ES1184935U - Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and/or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for naval construction, aeronautics and construction in general. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Abstract

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and/or metal alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, comprising alternative metallic foils and composite material with a vinylester or polyester resin matrix and fiberglass reinforcement, the sheet metal being placed in the outer layers of the laminate and the composite material in the interior filled, mixed, combined with three-dimensional metal mesh, and a layer of elastic-type adhesive being inserted between the metal outer layers and the first layers of composite material laminated on the steel. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

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Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and general construction.

TECHNICAL SECTOR

The technology sector in which the present invention is framed is that of shipbuilding, aeronautics, engineering construction in general.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is a need for new materials for shipbuilding, aeronautics, construction and engineering capable of satisfying the requirements related to the design and manufacture of lighter yet resistant structures, with anti-thermal, anti-corrosive, anti-electromagnetic properties that allow higher travel speeds, protection against dangerous adverse events such as fire, resistance to corrosion and lower energy consumption due to being more aerodynamic and hydrodynamic without forgetting the weight reduction. Some current examples are fast ferries, high speed container ships, double hull oil tankers, cargo planes, high speed trains, land transport, etc. Steel, a material traditionally used in the manufacture of boats and other marine structures, has a series of limitations that prevent further improvement in the line of constructing light, resistant, anti-thermal, anti-corrosive, anti-electromagnetic and highly safe structures. Among the advantages it can be mentioned that it is cheap, easily formable and machinable, weldable, it has a well-studied and well-known behavior and properties, it is very tough and impact resistant. On the other hand, the most pronounced disadvantages are its high density and the corrosion problems it presents.

Other alternative materials have been proposed and used in this industrial sector: high elastic limit steels, aluminum alloys and polymer matrix composites. All of them make it possible to lighten the structures, as they have a higher specific resistance than that of the steel itself, but always at the cost of neglecting some other important performance for a material that has to be used in naval applications. High yield strength steels are generally more difficult to weld and, fundamentally, more prone to fracture. Alloys image2 stiff and consequently weight savings are not as important as might be expected; They are also more difficult to weld than steel and also have fatigue corrosion problems. The composite materials used in shipbuilding (polyester or vinyl ester matrix, reinforced with fiberglass) are light and resistant, but the manufacturing processes are more laborious and expensive; Furthermore, they are very sensitive to impact damage and can present problems of deterioration of their mechanical properties due to water absorption (osmosis).

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Hybrid fiber-metal materials aim to combine the advantages of both types of materials while avoiding their disadvantages. Thus, it is intended to combine the high impact resistance and durability, together with the ease of machining and manufacturing typical of metallic materials, with a high specific resistance and stiffness in the fiber direction, as well as good resistance to fatigue, fire , Corrosion, Static Loads characteristic of the mixed, blended composite materials bonded with the three-dimensional metal mesh of this invention.

The use of fiber-metal hybrid materials in different structural applications has been previously proposed. The first patents are from the sixties (US3091262, US3189054) and seventies (US4029838). Applications have focused especially on the aeronautical field and therefore the materials used are light aluminum alloys (while steel is used in the present invention) and epoxy polymer matrix composite material (vinyl ester is used in the present invention) with Various reinforcements, such as carbon, aramid or glass fibers (the use of glass fiber is exclusively proposed in the present invention). The first commercially available fiber-metal laminates were made from aramid and aluminum (ARALL®, laminates manufactured by ALCOA). These laminates were designed to improve resistance to fatigue crack propagation. Successive contributions (US 5227216) have made it possible to improve some undesirable failure modes in aeronautical applications, where the loads in service are different from those that a ship has to support and, therefore, the configuration of the material described in the present invention. On other occasions, with the hybrid material, in addition to a structural role to support loads in service, the interposition of layers that will act as a thermal shield in missile components has been sought (US 5979826, US5824404); These requirements are not necessary in shipbuilding and, consequently, the pre-ceramic matrix composite material is not included in the material object of the invention. Some

