontoons and intermediate spaces throughout an assembly forms a uniform pattern throughout the assembly.

In one embodiment, adjacent pontoons of the plurality of pontoons along another set of pontoons are spaced apart in a direction along the other set of pontoons that is substantially perpendicular to the set of pontoons. Therefore, in one embodiment, the solar energy system may include at least two sets of pontoons that extend in directions that are substantially perpendicular to each other.

In one embodiment, the plurality of pontoons includes a plurality of, preferably similar, sets of pontoons. Preferably, the plurality of pontoon assemblies extend in directions substantially parallel to each other. Thus, the plurality of pontoon assemblies are preferably aligned. In one embodiment, the plurality of pontoon assemblies includes at least 50 assemblies. Preferably, the assemblies of the plurality of pontoon assemblies include at least 50 pontoons per assembly.

In one embodiment, adjacent assemblies of the plurality of pontoon assemblies are offset from each other. This can be achieved, for example, by mechanically interconnecting the pontoons of an array with the pontoons of an adjacent aligned array, near the corners of the pontoons, such that the pontoons of said array are mechanically connected to two pontoons of said adjacent aligned array. . Preferably, a pontoon is mechanically connected at each of its corners to different pontoons. As a result of the displacement, a plurality of other pontoon sets are formed that extend in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the direction in which the plurality of pontoon sets extend.

In one embodiment, a first plurality of solar panels is arranged above a pontoon and not above an interspace between adjacent pontoons along the pontoon array, a second plurality of solar panels is arranged above an interspace between adjacent pontoons along the set of pontoons and not above a pontoon, and/or a third plurality of solar panels is arranged above a pontoon and above a gap between adjacent pontoons along the set of pontoons. pontoons.

In one embodiment, in a vertical projection, a total surface area occupied by the plurality of solar panels is greater than a total surface area occupied by the pontoons. This can be achieved by superimposing, in a vertical projection, the solar panels and the water surface between the pontoons that are spaced apart. Thus, in one embodiment, the plurality of solar panels, when viewed downward from the vertical direction, may be partially above the water surface and not above a pontoon. In this way, the intermediate space between the pontoons can be used efficiently and the number of pontoons can be decreased.

In one embodiment, the solar energy system includes the frame comprising the plurality of frame elements by which the plurality of pontoons are interconnected and to which the plurality of solar panels are attached, in which the pontoons, the frame elements and the solar panels are sized in such a way that, in a vertical projection (or, in other words, viewed from the vertical direction in a two-dimensional view), the total surface area occupied by the plurality of solar panels is at least 1.2 times , preferably at least 1.5 times, a total area occupied by the pontoons. Preferably, the frame supports solar panels that are partially or completely above the water surface.

Preferably, the solar energy system does not include plastic materials. Optionally, the solar energy system includes at most 10% by weight, preferably at most 5% by weight, more preferably at most 1% by weight of plastic materials. Experiments have shown that plastic materials are relatively vulnerable and can reduce the durability of the solar energy system.

The invention also provides the pontoon in assembly with a mold that is arranged to manufacture the structural element, wherein at least part of the float is placed in and/or surrounded by the mold, and wherein the mold defines a shape and/or or one or more dimensions of the structural element, for example of the cavity of the structural element, of the laterally extending part of the structural element, and/or of the downwardly projecting part of the structural element. Thus, in one embodiment, the pontoon is supplied assembled with the mold.

In one embodiment, a top surface of the mold is substantially flush with the top surface of the portion extending laterally above cavity 20. Thus, the mold may optionally define the thickness of the portion extending laterally above of the float of the structural element.

Preferably, the mold is oriented so that the cavity is open in a downward direction. This orientation is surprising, since it prevents access to the cavity, or at least makes such access difficult. By forming the cavity above and around the float by flowing the fluidic material over and/or next to the float, preferably by pouring the fluidic material into the mold, the float is disposed at least partially in the cavity without having to move the structural element. and/or the float with respect to each other. In this way, the need to access the cavity to introduce the float at least partially into the cavity can be avoided. Preferably, the float extends downwardly out of the cavity.

In one embodiment, the solid structure reinforcing the structural element is placed in the mold. Preferably, the solid structure forms a laterally extending horizontal grid in the structural element, in particular in the laterally extending part of the structural element. Preferably, the solid structure is, at least in part, surrounded by the solidified fluidic material. Preferably, the solid structure extends into the mould, more preferably substantially across the mould.

In one embodiment, one or more coupling elements are attached to the solid structure, to allow mechanical coupling to the structural element by means of one or more coupling elements. This may allow for durability of the fastening between one or more coupling members and the structural member.

A coupling element preferably includes a tube with an internal thread, such as a screw sleeve. One or more coupling elements are preferably located within an outer envelope of the structural element, that is, they do not protrude from the structural element. The one or more coupling elements may be arranged to receive a threaded connecting bolt or screw, for example, to connect an eye coupling attached to the connecting bolt or screw, or to connect an interconnecting element to the pontoon that is arranged to connect the pontoon to another pontoon. The connecting bolt or screw may comprise stainless steel, and is preferably made substantially of stainless steel. Using pontoon coupling elements, the pontoons of a plurality of pontoons can be mechanically interconnected by interconnecting elements.

In one embodiment, the float is attached to the solid structure. Preferably, the fixing elements are fixed to the float, while the solid structure is fixed to the fixing elements. In this way, the fixing elements can preferably form coupling elements of the float. This can allow durability of the fixation between the float and the structural element.

Preferably, the protective layer is placed at the bottom of the mold and against an interior face thereof. Preferably, the float is placed on the protective layer located at the bottom of the mold.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be illustrated with reference to the following non-limiting figures, in which:

Figure 1A shows, in one embodiment, a schematic perspective view of a floating solar energy system including a floating pontoon;

Figure 1B shows a schematic cross section of the pontoon of Figure 1A, in a plane perpendicular to one side of the pontoon;

Figure 2 schematically illustrates, in one embodiment, an assembly of a pontoon and a mold arranged to manufacture the pontoon;

Figure 3 schematically illustrates, in one embodiment, a float and a structural element of a pontoon in assembly with a mold arranged to manufacture the pontoon;

Figure 4A shows a schematic top view of one embodiment of a pontoon;

Figure 4B shows a detail of Figure 4A;

Figure 4C shows a cross section indicated in Figure 4B;

Figure 5A shows, in a schematic top view, a plurality of pontoons that are interconnected;

Figure 5B shows a detail of Figure 5A, illustrating a mechanical connection between two pontoons;

Figure 5C shows, in a cross section indicated in Figure 5B, a mechanical connection between two pontoons;

Figure 6A shows, in a schematic side view, an example of a frame element to which a solar panel is attached; and

Figure 6B shows a schematic top view of a part of an embodiment of a solar energy system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Figure 1A shows a schematic perspective view of a floating solar energy system 2, in an embodiment according to the invention. The solar energy system is provided with at least one solar panel 12. The solar energy system may be provided with a plurality of solar panels, for example with two rows of four solar panels 12 as illustrated in Figure 1A. The solar energy system 2 is arranged to float on a water surface 4 of a pond, lake, river and/or sea.

A part of the solar energy system 2 that is lower than the water surface 4 on which the solar energy system 2 floats is not visible in Figure 1A.