Applications within the automotive sector can be found (IT1279568,

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US2002178672), although in these cases the external layers of the laminate are made of transparent resin and resistant to environmental degradation, with some pigment or filler that gives them an aesthetically pleasing appearance; in this case, the outer layers are made of steel to take advantage of its ability to resist impacts and the surface finish is provided by means of a paint system that is usually used in shipbuilding. You can also find more recent patent documents where the use of this type of materials is collected in less sophisticated applications, such as the design and manufacture of skateboards (US 2004/0188967 Al), although because they are small structures, they are introduced materials such as wood and titanium that are not viable in the construction of large naval and ocean structures.

Regarding manufacturing techniques, leaving aside the composition of the hybrid materials themselves, there are various patents that cover various aspects, such as the assembly of panels, although in these cases a scheme is followed in which the completion of a metallic layer is continued with a composite one (US 5160771), or a composite sheet is provided that is continuous above the junction of two metallic sheets (US5951800); In the present invention, the manufacture of panels, flat or curved, with a staircase perimeter that fit together is proposed, so that large structures, such as ships and marine artifacts, can be built in parts. Finally, there is information available on the use of ceramic molds (US5149251, US5252160) and matrices to confer the necessary curvature to the laminates (US3711934). The proposed solution is to independently shape the steel sheets and use these elements as molds to laminate the composite material on them, thus avoiding the construction of specific molds.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The hybrid laminated material fiber-metal alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics, engineering, in general consists of metal sheets and sheets of composite material consisting of a polymer matrix reinforced with fiberglass and mixed, combined inside with metallic three-dimensional mesh. The quantity, thickness and orientation of each of these plates and sheets are calculated to obtain the appropriate rigidity and resistance in each area of the ship, apparatus, or part. The composition of the laminate can be varied to adapt the design of the material to the structural needs of each area of the ship, aircraft, vehicle or engineering device. However, it is necessary

adhere to a series of premises in the design of the material.

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The outermost layers will always be made of a resistant material such as metal, steel, titanium or aluminum, which can be combined according to the required design. In this way, its impact resistance is used, protecting the composite material that is located inside the sandwich, filled with the three-dimensional metal mesh from possible laminations and microcracks. It also takes advantage of its ability to withstand higher temperatures than the polymer matrix of the compound, with less loss of mechanical properties and no emission of fumes during a possible fire without forgetting the anti-thermal, anti-fire properties of the three-dimensional metal mesh in the interior of the sandwich area. The three-dimensional metal mesh with its alloys adapted according to its use, having exceptional properties of annular power, reducing corrosion, having exceptional anti-thermal, anti-fire, anti-electromagnetic properties and achieving a high level of structural resistance. Inside, other metal sheets or other materials can also be placed to increase the rigidity of the hybrid material, but the use of the metal mesh in three-dimensional form is very valid to reduce structural stress.

The sheets of mixed composite and combined material are always placed inside the sandwich formed by the external metal sheets. The preferred materials are those that have been shown to perform well in the marine environment: polyester or vinyl ester matrix and E-glass continuous fiber reinforcement. The fiber can be used in the form of a fabric.

or in the form of unidirectional reinforcement, depending on the preferred directions that want to be reinforced based on the main directions of the voltages in service. The sheets of composite material will be grouped into packages with a certain number of layers, combined, mixed with the three-dimensional metal mesh, always included between two sheets of any resistant material, the most recommended being those of metallic materials or compositions.