Figure 1A further shows, in an embodiment according to the invention, a pontoon 10 that is included by the solar energy system 2. Figure 1B shows a schematic cross section of the pontoon 10, in a plane perpendicular to a long side 6 of the pontoon . The pontoon includes a structural element 14, to which the plurality of solar panels 12 can be attached by means of a plurality of frame elements 15. The frame elements 15 and the solar panels 12 can be provided to the pontoon while the gate floats on the water surface.

As illustrated in Figure 1A, the solar panels 12 may generally be placed above at least a portion of the structural element 14 and/or the pontoon 10. Thus, the solar panels 12 may overlap at least a portion of the structural element 14. and/or the pontoon 10 when viewed from the vertical direction. The plurality of solar panels may include one or more pairs of solar panels that are arranged substantially in a V shape, the V being inverted. In use, the structural element 14 is located above at least a portion of the float 16. At least one solar panel, for example a plurality of solar panels, may be located above at least a portion of the structural element 14 and therefore above at least a part of the float 16.

The structural element has a composition such that the structural element as such does not float on said water surface. Thus, the specific gravity of the structural element 14 may be greater than the specific gravity of the water that forms said aquatic surface 4 (the specific gravity of said water may be considered equal to one). In general, the density of the structural element may be at least 1500 kilograms per cubic meter or at least 2000 kilograms per cubic meter, for example about 2400 kilograms per cubic meter. The structural element 14 can provide strength and durability to the pontoon. As illustrated in Figure 1A, the structural element may have a substantially rectangular shape, in use, in a horizontal cross section. Of course, other ways are also possible. The density and specific gravity can be determined based on a volume of the structural element within its outer limits and based on a weight of the structural element.

The pontoon further includes a float 16. The float 16 and the structural member 14 may, in use, be secured together. The float 16 has a composition such that the float 16 as such floats on the surface of the water 4. Therefore, the specific gravity of the float may be less than the specific gravity of the water that forms said water surface 4. In general, The density of the float can be, for example, a maximum of 600 kilograms per cubic meter, a maximum of 300 kilograms per cubic meter, a maximum of 100 kilograms per cubic meter or a maximum of 50 kilograms per cubic meter. If the density is relatively low, the required float size may be relatively small to make it easier to protect it in the cavity. On the other hand, materials with a relatively low density can be relatively vulnerable. The density and specific gravity can be determined as a function of the volume of the float within its outer limits and as a function of the weight of the float.

As can be seen in Figure 1B, the structural element 14 is provided with a cavity 20. The cavity may be shaped to receive at least part of the float 16. The cavity may be, for example, in the shape of a substantially rectangular box. In the example shown in Figure 1B, the float 16 is partially disposed in the cavity 20. Therefore, the float 16 can protrude from the cavity. Alternatively, the float may be completely within the cavity 20. The cavity 20 may be open, in use, in a downward direction. The structural element may include, in use, a top portion 22 that extends laterally and a bottom portion 24 that projects downward from the top. A top surface 60 of the pontoon may be formed by a top surface 23 of the top 22 of the laterally extending structural member 14. The upper part 22 and the lower part 24 may together define the cavity 20. The structural element 14 may have an outer circumference 30. The outer circumference 30 may be defined by the side surfaces 6 of the structural element 14 of the pontoon 10.

In another embodiment, the pontoon may include another laterally extending portion, for example, a laterally extending portion that is not a top portion of the structural member. Thus, more generally, the structural member 14 may include a portion 25 that extends laterally above the cavity. Thus, at least a portion of the portion 25 may be located higher than, and in a vertical projection overlapping with, at least a portion of the cavity. The laterally extending portion 25 in the embodiment of Figure 1B may be formed by the laterally extending upper portion 22. A thickness D<1>of the laterally extending part 25 of the structural element in a position Y above the cavity is at least 4 centimeters. Furthermore, the thickness D<1>of the laterally extending portion 25 at position Y above the cavity may be at most 12 centimeters. The thickness D<1>may be, for example, approximately 7 centimeters. The thickness D<1>, which is at least 4 centimeters and/or at most 12 centimeters, can allow a relatively durable pontoon with a float that is not too large. Furthermore, such thickness may allow a repair technician to stand and walk on the laterally extending portion. This can make the construction and repair of the solar energy system easier.

One or both of these ranges for thickness D<1> may also apply to other positions above the cavity. One or both ranges may apply to a majority, for example at least 70%, at least 90%, or approximately 100% (or, in other words, all), of an area 29 of the part being extends laterally above the cavity (i.e., an area superior to and overlapping the cavity). The area 29 may be along a lateral extension cross section F-F' that extends through the portion 25 of the structural member that extends laterally above the cavity. Alternatively, the area 29 above the cavity 20 may be along a top surface 33 or along a bottom surface 35 of the laterally extending portion 25. Therefore, the thickness D<1>of the laterally extending part 25 of the structural element 14 is at least 4 centimeters and, optionally, at most 12 centimeters along the majority part, for example, at least 70%, at least 90%, or approximately 100%, of the area 29 of the portion that extends laterally above the cavity 20.

The laterally extending portion 25 may have a longitudinal shape in two directions, preferably horizontal, which are perpendicular to each other and may be directed laterally. The laterally extending portion 25 may extend in the two orthogonal lateral directions 27A, 27B along a width or length of the pontoon 10. The laterally extending portion 25 may be formed substantially as a plate. The plate may be substantially continuous.

In one embodiment, the relationship between the weight of the structural element and the area of the top surface 37 of the structural element in a vertical projection (or, in other words, when viewed from the vertical direction in a two-dimensional view), may be at least 125 kilograms per square meter, preferably at least 150 kilograms per square meter, more preferably at least 175 kilograms per square meter. The ratio between the weight of the structural element 14 and the area of the upper surface 37 in a vertical projection may be at most 350 kilograms per square meter, preferably at most 310 kilograms per square meter, more preferably at most 280 kilograms per square meter. square meter, for example about 225 kilograms per square meter.

In addition, or alternatively, approximately similar ranges may be applied to a ratio between the weight of the portion of the structural member extending laterally above the cavity and an area of the top surface of the structural member above the cavity in a vertical projection. . The ratio between the weight of the part of the structural element extending laterally above the cavity and the area of the upper surface of the structural element above the cavity in a vertical projection may be at least 120 kilograms per square meter, preferably at least 140 kilograms per square meter, and more preferably at least 165 kilograms per square meter. The ratio between the weight of the part of the structural element extending laterally above the cavity and the area of the upper surface above the cavity in a vertical projection may be a maximum of 330 kilograms per square meter, preferably as maximum of 295 kilograms per square meter, more preferably maximum of 265 kilograms per square meter, for example, it may be approximately 215 kilograms per square meter. Such ranges for these proportions can be achieved, for example, by using concrete in the composition of the structural element. Preferably, the majority of the mass of at least the laterally extending portion of the structural element is made of concrete.

The float may have a thickness D<3>in the vertical direction, or upward, below the position Y above the cavity<2 0>. The ratio between the thickness D<1>of the laterally extending part of the structural element and the thickness D<3>of the float may be at least 0.1 and/or at most 0.3. The ratio between the thickness D<1>of the laterally extending part of the structural element and the thickness D<3>of the float may be at least 0.15 and/or at most 0.2, and preferably about 0. ,18. The ratio between the thickness D<1>of the laterally extending portion 25 of the structural element and the thickness D<3>of the float may be at least 0.1 or at least 0.15, and/or may be as maximum of 0.2 or at most 0.3, throughout the majority, for example at least 70%, at least 90%, or approximately 100%, of the area 29 above the cavity. The thickness D<3>of the float 16 may be at least 0.25 meters and/or at most 0.70 meters, along the majority, for example at least 70%, at least 90%. or approximately 100%, of the area 29 above the cavity.