The bond between sheet and sheet of composite material, within each package of the hybrid material, is made through the adhesion capacity of the polymeric resin that constitutes the matrix. The bond between the composite material package and the metal material sheet is made using a structural adhesive. This adhesive will be placed, at least, between the outermost metal sheets and the first composite package, where the interlaminar stresses can reach higher values. The three-dimensional metal mesh can be added with the fibers in liquid and / or dry form between layers without limitation. The placement of the three-dimensional metal mesh can be found anywhere within the image7 External metallic if that is the external material used to transmit the anti-thermal, anti-corrosive, anti-electromagnetic properties and also the structural resistance of the panel due to the incorporation of the three-dimensional metallic mesh. The adhesive has to be elastic, have a certain reversible deformation capacity, to absorb the difference in mechanical properties of the metal and the compound during the flexural stresses of the panel of hybrid fiber-metal / polymer / material material without breaking. A component polyurethane type adhesive is suitable for this purpose. However, the thickness of the adhesive layer must be controlled (according to the recommendations of each manufacturer for the type of adhesive selected) to accommodate the differences in deformation without reaching excess thickness that would cause premature failure of the adhesive bond.

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The panels of the fiber-metallic hybrid laminate material filled with three-dimensional mesh can be flat, angular, cylindrical or curved, to be able to be used in different areas of the structures or being able to replicate operative parts or mechanisms. It can also be created by means of molds, shapes or designs in tubular, cylindrical or even replicating parts of operating systems to reduce weight or other mechanical functions very similar to 3D printers which replicate a part accurately. In any case, it is necessary to assemble the panels, individual layers to create the desired structure. For this purpose, the panels, layers are built leaving the edges in the form of a ladder at the four edges, so that the steps of a panel, layer fit with those of the panel, neighboring layer. In the case of its use in other shapes and / or designs, molds can be created and the mold can be filled with the plates, layers or, where appropriate, create a totally composite piece of the mixture, hybrid combination and filling of the three-dimensional metal mesh in its interior-sandwich area-to any thickness or design without limitation. An elastic adhesive is applied to glue the panels together. The bonding surface, that is, the surface of the assembly steps, must be sufficient to guarantee perfect shear transmission of loads from one panel to another. The exact dimensions of these steps, between 0.2 and 20 centimeters, are calculated based on the dimensions of the panels, layers and the expected loads in service. In the case of specific shapes and designs, these measurements will be adaptable to the final need, and layers can be added according to the needs of the final design. The assembly adhesive must also have a certain capacity to fill gaps and thus be able to absorb manufacturing tolerances.

Once the panels, layers, molds, pieces have been assembled, it is necessary to seal the image9 longitudinal and transverse. These joints contribute to the transmission of loads between panels, but, above all, they serve to prevent water from entering the interior of the laminate. The sealing can be done in two ways: either by welding the adjacent metal sheets or by using a polymeric sealant. In the case of welding, it must be taken into account that metal must be provided to fill the gap between the two sheets, trying to penetrate as little as possible so as not to damage the polymeric material below. In the case of using a polymeric sealant, one will be chosen with the capacity to fill in the gaps and withstand the relative displacements between the two sheets without failure. The sealant must prevent water from entering the interior of the material during the service life of the structure.

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Once the panels are assembled, pieces can be painted, in a way that protects the structure from external phenomena, both in shipbuilding, aeronautics and engineering.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the best description of all that is described in the present specification, some drawings are attached in which, only by way of example, a practical case of a specific case is represented with the details, where the manufacture and assembly of a hybrid fiber-metal laminated material for shipbuilding, aeronautics and / or general engineering

Figure 1 shows the lamination sequence, where each layer of the hybrid material is exposed in order to appreciate the different materials used, their orientation, and the use of adhesive to join some layers with others.

A section of figure 1 is shown in figure 2, where the stacking sequence of the layers can be seen. In this particular case it is a laminate consisting of three metal sheets and two packages of composite material, each consisting of three individual sheets with different configurations and orientations.

Figure 3 shows the four panel assembly. One of them has been shown transparent to be able to appreciate the horizontal displacement of some layers with respect to others, in each panel, forming a staircase with three steps. The steps of a panel fit with

those of the neighbor so that two unions never coincide one below the other.