The downwardly projecting lower portion 24 may be located near the outer circumference 30 of the structural member 14. The downwardly projecting lower portion 24 may extend along a portion or substantially all of the circumference 30. The lower portion 24 The downwardly projecting portion 24 may form a protective element, such as a wall, that completely surrounds the cavity 20. Alternatively, the downwardly projecting bottom portion 24 partially surrounds the cavity 20, for example, because in the downwardly projecting bottom portion 24 there are openings. which can reduce the weight of the pontoon. The downwardly projecting bottom 24 can protect the cavity 20, for example, from current, waves and ultraviolet radiation, including solar radiation (or, in other words, UV radiation). In the example of Figure 1B, the downwardly projecting bottom part 24 may provide such protection in particular to an upper portion of the float 16.

The structural element 14 may have, in use, a bottom surface 32. The downwardly projecting bottom 24 may define at least part of the bottom surface 32 of the structural element 14. At least part of the bottom surface of the structural element 32 may be formed by a lower surface 38 of the lower part 24 projecting downwards. The cavity 20 provided in the structural element 16 may be open in a downward direction 34, in use. In this way, a cavity can be provided that, in combination, provides significant protection to the float 16, is relatively easy to manufacture, and allows for convenient attachment of the float and structural member to each other.

The structural element, in use, will provide a downward gravitational force on the pontoon. The float, when fully or partially submerged, will provide an upward force on the pontoon. The cavity, in combination with an upward force on the float and a downward force on the structural element in use, can now fix both parts of the pontoon to each other, substantially preventing lateral and downward movement of the float with respect to the structural element. 14. Additionally, or alternatively, for example glue, screws, and/or other fixing means may be used to secure the float and the structural element to each other.

The composition and volume of the structural element and the float are designed so that the pontoon floats on the water surface. The pontoon floats on the water surface if it is partially higher than the water surface, when the water surface is still (i.e., substantially free of waves and current). The composition and volume of the structural element and the float can be designed so that, in use and while the water surface 4 is substantially free of waves and, preferably, is substantially free of current, the majority of the bottom projecting towards below is higher than the surface of the water. In general, in use the pontoon may be floating on the surface of the water, optionally connected to one or more pontoons, provided with one or more solar panels and/or included in a solar energy system.

The lower part 24 that projects downwards may have a height D<2>. The laterally extending upper part 22 may have a height D<1> (or, in other words, a thickness D<1>). When floating on a calm water surface, the downward projecting bottom may be above the water surface, or may be partially below the water surface. Preferably, when the solar energy system is used floating on a calm water surface, the downwardly projected bottom is lower than the water surface by a maximum of 30% of its height D<2>, or by a maximum of 10% of its height D<2>. Thus, the bottom surface 38 of the downwardly projecting bottom 24 may be close to the water surface, preferably above the water surface. This downward-projecting part allows the pontoon to be relatively light, while offering protection to the float.

In another embodiment, the composition and volume of the structural element and the float are designed such that, in use and while the water surface is substantially free of waves and preferably is substantially free of currents (for example, with a height of wave less than 0.1 meter and preferably a current less than 0.1 meter per second), most of the bottom projected downward is lower than the water surface. For example, the downward projecting bottom is lower than the still water surface for at least 50% of its height D<2> and/or at most 80% of its height D<2>. This allows relatively good protection of the float. Optionally, the float does not protrude from the cavity, that is, it is contained within the cavity.

More generally, the composition and volume of both the structural element and the float can be designed so that the upper surface 31 of the float is higher than the level of the still water surface. This can substantially reduce, or prevent, water from penetrating, through the cavity, directly into the laterally extending top portion 22. Additionally, it may be more difficult for water to reach the securing means, such as one or more coupling elements of the float, which may be used to secure the float and the structural element to each other.

This can increase the durability of the pontoon, particularly when floating on a saltwater surface, such as a seawater surface.

Typical dimensions of the structural element and the float of the pontoon 10 may be, for example: a width Ws of the structural element on an upper surface 36 of the structural element, may be at least 2 meters and/or at most 3 meters, preferably about 2.4 meters; a width Wfof the float may be at least 1.5 meters and/or at most 2.5 meters, preferably about 2.0 meters; a width T of the downwardly projecting bottom part on a lower surface 38 of the downward projecting bottom part may be at least 12 centimeters and/or at most 22 centimeters, preferably about 17 centimeters; and/or a lateral extension Tude the top of the structural element beyond the float on an upper surface 36 of the structural element, it can be at least 15 centimeters and/or at most 25 centimeters, preferably about 20 centimeters.

The downwardly projecting lower part 24 may be conical in the downward direction 34. Thus, the width T of the descending lower part at its lower surface 38 may be less than the lateral extension Tude of the upper part 22 of the structural element 14. beyond float 16 (i.e. not above float 16). Such dimensions can be chosen after experimentation and calculation, and allow obtaining a stable and resistant pontoon in difficult conditions, such as relatively strong winds, deep and/or salt water, and intense UV radiation from sunlight. The downwardly projecting lower part 24 may have a shape that defines a projecting side 6 of the structural element 14, as illustrated in Figure 1B. Such a protrusion may prevent, or at least deter, vermin such as rats from entering an upper surface 36 of the structural element 14. Above and/or near one or more solar panels 12 there may be one or more thin ropes, such as lines fishing. This may prevent birds from perching on and/or near one or more solar panels 12.

The dimensions and properties of the structural element 14 and the float 16 can also be designed to obtain favorable dynamic properties of the solar energy system and, in particular, the pontoon 10. For example, the composition and dimensions of the float and the pontoon can be designed in so that, in use, the natural oscillation time of the pontoon is at least 10 seconds, preferably at least 15 seconds, for example about 20 seconds or at least 20 seconds. As another example, the composition and volume of the structural element and the float can be designed so that a center of gravity of the pontoon is higher than the water surface, preferably at a height H above the water surface level at calm that is at least 0.1 meters and/or at most 0.5 meters, preferably at most 0.3 meters. A center of gravity higher than the water surface is amazing for achieving the desired stability. Too high a center of gravity can cause instability of the solar energy system and the pontoon.

More generally, a relationship between the height H of the center of gravity of the center of the solar energy system above the level of the still water surface, and a smaller lateral (i.e. in substantially horizontal use) dimension of the float (e.g. width Wf), may be at most 0.25, preferably at most 0.20, more preferably at most 0.15, for example about 0.10. A lateral dimension of the float, such as the width Wf of the float, may be, for example, at least 1.5 meters, preferably at least 2 meters. Thus, the composition and dimensions of the structural element and the float can be designed so that, in use and while the water surface is substantially free of waves and, preferably, is substantially free of currents, a center of gravity of the pontoon is higher than the water surface, preferably at most 20% of a lateral dimension of the float above the water surface level.

The structural element 14 may include a solidified material. The solidified material may come from a fluidic material. Therefore, the composition of the structural element 14 may include said solidified material. The fluidic material may have flowed along, for example, over and/or beside the float. As a result, the solidified material can extend, preferably continuously, above and/or to the side of the cavity. Thus, at least a portion of the structural element 14 can extend continuously above and/or next to the float. A continuously extending portion of the structural element may, for example, be substantially free of interfaces that lie within said portion of the structural element and that can be separated and moved freely relative to each other and without damaging said portion of the structural element. The upper laterally extending portion 22 of the structural element 14, and the downwardly projecting portion 24 of the structural element 14, may be made substantially of a single piece formed by the solidified fluidic material.

The fluidic material may be a suspension, for example a concrete suspension. Said concrete slurry may include water, sand and cement. The fluidic material may have solidified to form the structural element 14. The solidification may include, for example, drying of the fluidic material and/or a chemical reaction thereof. Thus, the solidified material may come from the fluidic material by drying the fluidic material or by chemical reaction of the fluidic material. The structural element 14 can be molded. Molding may include pouring the fluidic material into the mold and may include solidification. As a result of solidification, cavity 20 may be formed. For example, concrete may have hardened (i.e., solidified) on and around at least a portion of float 16, to form cavity 20. The solidified fluidic material may be formed, at least in part, of concrete, such that the structural element includes at least 70% by weight (hereinafter also referred to as % by weight) of concrete, preferably at least 90% by weight of concrete. In general, the majority of the mass of the structural element and/or pontoon can be concrete.

Figure 2 schematically illustrates, in one embodiment of the invention, a pontoon 10 in assembly with a mold arranged to manufacture the pontoon. Once released from the mold, the pontoon 10 can form part of the solar energy system that is arranged to float on a water surface. The pontoon comprises a structural element 14 and a float 16. The structural element has a composition such that the structural element as such, that is, the structural element itself, does not float on said water surface. The structural element 14 may include at least 70% by weight of solidified concrete, preferably at least 90% by weight of solidified concrete. The float has a composition such that the float itself, that is, the float itself, floats on said water surface. The float may include at least 70% by weight of expanded polystyrene, preferably at least 90% by weight of expanded polystyrene. Once demolded, the pontoon can be included in the solar energy system and be provided with at least one solar panel, preferably a plurality of solar panels (as illustrated, for example, in Figure 1A).

As also illustrated in the embodiment of Figure 1B, the float is at least partially disposed in a cavity 20 that is provided in the structural element 14. At least a part of the structural element 14 is located above the float 16 or a part of it. The structural element 14, in particular its upper part 22, can, for example, be placed on top of the float 16, as illustrated in Figure 1B. The structural element can be molded by the mold. As illustrated in Figure 2, as a result of manufacturing the pontoon, at least a part of the pontoon may be placed in the mold and may be surrounded by the mold 46. The float 16 may, for example, be located in a bottom 48 of an interior space 47 of the mold 46. In other embodiments, the float 16 may protrude from the bottom of the mold, so that the bottom of the mold surrounds the float. In such embodiments, the float may extend vertically to a position lower than the bottom of the mold interior space.

The mold 46, in particular the interior space 47 thereof, may define a shape and/or one or more dimensions of the structural element 14, in particular of the cavity 20 of the structural element 14. Said definition may be the result of the manufacture of the pontoon, which may include flowing a fluidic material above and/or next to the float in the mold, so that at least part of the solidified material extends above and/or next to the cavity. The flow of the fluidic material may be limited by the mold. Manufacturing may include pouring the fluidic material, preferably a concrete slurry, into the interior space 47 of the mold 46 to manufacture the structural element 14. Preferably, the fluidic material is a cellular concrete slurry. Aerated concrete can reduce the weight of the structural element.

As illustrated in Figure 2, the structural element may include a solid structure 50. The solid structure may be placed in the interior space 47 of the mold 46. The solid structure may be located at least partly above the float, preferably attached to the float. The solid structure may form a laterally extending horizontal grid in the structural element, in particular in the laterally extending part of the structural element. The solid structure 50 may be, for example, substantially steel. The solid structure may form a reinforcement of the structural element, or may at least form part of said reinforcement. This use of the solid structure combines well with flowing the fluid material above and/or next to the float, so that at least part of the solidified material extends above and/or next to the cavity. As a result of the flow, the solid structure can be surrounded and therefore well fixed to the structural element.

One or more coupling elements 52 may be secured to the solid structure. Such attachment may allow for relatively strong mechanical coupling to the structural element by means of one or more coupling elements 52. The one or more coupling elements may be secured to the solid structure prior to flowing the fluidic material into the interior space 47 of the mold. , or at least before flowing some of the fluidic material into the mold. The one or more coupling elements may, for example, be welded to the solid structure 50, or may be mechanically connected to the solid structure 50 in another manner.

A coupling member 52 may allow mechanical coupling to the structural member 14 via the coupling member. The coupling element 52 may include a tube provided with an internal thread, such as a screw sleeve. A connecting bolt or screw can be threaded into said tube. The connecting bolt or screw may, for example, be provided with an eye that extends outside the structural element 14. In this way, the coupling element may be prepared to receive a threaded connecting bolt or screw, for example, to Attach an eye coupling to the pontoon that is attached to the connecting bolt or screw. A rope or cable can be attached to said eye coupling. The eye and rope or cable can be used to raise the pontoon or to restrict its movement when it is floating.

Alternatively, the coupling element can be used to connect, by means of a connecting bolt or screw, threaded into the coupling element, an interconnecting element to the pontoon. The interconnecting element can be used to connect the pontoon to another pontoon. Thus, using pontoon coupling elements, the pontoons can be mechanically interconnected by interconnecting elements that are attached to two or more coupling elements 52. The coupling elements 52 can be used to connect to the solid structure of the pontoon a coupling element. interconnection that can be used to mechanically connect the solid structure of the pontoon to the solid structure of another pontoon.

A coupling element 52 may be contained within an outer envelope of the structural element 14, so that it does not protrude from the structural element 14. An example of such a coupling element is shown in Figure 2 with the reference numeral 52B. In a variation, the coupling member 52 may extend outside the structural member. An example of said coupling element is shown in Figure 2 with the reference number 52A. The coupling member 52 may include an eye coupling. An outer surface of the coupling elements 52 may be provided with projections to improve attachment to the surrounding solidified fluidic material.

One or more float coupling members 56 may be secured to the solid structure. The one or more float coupling elements 56 may, for example, be threaded and screwed to the float. The float coupling elements can be widened in the opposite direction to the float, allowing better fixation to the structural element. Once attached to the float, one or more float coupling elements can be attached, for example, by gluing or welding, to the solid structure 50. The solid structure 50 and the float can be placed in the mold 46, preferably fixed to each other, before causing at least part of the fluidic material to flow into the mold.

Therefore, it can be clear that Figure 2 shows, in a schematic cross section, the structural element after flowing the fluidic material, such as a concrete slurry, into the mold. Prior to solidification, the fluidic material 54 optionally flowed along, for example over and beside, the float 16 as a result of, for example, pouring the fluidic material into the mold. The solid structure 50 may, at least in part and preferably in its entirety, be surrounded by the fluidic material as a result of flowing the fluidic material into the mold 46. Upon solidification, the solidified fluidic material extends over and /or next to the cavity. As a result, the structural element includes the solidified fluidic material. As can be seen in Figure 2, the fluidic material may have solidified above and next to the float, and around the float, to form the cavity. After solidification, the poured material may form at least part of the structural element 14.