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A section of figure 3 is shown in figure 4, where the assembly of the steps and their union can be observed using a structural adhesive.

Figure 5 illustrates the process of sealing the external joints, on both sides of the laminate, either by welding or by using a polymeric sealant. A longitudinal joint is shown in this figure, but is entirely analogous to the joint in the transverse direction of the panel.

DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The hybrid fiber-metal laminated material for shipbuilding, aeronautics, engineering in question is made up of two external sheets of any material, but that of metallic material (la and Ic) is recommended, with the possibility of including one or more sheets of any intermediate resistant material (Ib). The sheets can be flat or have the curvature, precise angle for each specific application. It is possible to make panels, layers without curvature, with curvature in a single direction or with double curvature; therefore, there is no restriction regarding the geometry of the panel or layer. The shape of the sheets, external layers is not the object of this memory, there are numerous available methods (presses, bending machines, heat lines, etc.) depending on the thickness of the sheet.

The sheets, outer layers must then be subjected to a surface preparation treatment. There are various treatments that prepare the surface in the case of sheet metal to improve the effectiveness of adhesive bonds. It is not the object of this report to detail these treatments. However, it is suitable, by way of example, to carry out an organic solvent cleaning in the vapor phase, followed by a hot bath treatment of phosphoric acid and ending with a cleaning in deionized water. A primer is applied to the surfaces of the steel sheets (la and Ic) to enhance the adhesion between the metal and the layer of adhesive that will be applied next. The nature of the primer depends on the type of adhesive to be used and, in each case, the adhesive manufacturer recommends which is the most suitable primer. Only the first is applied to the internal surfaces (towards the interior of the laminate) of the two metal skins (la and Ic), on which it is to be laminated; It is not necessary to apply the primer to the intermediate metal sheet (s) (Ib), although, if necessary, it can also be applied to improve the adhesion between the metal and the polymeric resin that constitutes the matrix of the sheets of composite material. In no case is image13 a different surface preparation may be required for subsequent painting. On the first metal sheet (la) a layer of paste adhesive (2a) is deposited, distributing it evenly over the entire metal surface with the first one already applied. The most suitable adhesive is an elastic type adhesive, which is capable of accommodating the different mechanical properties of steel and the composite material to be laminated on it. The adhesive itself must have sufficient strength to withstand the deformations to which it will be subjected without failure. A component polyurethane adhesive is a suitable choice, provided that the minimum and maximum thicknesses recommended by the manufacturer are respected, depending on the rheology of the product. The adhesive layers play an essential role in the overall behavior of the final hybrid material: If these elastic adhesive layers are not introduced, with the thickness recommended by the manufacturer to absorb the difference in deformations between layer and layer, it can produce the failure of the bond between the two materials. The adhesive acts as a transition element and, when deformed, accommodates the deformations of the metal and composite sheets (la and 3a), softening the interlaminar stresses that occur at the junction of both materials when subjected to stresses in flexo compression service. , avoiding or postponing the local buckling failures that would occur in such a case.

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On the metal sheet with the primer and the adhesive, the composite material begins to be laminated combining, mixed with the three-dimensional metal mesh. The external sheet itself (la), either flat or with the curvature that has been given, serves as a mold for the placement of the successive layers of composite material, with which no additional tooling is required to manufacture the laminate, as is usual in the realization of conventional composite materials. It is simply necessary some auxiliary elements for the precise placement of the sheets and keeping them in position - acting as stops - during the curing and consolidation of the polymeric matrix, but not of a mold itself. In the case of molds, shapes, designs, the same process can be carried out and even if necessary without using the metallic outer layer and the mold can be used to create a sandwich panel filled with fibers and with the metal mesh in three-dimensional form.