Figure 3 shows schematically, in one embodiment of the invention, the float 16 and the structural element 14. The embodiment of Figure 3 is a variation of the embodiment of Figure 2. Figure 3 also shows the mold 46 arranged to manufacture the structural element 14 of the pontoon. Manufacturing the pontoon may include flowing a fluidic material in an interior space 47 of the mold 46, to manufacture the structural element. The solidified fluidic material may form at least a part of the structural element. After providing, for example by pouring, the fluidic material into the mold, the fluidic material can be molded and/or sized according to the limits established by the mold. The mold may thus define a shape and/or one or more dimensions of the structural element 14, in particular of the cavity of the structural element. The mold may also define the thickness D<1> of the laterally extending portion 25 above the cavity of the structural member, if a top surface 39 of the mold is substantially flush with the top surface 33 of the laterally extending portion. 25 above cavity 20 (as illustrated schematically in Figures 2 and 3). The structural element can be manufactured by flowing a fluidic material along the float and by solidifying the fluidic material. As a result, the structural element may include the portion 25 that extends laterally above the cavity. The thickness D<1>of the laterally extending part of the structural element in a position above the cavity is at least 4 centimeters and may optionally be at most 12 centimeters.

The mold 46 may have a mold bottom 48 that defines a lower limit of the interior space 47. The mold may be provided with a side plateau 90 extending along an interior side 92 of the mold 46. The interior side 92 and The lateral plateau 90 can further define a limit of the interior space 47 of the mold. The lateral plateau may be substantially horizontal. The lateral plateau may, for example, define the bottom surface 38 of the downwardly projecting bottom 24 of the structural element 14 illustrated with reference to Figure 1B. The lateral plateau can limit the downward flow of fluid material. Accordingly, the mold may be provided with openings at positions below the side plateau. This makes it possible to obtain a relatively light mold that can be moved relatively easily.

In the embodiment illustrated with reference to Figure 3, the float 16 has a composition such that the float as such floats on the surface of the water. The float may be introduced into the mold 46. As shown in Figure 3, the float may be inside the mold and may be surrounded by the mold. There may also be a protective layer 98 on the mold. The protective layer may be located on the bottom 48 of the mold 46 and on the inner side 92 of the mold 46. The protective layer may be located between the float and the mold 46. Thus, the protective layer may cover the bottom 48 and the inner side 92 of the mold.

The protective layer may wrap at least a portion of the float 16. A lower portion 98A of the protective layer may be placed against the float 16 by the mold. A top part 98B can be held in place, after wrapping the top part around part of the float, securing the top part of the protective layer against the float 16, for example by adhesive tape. Figure 3 shows an example of the protective layer wrapped around a portion of the float 16.

The mold 46 may include a plurality of wedges 94 and a plurality of filler pieces 96. By means of the wedge and filler piece, a watertight connection with the float or with the protective layer can be made. Alternatively, the lateral plateau may be substantially continuous. The side plateau may be designed to fit snugly around the float 16, preferably around the float wrapped in the protective layer 98. The wedge and filler piece may be omitted. The mold, for example, can be made of wood and/or a metallic material such as steel. Preferably, a mold made substantially of a metallic material such as steel is used that fits snugly around the float and the protective layer provided against at least part of the float.

The lateral plateau 90 may substantially form a lower limit for the fluidic material poured into the mold. An interior portion of the mold located above the side plateau 90 may be substantially sealed. At positions below the lateral plateau 90, there may be openings in the mold. Such openings can reduce the weight of the mold, while leakage of the fluidic material during manufacturing of the structural element can be substantially prevented by the lateral plateau that keeps the fluidic material above said openings.

The surrounding protective layer 98 may be secured to the float by the structural element. In this way, the pontoon float can be provided with a protective layer to protect the float. The float may, at least in part, be covered by the protective layer, such as an anti-rooting membrane. Other types of protective layer 98 may also be used, in particular a protective layer that is substantially free of plastic. The protective layer may have a thickness of at least 0.05 millimeters and/or at most 5 millimeters, preferably about 0.1 millimeters or about 0.2 millimeters. Except for the anti-rooting membrane, the pontoon may be substantially free of plastic elements.

In the pontoon and mold assembly, the pontoon may be in the mold (as shown in Figure 3) or may be released from the mold. The interior part of the mold, located higher than the lateral plateau 90, can be inclined so that the distance with the float increases as it goes upwards. This makes it easier to release the pontoon from the mold by lifting the pontoon. Preferably, upon release, the pontoon is placed on a truck or trailer to transport the pontoon, for example, to the water surface. Preferably, a plurality of pontoons are stacked vertically on the truck or trailer.

Thus, Figures 2 and 3 illustrate embodiments of a pontoon for a floating solar energy system. From Figures 2 and 3 it can be clearly deduced that the shape and one or more dimensions of the cavity, such as the width of the cavity (which may be substantially equal to the width Wf of the float), can be defined by the float during the manufacture of the structural element. The embodiments illustrated with reference to Figures 2 and 3 allow an efficient form of manufacturing, in which the float and the structural element, and preferably also the solid structure and/or the protective layer, are included in the pontoon. Such efficiency is advantageous, in view of the large number of pontoons that can be included in a solar energy system.

The pontoon in these embodiments can be manufactured without moving the structural element. As the float is typically lightweight and relatively easy to move, such embodiments offer an advantageous form of manufacturing, particularly manufacturing in large quantities. More generally, as illustrated in the embodiments of Figures 2 and 3, the pontoon may be included in a solar energy system in an orientation similar to that in which it is manufactured (i.e., with at least part of the structural element located above the float or a part of it). Once demoulded, the pontoon can be conveniently lifted, loaded onto a truck or trailer and transported.

Figure 4A shows a schematic top view of a pontoon 10, in one embodiment of the invention. Figure 4B shows a detail of Figure 4A. Figure 4C shows a cross section E-E' indicated in Figure 4B. As illustrated in the embodiment of Figures 4A-4C, the pontoon structural element 14 may include a plurality, for example twelve, of coupling elements 52. The coupling elements may be positioned in a local recess 58 which may be arranged on an upper surface 60 of the pontoon. For example, there may be a pair of coupling elements in a local gap 58. The top surface 60 of the pontoon may be formed by a top surface of the structural element 14. The coupling elements 52 illustrated in Figures 4A-4C can be used to provide rings to the pontoon 10, in order to be able to raise the pontoon. The rings can be fixed to the threaded flanges that are screwed to the coupling elements. At a later time, the eyes and washers can be removed from the coupling elements, preferably leaving a substantially flat top surface 60. Of course, the coupling elements 52 can be placed in other positions of the pontoon and/or also for other purposes.

Figure 5A schematically shows a plurality of pontoons 10 of a solar energy system. The pontoons may be provided with a plurality of electrically connected solar panels. The solar energy system may be prepared to generate electrical energy from solar radiation through electrically connected solar panels. The plurality of pontoons may have one or more features of the pontoon described with reference to Figures 1A-4C. The plurality of pontoons 10 of the solar energy system may be interconnected mechanically, through one or more interconnecting elements and optionally through one or more pontoons of said plurality of pontoons. The interconnected pontoons may leave open gaps 64 between adjacent pontoons along a set 68 of pontoons. Thus, adjacent pontoons of the solar energy system may be spaced apart in a direction 70 along a set 68 of pontoons 10 of the solar energy system.

In one embodiment, the adjacent pontoons of the plurality of pontoons along another set of pontoons 69 are spaced apart in a direction along the other set that is substantially perpendicular to the set 68. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Solar energy system may include at least two arrays that extend in directions that are substantially perpendicular to each other. The alternation of pontoons and intermediate spaces along the array 68 and along the other array 69 may form a uniform pattern along throughout the respective sets. For example, the size of pontoons and interspaces may be generally uniform throughout the set and across the other set.

As shown in Figure 5A, the plurality of pontoons may include a plurality of similar assemblies 68, 68A, 68B. Preferably, the plurality of similar pontoon assemblies extend in directions 70 that are substantially parallel to each other. Thus, as shown in Figure 5A, the plurality of pontoon assemblies are preferably aligned. Unlike the number of assemblies shown in Figure 5A, the plurality of pontoon assemblies may include at least 50 assemblies 68. Unlike the number of pontoon assemblies shown in Figure 5A, the assemblies of the plurality of pontoon assemblies may include at least 50 pontoons 10 per set 68, 68A, 68B.

Figure 5A illustrates that adjacent assemblies 68A, 68B of the plurality of pontoon assemblies may be offset from each other. This can be achieved, for example, by mechanically interconnecting the pontoons of one assembly with the pontoons of an adjacent aligned assembly, near the corners of the pontoons 10, so that the pontoons of said assembly are mechanically connected to two pontoons of said adjacent assembly. aligned. In Figure 5A it can be clearly seen that a pontoon can be mechanically connected at each of its corners to different pontoons. Thus, the pontoons 10 may be mechanically interconnected with at least one other pontoon 10 near the corners of the pontoons. Thus, each pontoon of a plurality of pontoons may be provided with one or more interconnected corners. As illustrated in Figure 5A, for each pontoon 10 of said plurality the number of interconnected corners may be equal to the number of other pontoons that are interconnected at the interconnected corners.

As a result of the displacement, a plurality of other assemblies 69 may be formed that extend in a direction 71 that is substantially perpendicular to the direction 70 in which the plurality of assemblies extend. Therefore, it can be clear that the adjacent pontoons 10 along the plurality of other assemblies 69 are separated by the same intermediate spaces 64 as the adjacent pontoons 10 of the plurality of assemblies 68, 68A, 68B. It may also be clear that the pontoons 10 of the plurality of assemblies 68, 68A, 68B, are also the pontoons of the plurality of other assemblies 69. The plurality of pontoons 10 may form a checkerboard-shaped structure.

Figure 5B shows a detail B of Figure 5A, illustrating a mechanical connection between two pontoons. Figure 5C shows, in a cross section C-C' indicated in Figure 5B, the mechanical connection between the two pontoons of Figure 5B. The mechanical connection may include an interconnecting element 72 and connecting bolts 74. The connecting bolts 74 may be screwed to or otherwise connected to the coupling elements 52. Thus, the interconnecting element 72 may be coupled to one or more of the coupling elements included by the structural element 14. The coupling elements 72 may be arranged to connect, by means of a connecting bolt screwed to the coupling element, an element of interconnection to the pontoon that are arranged to connect the pontoon to another pontoon. Using pontoon coupling elements, a plurality of pontoons of a solar energy system can be mechanically interconnected by interconnecting elements.

In order to increase the strength of fixing the coupling elements 52 on the structural element 14, the coupling elements can be mechanically fixed to a solid structure provided on the structural element 14. The solid structure is not drawn in Figures 5A -5C, but an example of a solid structure is drawn in Figure 2 with the reference number 50 The connecting bolts can be, for example, substantially stainless steel or another type of steel. The interconnecting element 72 may be flexible. This can allow the interconnected pontoons to move relative to each other. In this way, the solar energy system may be more suitable to withstand waves on the surface of the water on which the solar energy system floats. The interconnecting element 72 may, for example, be substantially made of a rubber material, such as a durable neoprene rubber.

Preferably, the pontoons of said plurality of pontoons are mechanically interconnected near the corners of the pontoons. The overlap distance X of two pontoons interconnected by the interconnecting element can be between 5 and 100 centimeters. Preferably, the overlap distance X is at least 5 centimeters and/or at most 100 centimeters. More preferably, the overlap distance X is at least 10 centimeters and/or at most 50 centimeters, for example about 20 centimeters.

Figure 6A shows, in a schematic side view, an example of a frame member 15 to which two solar panels 12 are attached. The frame member 15 may be made of aluminum or another relatively light and durable material. The frame member 15 may be arranged to position the solar panels 12 above at least part of a structural member of a pontoon. The solar panel 12 may be supported by the frame member 15, preferably by a plurality of frame members 15. A frame comprising a plurality of frame members 15 may be arranged to accommodate a plurality of solar panels 12. The frame members 15, whether separated or connected to each other, can together form the frame.

Preferably, a pair of solar panels 12 is attached to a pair of frame members. The pair of solar panels may be arranged substantially in a V shape, the V being inverted. A base 79 of the V shape can be open. This allows the possibility of movement between the pair of solar panels, which can avoid mechanical stresses on the solar panels. Furthermore, the opening at the base 79 of the V shape can allow air to flow around the solar panels, thus allowing better cooling thereof.

The frame member 15 may have a substantially triangular shape. The frame member may have a base portion 80. The frame may have two inclined side portions 82 extending from the base portion 80. The side portions 82 may be connected to the base portion 80 at connection points 84. The connection points 84 are spaced apart along the base portion 80. The side portions 82 may extend from the connection points 84 upward in a direction inclined upward relative to each other. An inclination angle i of the side parts may generally be at least 5 degrees and/or at most 30 degrees, preferably at least 10 degrees and/or at most 25 degrees, more preferably about 18 degrees.

The frame element 15 can be fixed to a structural element of a pontoon, and/or to another frame element 15. The frame element 15 can be fixed to the structural element, for example, by means of one or more anchor bolts. One or more anchor bolts may include stainless steel, and preferably be made of mostly stainless steel. The one or more anchor bolts may extend through an opening in the frame member and into a hole provided in the structural member, for example a drill hole. Preferably, a piece of flexible and/or elastic material, such as rubber, is placed between the structural element and the frame element 15. The piece of material may allow limited movement between the frame element 15 and the structural element 14 of the pontoon 10.

Preferably, a solar panel 12 is fixed to the frame element 15 by means of at least one movable closure, for example sliding, which allows movement of the at least one solar panel and the frame relative to each other. The sliding closure may include, for example, a lip and a groove. The lip may extend from the side portion 82. The lip may extend upwardly from the side portion 82 at an angle to the side portion 82 of less than 50 degrees, preferably less than 30 degrees. The lip may be received in the groove that extends into the solar panel. The lip may prevent downward movement of the solar panel along the side portion 82 when the lip is received in the slot. The lip can move through the groove, thus providing a movable lock. Of course, projections other than a lip and/or openings other than the groove can also be applied.

The two side parts may be mechanically connected near a top portion 86 of the frame member, for example, by a support portion 88 included by the frame member 15. The two side portions 82 may be mechanically connected to the support portion. 88. The support portion 88 may be mechanically connected to the base portion 80. The support portion 88 of the frame member 15 may extend upwardly from the base portion 80. The support portion 88 may extend substantially perpendicular to the part of base 80.