The matrix and the reinforcement of the composite material will be ideal for the specific application that is going to be given to the panel within the structure. Specifically, for applications in shipbuilding, aeronautics and engineering, materials that have already demonstrated their suitability for the marine and aeronautical environment are preferred. In this sense, a vinyl ester resin matrix and a fiberglass E reinforcement have been chosen. The reinforcement is used dry, it is placed on the image15 E glass is used as a fabric or as a one-way twist. In the latter case, a reference system on the panel itself (6) will allow the fibers to be properly oriented depending on the main stresses to be borne during service. The first sheet to be placed (3a) is a unidirectional reinforcement at -45 °, followed by another (4a) at + 45 °. The object of these two layers is to introduce a preferential reinforcement in the direction where the maximum shear stresses will act during the service life of the structure, due to torsional stresses on the panel. However, the specific rolling sequence has to be studied for each application, depending on the expected stress distribution in each area of the structure. The three-dimensional metal mesh can be placed in each, combine, mix with these fibers and can even be made into a piece, design, without the metallic outer layers and making them with other materials such as polymers, carbon fiber, graphenes, thus creating a sandwich piece of any dimension being its manufacturing limitation the size of the mold. Its design is not limited to the use of a single mold, several molds can be used and these pieces can be added physically by means of joining systems of any design or material.

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Continue with one or more sheets of balanced fabric (5a) - the same number of wicks in the direction of the weft as the warp - to endow the panel, a piece of the desired thickness depending on the stiffness that is desired to be achieved. To incorporate each new sheet, it is always the same: the reinforcement is placed in a dry, suitably oriented manner, and it is impregnated in resin in a uniform and complete manner and inside it the three-dimensional metal mesh. A resistant sheet (Ib) has been inserted in the middle of the hybrid laminate. At this point, it is convenient to place a weight on the internal external sheet according to the execution phase, evenly distributed, or apply pressure on it by some other process (vacuum bag, autoclave), to compact the composite material package. that has just been laminated and remove the excess resin that may have been introduced - bleeding it from the edges of the panel or layer.

From the central layer (Ib), after compacting, continue rolling symmetrically until reaching the upper skin (5b, 4b, 3b, 2b and Ic). In this way, there is a balanced and symmetrical hybrid laminate, consisting of three sheets and two packages of composite material filled with the three-dimensional metal mesh sandwiched between the sheets. This configuration has to be understood as a particular case that shows, yes, all the peculiarities of the

proposed hybrid material but does not exhaust all possible configurations and sequences of image17 possibility of adapting its design to the precise requirements of each structural application and even being able to exchange the metal sheets for sheets of other materials and even only using the sandwich area filled with the three-dimensional metal mesh.

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In order to assemble the panels, layers, pieces and build the final structure with them, each panel, piece built individually, whether flat, angular or curved, is laminated with a series of steps on the edges. Figures 3 and 4 show how each new metallic sheet moves horizontally and vertically, in the plane of the laminate, a certain distance. Rolling continues on this new position of the steel sheet. The end result is a ladder with three rungs, on the four edges of the panel, and each rung will have a height equal to each package of composite material plus the thickness of the sheet metal. Each panel, piece can be assembled with four other panels fitting the stairs of their respective edges. Two joints will appear on the outside: a longitudinal joint

(7) that it is not continuous, since each contiguous panel is displaced in that direction so that the connection line does not coincide; a transversal union (8) that is continuous. This way of assembling the panels, layers, pieces makes it possible to ensure that the joints between panels in each layer (in the thickness direction) do not coincide and, therefore, reducing the risk that a failure in the joint will pass through the entire thickness. of the laminated panel, hybrid piece.