The base portion 80 of the frame member 15 may have a base length L<1>. The base portion may extend along a first extension length L<2>outwardly beyond one of the connection points 84 of an inclined side portion 82. On another side of the base portion 80, the base portion 80 may extend along a second extension length L<3>outward beyond another of the connection points 84 of an inclined side portion 82. The first and second extension lengths may be different between yes or they can, in a variation, be equal to each other. A total length Lt of the frame member 15 may be equal to the sum of the base length, the first extension length and the second extension length. The total length Lt of the frame member 15 can be measured between both ends 85 of the frame member.

The length of the base L<1>can be at least 1.8 meters and/or at most 2.8 meters, preferably about 2.2 meters. The first extension length L<2>may be at least 0.1 meters and/or at most 0.4 meters, preferably about 0.2 meters. The second extension length L<3>may be at least 0.1 meters and/or at most 0.4 meters, preferably about 0.2 meters. A side length Ls of a side part 82, preferably of both side parts 82, may be at least 0.95 meters and/or at most 1.6 meters, preferably about 1.2 meters. A height Hb of the base part 88 may be at least 0.2 meters and/or at most 0.5 meters, preferably about 0.3 meters. Of course, other lengths are also possible. For example, the length of the base L<1>can be at least 3 meters. These dimensions can be chosen after experimentation and calculation, and allow the pontoon to be stable and durable under difficult conditions, such as relatively strong winds, deep and/or salt water, and intense ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. The length of the base L<1> may be approximately equal to the smallest horizontal dimension of the structural element, for example, it may be at most 0.5 meters larger or at most 0.5 meters smaller than the smallest horizontal dimension of the structural element.

More generally, a plurality, for example, at least two, three or four, of different types of frame members 15 may be included in the frame. One or both of the first extension length L<2>and the second extension length L<3>may be different between two frame elements belonging to different types of the plurality of frame elements. Additionally, or alternatively, the base length L<1> of the base portion 80 may be different between frame elements of different types. Thus, for one type of frame elements, the base length L<1>, the first extension length L<2>, and/or the second extension length L<3> may differ from another type of frame elements . Of each type, a plurality of frame members may be included in the frame. The frame height Hb and/or the side part length Ls may also vary between different types of frame elements.

In one embodiment, the structural member has a substantially rectangular shape in a horizontal cross section in use. Said rectangular shape is illustrated in figures 1A, 4A, 5A and 6B. The rectangular shape can allow for an efficient configuration of a solar energy system that includes a plurality of pontoons. Other shapes may also allow for efficient configuration. In use, the solar panels 12 can be oriented towards a substantially eastern direction or towards a substantially western direction. Thus, the bottom of the V-shape of a pair of solar panels can extend along the north-south direction. A deviation from the north-south direction is preferably within 30 degrees.

Figure 6B shows a schematic top view of a part of a solar energy system 2, in an embodiment of the invention. Figure 6B shows the solar energy system 2 viewed from the vertical direction in two dimensions, that is, in a vertical projection. The solar energy system 2 includes a plurality of pontoons 10 and a plurality of solar panels 12. The solar panels may, at least in part, be located above at least a portion of the structural elements of the pontoons. Additionally, or alternatively, the solar panels 12 may, at least in part, be located above at least part of the intermediate spaces 64 between the pontoons 10.

The pontoons 10 may be connected mechanically, for example by interconnecting elements 72. Additionally, the frame elements may connect the pontoons to each other. Preferably, a pair of solar panels is attached to a pair of frame elements. The frame members of said pair may be positioned substantially parallel to each other. The frame elements 15 illustrated in Figure 6B are of different types, having different total lengths Lt, base length L<1>, first extension length L<2>, and/or second extension length L<3>. To illustrate the application of different combinations of frame element types, the solar energy system embodiment 2 shown in Figure 6B includes two solar energy system parts 2A, 2B. In other embodiments, the solar energy system 2 may, for example, comprise only types of frame elements as shown in part 2A, or comprise only types of frame elements as shown in part 2B.

In the first part 2A of the solar energy system, two types 15A, 15B of frame elements can be applied. A first type of frame member 15A may have a base length less than the base length of a second type of frame member 15B. The first type of frame member 15A may have a base length less than a width Ws (illustrated, for example, with reference to Figure 1B) of the pontoon structural member 10 on a top surface 36 of the pontoon structural member 10. In this way, the first frame element of type 15A can be fixed to the pontoon so that it does not extend beyond the pontoon 10. The second frame element of type 15B has a base length greater than said width Ws of the structural element of the pontoon. pontoon 10. The second frame element of type 15B can be attached to two different pontoons. The second frame element of type 15B may be arranged to span an intermediate space 64 between adjacent pontoons along a set of pontoons.

In the second part 2B of the solar energy system, two other types 15C, 15D of frame elements can be applied. A third type of frame member 15C may have a shorter base length than a fourth type of frame member 15D. The third type of frame member 15C may have a base length similar to or substantially equal (i.e., with a difference of less than 5% of the base length) to the width Ws of the pontoon structural member 10. Thus , the third frame element of type 15C may be fixed to the pontoon so that it does not extend beyond the pontoon 10, or so that it extends beyond the pontoon 10 only by one of the first and second extension lengths L<2>, L<3>. The fourth frame member of type 15D may be arranged to span the majority of an intermediate space 64 between adjacent pontoons in a direction 70 along a set of pontoons. The fourth frame element type 15D may be arranged so as not to completely span an intermediate space 64 between adjacent pontoons in a direction 70 along a set of pontoons. As shown in Figure 6B, the frame elements may, more generally, be aligned with a direction 27A (Figure 1A) along the width Ws (Figure 1B) of the structural element 14.

In the first part 2A of the solar energy system, the frame elements of the first type 15A and the frame elements of the second type 15B can be arranged alternatively, in one direction along the base part of the frame elements 15. Thus, a first frame member of type 15A may be positioned with its two extensions, or frame member ends 85, near a second frame member of type 15B, and optionally connected to it. In the second part 2B of the solar energy system, the third type frame elements 15C and the fourth type frame elements 15D can also be placed alternatively, in one direction along the base part of the frame elements 15 Thus, a third frame member of type 15C may be positioned with its two extensions, or frame member ends 85, close to, and optionally connected to, a fourth frame member of type 15D.

Thus, more generally, a set of frame elements 15 may mechanically connect a plurality of pontoons 10 and encompass open interspaces 64 between adjacent pontoons along a set of pontoons. Preferably, at least two or three, more preferably at least four, different types of frame elements are used in a solar energy system. These different types of frame elements may have a different total length Lt. Preferably, these different types of frame elements may have a similar, for example substantially equal, base length, L<1>. Thus, the frame of the solar energy system may include at least three, preferably at least four, different types of frame elements having a different total length Lt and preferably a similar base length L<1>. The different total lengths Lt can offer the possibility of optimizing an area coverage of the solar panels. Similar base lengths L<1>may allow standardization of a size of solar panels, which may be beneficial, for example, in large solar energy systems containing relatively large quantities of solar panels.

It appears from Figures 4A and 6B that, more generally, in a vertical projection, the total surface area occupied by the plurality of solar panels may be greater than the total surface area of the upper surfaces of the pontoons. Preferably, the dimensions of the pontoons, the frame elements and the solar panels are sized such that, in a vertical projection, the total area occupied by the plurality of solar panels can be at least 1.2 times, preferably at least 1 .5 times, more preferably at least 1.8 times a total area of the upper surfaces of the pontoons.