The panels, layers, pieces assembled in the explained way are glued by means of an adhesive (9) that does not have to coincide with the one used in the manufacture of each panel. An adhesive that admits greater thicknesses is preferred, so that it is capable of filling the gaps between the two panels, thereby adsorbing manufacturing tolerances. A one-component, polyurethane-based adhesive is a suitable candidate. The length of the overlap zone, between 2 and 20 centimeters depending on the dimensions of the panel and the maximum expected stresses, makes it possible for the transmission of loads between panels, consecutive layers to be effective and to allow its flow throughout the entire seamless structure in the joints. The last stage consists of sealing the external connection lines, both longitudinal and transverse, to prevent water from entering the interior of the hybrid laminate. The sealing will be carried out on the two panel surfaces (10 and 11), either flat or curved. It is not a question of structural unions, since its mission is not the transmission of load between parts (work carried out by the adhesive unions of the internal overlaps), but simply the sealing of the union line. This can be done in two ways: by applying a polymeric sealant or image19 by means of a weld bead.

Claims (15)

 RE-INVIDICATIONS image 1

one.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general that includes alternative metallic sheets and composite material with a vinyl ester or polyester resin matrix and fiberglass reinforcement, the sheet metal in the outermost layers of the laminate and the composite material inside filled, mixed, combined with three-dimensional metal mesh, and introducing a layer of elastic-type adhesive between the metallic outer layers and the first layers of composite material laminated on the steel .

2.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claim 1, characterized in that metallic intermediate layers can be added between the composite material.

3.

Hybrid laminate material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claim 1, characterized in that intermediate layers of any material can be added between the composite material.

Four.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claim 1, characterized in that they can be made without metallic outer layers and only using the internal area, filled sandwich fiber with three-dimensional metal mesh.

5.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claim 1, characterized in that parts of any design or shape can be made even by replicating pieces or mechanisms of shape partial or total with the use of molds.

6.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and general construction, according to image2 composite material.

7.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of a three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claim 1, characterized in that non-metallic intermediate layers can be added between the composite material in any direction or angle .

8.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claim 1, characterized in that protection layers can be added, made of other materials and the interior is filled with fiber-metallic mesh in three-dimensional form.

9.

Hybrid laminate material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of a three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the adhesive used, in a preferred embodiment, is biocomponent polyurethane.

10.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to the preceding claims, comprising the following steps: a. the metal is prepared superficially by means of commercial chemical treatments, for the application of adhesives, applying a primer coat on the internal surface of the first steel sheet, b. a layer of elastic-type adhesive is applied to the inside of the first sheet metal and then the composite material of polymeric resin and fiberglass reinforcement is laminated, moving each layer to form a staircase profile, being able to insert metal sheets intermediate between the filled, mixed composite material, combined with the three-dimensional metal mesh,

image3 c. the last metal sheet is placed, with primer and adhesive on the internal surface, applying pressure to compact the layers and the laminate allowed to cure, d. elastic adhesive is applied to the staggered perimeter and a panel is assembled with the adjoining one fitting the steps of the other, e. The outer joints of the top and bottom sheet metal are sealed. 11. Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claim 5, characterized in that the metal sheets are cut and formed by image4 plastic deformation to give them the curvature required for each panel, flat or with image5 image6 curvature, to be used as molds on which the composite material is laminated.

12.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claims 5 and 6, characterized in that each sheet metal is displaced horizontally and vertically with respect to the composite material underneath to form a staircase profile at each of the four edges of the three-dimensional metal mesh hybrid fiber-metallic panel that will later be joined to other panels by overlapping and gluing said stair edges, the dimensions of the steps being between 0.2 and 20 centimeters.

13.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claims 5 to 7, characterized in that, in a preferred embodiment, a one-component polyurethane adhesive is used for assembly of the panels.

14.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to claims 5 to 8, characterized in that for sealing the longitudinal and transverse external joining lines of the panels made of hybrid fiber-metal material, either polymeric sealant beads or weld beads with or without material input are applied.

fifteen.

Hybrid laminated material composed of fiber and / or metallic alloys in the form of three-dimensional mesh for shipbuilding, aeronautics and construction in general, according to the preceding claims, for use in the construction techniques of ship, aircraft, engineering and artifact structures or pieces.

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