As illustrated in Figure 6B, the solar energy system may include a plurality of pontoons 10 and a plurality of solar panels 12. In a solar energy system 2 that includes a plurality of pontoons 10, a plurality of solar panels 12 may be located above an intermediate space 64 between pontoons. In said solar energy system, some of the solar panels 12 may be positioned above said intermediate space 64 and not above a pontoon 10. More generally, a first plurality of solar panels 12 may be arranged above a pontoon 10 and not above an intermediate space 64, a second plurality of solar panels may be arranged above an intermediate space 64 and not above a pontoon 10, and/or a third plurality of solar panels may be arranged above an intermediate space 64 and above a pontoon 10.

The use of expressions such as "preferably", "more preferably", "in particular", "e.g.", "for example", "as", "may", "may", "aspect", "realization" , "variation", "type", etc. It is not intended to limit the invention. For example, the term "pontoon" is not limited to the embodiments described herein, but may have other shapes and/or dimensions, and/or may include other materials than those described. The use of terms such as "a", "an" or "the" does not exclude a plurality. Terms such as "flow", "flows", "flowed", etc., used herein, may also be interpreted broadly, and may include, for example, various types of displacement of the fluidic material relative to the float, including flow as a result of pouring and flow as a result of vibrations or other relatively small displacements. The flow may be caused by the conduction of the fluidic material toward and/or along the float, and/or by the movement of the float relative to the fluidic material. The features disclosed in connection with one or more of the embodiments described herein may also apply to other embodiments. The invention is not limited to any aspect, embodiment, feature, variation or example of the present disclosure. All kinematic inversions are considered inherently disclosed and within the scope of this disclosure.

Claims (29)

1. Pontoon that is arranged to be included by a solar energy system that is provided with at least one solar panel and is arranged to float on a water surface by means of at least the pontoon, wherein the pontoon includes a structural element and a float, the structural element having a composition such that the structural element as such does not float on said water surface and the float having a composition such that the float as such floats on said water surface, wherein the structural element is provided of a cavity in which at least part of the float is disposed and the structural element includes a portion that extends laterally above the cavity, wherein the structural element includes at least 50 weight percent concrete and a thickness of the laterally extending part of the structural element in a position above the cavity is at least 4 centimeters. 2. Pontoon according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the part of the structural element that extends laterally in the position above the cavity is at most 12 centimeters. 3. Pontoon according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the structural element has a top surface, wherein a ratio between a weight of the structural element and an area of the top surface in a vertical projection is at least 125 kilograms per meter square. 4. Pontoon according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the structural element has a top surface, wherein a ratio between a weight of the structural element and an area of the top surface in a vertical projection is at most 350 kilograms per meter. square. 5. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-4, wherein the float has a thickness in an upward direction, and wherein a ratio between the thickness of the laterally extending part of the structural element in the position above the cavity and the thickness of the float at a position below the position above the cavity is at least 0.1. 6. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-4, wherein the float has a thickness in an upward direction, and wherein a ratio between the thickness of the laterally extending part of the structural element in the position above the cavity and the thickness of the float at a position below the position above the cavity is at most 0.3. 7. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-6, wherein the float defines a shape and/or one or more dimensions of the cavity. 8. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-7, wherein the structural element includes a downwardly projecting bottom portion that projects downward from the laterally extending portion of the structural element, wherein the laterally extending portion and the lower part projecting downwards define the cavity. 9. Pontoon according to claim 8, wherein the laterally extending part and the downwardly projecting part are made of a single piece. 10. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-9, wherein the float is provided with at least one float coupling element for fixing the float to the structural element, wherein the at least one float coupling element is, at less in part, surrounded by the structural element. 11. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-10, wherein the structural element is formed at least in part of concrete so that the structural element includes at least 70 percent by weight of concrete. 12. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-11, wherein the majority of the mass of at least the laterally extending part of the structural element is concrete. 13. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-12, wherein the structural element has a substantially rectangular shape in a horizontal cross section that extends through the part of the structural element that extends laterally above the cavity. 14. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-13, provided with one or more pairs of solar panels that are arranged substantially in the shape of a V, the V being inverted and placed at least partially above the surface of the water. 15. Solar energy system including a pontoon according to one of claims 1-14, the solar energy system being provided with a plurality of solar panels including the at least one solar panel, wherein the pontoon is one of a plurality of pontoons included by the solar energy system, wherein the pontoons of the plurality of pontoons are mechanically interconnected. 16. Solar energy system according to claim 15, wherein the pontoons of said plurality of pontoons are mechanically interconnected near the corners of the pontoons. 17. Solar energy system according to claim 16, wherein the pontoons of said plurality of pontoons are each mechanically interconnected with at least one other pontoon of said plurality of pontoons near the corners of the pontoons so that each pontoon is provided with one or more interconnected corners, where for each pontoon the number of interconnected corners is equal to the number of other pontoons that are interconnected at the interconnected corners. 18. Solar energy system according to one of claims 15-17, wherein the pontoons of the plurality of pontoons are mechanically interconnected by interconnecting elements. 19. Solar energy system according to claim 18, wherein the interconnecting elements are flexible. 20. Solar energy system according to claim 18 or 19, wherein an overlap distance of two pontoons that are interconnected by at least one of the interconnecting elements is a maximum of 80 centimeters. 21. Solar energy system according to one of claims 15-20, wherein the plurality of pontoons includes a set of pontoons, wherein the adjacent pontoons of the set of pontoons are spaced in one direction along the assembly so that the Adjacent pontoons define intermediate spaces between the pontoons of said set of pontoons. 22. Solar energy system according to claim 21, wherein the plurality of pontoons includes a plurality of sets of pontoons extending in directions substantially parallel to each other, wherein the adjacent sets of the plurality of sets of pontoons are offset from each other . 23. Solar energy system according to claim 21 or 22, wherein a first plurality of solar panels is arranged above a pontoon and not above an intermediate space between adjacent pontoons along the set of pontoons, wherein a second plurality of solar panels is arranged above a space between adjacent pontoons along the set of pontoons and not above a pontoon, and/or wherein a third plurality of solar panels is arranged above a pontoon and above an intermediate space between adjacent pontoons along the pontoon assembly. 24. Solar energy system according to one of claims 15-23, wherein, in a vertical projection, a total area occupied by the plurality of solar panels is greater than a total area occupied by the pontoons. 25. Solar energy system according to one of claims 15-24, including a frame comprising a plurality of frame elements by which the plurality of pontoons are interconnected and to which the plurality of solar panels are fixed. 26. Solar energy system according to claims 24 and 25, wherein the pontoons, the frame elements and the solar panels are sized so that, in a vertical projection, the total surface area occupied by the plurality of solar panels is at least 1.2 times the total surface area occupied by the pontoons. 27. Solar energy system according to one of claims 21-26, wherein the adjacent pontoons of the plurality of pontoons along another set of pontoons are spaced apart in a direction along the other set of pontoons that is substantially perpendicular to the set of pontoons. 28. Solar energy system according to one of claims 15-27, wherein the plurality of pontoons includes at least 2500 pontoons. 29. Pontoon according to one of claims 1-14, in assembly with a mold arranged to manufacture the structural element, wherein at least part of the float is positioned in and/or is surrounded by the mold, and wherein the mold defines a shape and/or one or more dimensions of the structural element.