EP4735152A2 - System and apparatus for pfas destruction - Google Patents

System and apparatus for pfas destruction

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Publication number
EP4735152A2
EP4735152A2 EP24832747.0A EP24832747A EP4735152A2 EP 4735152 A2 EP4735152 A2 EP 4735152A2 EP 24832747 A EP24832747 A EP 24832747A EP 4735152 A2 EP4735152 A2 EP 4735152A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pfas
washcoat
vapor
destruction
oxide
Prior art date
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Pending
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EP24832747.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Yi Liu
Mauricio Grobys
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BASF Corp
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BASF Corp
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Publication of EP4735152A2 publication Critical patent/EP4735152A2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/725—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/36—Organic compounds containing halogen

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a system of catalysts for the destruction of a PFAS stream. This process comprises an integrated PFAS destruction system with an upstream aqueous-based PFAS destruction technology and downstream gas-phase flue gas oxidation catalyst. A method of implementing a PFAS destroying system is also provided herein.

Description

SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR PFAS DESTRUCTION
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
[0001] The present application claims priority to International Application No. PCT/CN2023/102712 filed on June 27, 2023. The entire contents of which are incorporated in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to the field of catalysts for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS"’) destruction. More specifically, it relates to the use of an aqueous-based PF AS destruction technique in combination with a gas-phase flue gas oxidation catalyst.
BACKGROUND
[0003] As understood in the art, PFAS refers to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are a group of man-made fluorochemicals. PFAS are known for having strong carbon-fluorine bonds that can cause lasting sustainability issues. For example, the sustainability issues may include long persistence in natural environments, bioaccumulation along the food chain, and adverse health effects in humans. Thus, effective PFAS destruction is sought to stop PFAS pollution.
[0004] Currently, strategies for PFAS destruction are mainly aqueous-based, such as electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, and ultrasonically induced cavitation. These aqueous-based methods may generate hazardous byproducts, such as CF4, C2F6, perfluoropropionic acid C'PFPrA"). and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (“PFBS”) with less than 4 carbon atoms, and may release them into the ambient air, water or soil. Because of mobility in air, water and soil, these gas-phase short-chain PFAS species may further spread and intensify PFAS pollution in the natural environment. Therefore, there is a need in the art to improve the PFAS destruction processes to reduce the amount of PFAS pollution.
SUMMARY
[0005] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a system is provided. The system may include a feed of PFAS; an aqueous PFAS destruction section which is configured to perform one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or a combination thereof; and a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment. In some embodiments, the PFAS may include perfluorooctanoic acid (“PFOA”), perfluorooctanoic sulfonic acid (“PFOS”), perfluorobutane sulfonate (‘TFBS”). perfluorobutanoic acid (“PFBA”), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (“PFSA”), perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (“PFCA”), perfluoroalkyl acid (“PFAA”), perfluoroheptane sulfonate C'PFHpS"). perfluorohexane sulfonate (“PFHxS”), perfluoropentane sulfonic acid (“PFPeS”), perfluorovaleric acid (“PFPeA”), perfluorohexanoic acid (“PFHxA”) or combinations thereof.
[0006] In some embodiments, the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment may be placed in parallel to the aqueous PF AS destruction section or after the PFAS destruction section.
[0007] In some embodiments of the process, after the aqueous PFAS destruction section, a PFAS-free liquid may be formed. In other embodiments of the process, after the aqueous PFAS destruction section, a PFAS-containing vapor may be formed.
[0008] In some embodiments, the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be configured to receive the PFAS-containing vapor from the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
[0009] In some embodiments, the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may include a flue gas oxidation catalyst. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide in an amount of about 40 wt% to about 90 wt% based on total weight of the catalyst.
[00010] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include a washcoat. The washcoat may include zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt. In some embodiments, the vanadium oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 0. 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the zirconium oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the manganese oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the washcoat material may consist of zirconium oxide and manganese oxide.
[00011] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may further include tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tungsten oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the catalyst may further include one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
[00012] In some embodiments, the surface area of the washcoat material of the flue oxidation catalyst may be from about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g. [00013] In some embodiments, after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS- free emission may be formed. In another embodiment, after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment, an emission may be formed that is substantially free of the PF AS. In some embodiments, after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS-free vapor may be formed. In another embodiment, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, a vapor may be formed that is substantially free of the PFAS.
[00014] In some embodiments, the system may further include a gas/liquid separator.
[00015] In some embodiments, the gas/liquid separator may be configured to receive the PFAS- free vapor.
[00016] In some embodiments, the PFAS-free vapor may be converted to a PFAS-free emission and PFAS-free liquid by the gas/liquid separator.
[00017] In some embodiments, air may be applied to the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
[00018] In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method is provided. The method includes feeding a PF AS -containing fluid into an aqueous PFAS destruction section of a system; performing an aqueous-based PFAS destruction in the aqueous PFAS destruction section, wherein the aqueous-based PFAS destruction includes one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or combination thereof; receiving a PFAS- containing vapor after the aqueous-based PFAS destruction; and flowing the PFAS-containing vapor into a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
[00019] In some embodiments, electrochemical oxidation may be performed. The electrochemical oxidation may include applying an electric current to the PFAS-containing fluid. [00020] In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may be performed.
[00021] In some embodiments, ultrasonically induced cavitation may be performed. The ultrasonically induced cavitation may include applying ultrasound to the PFAS-containing fluid.
[00022] In some embodiments, the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may include reacting a flue gas oxidation catalyst with the PFAS-containing vapor.
[00023] In some embodiments, the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may include a flue gas oxidation catalyst. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide in an amount of about 40 wt% to about 90 wt%, based on total weight of the catalyst washcoat.
[00024] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include a washcoat. The washcoat may include zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt. In some embodiments, the vanadium oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt.%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the zirconium oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the manganese oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%. based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the washcoat material may consist of zirconium oxide and manganese oxide.
[00025] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may further include tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tungsten oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the catalyst may further include one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
[00026] In some embodiments, the surface area of the washcoat material of the flue oxidation catalyst may be from about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g. In some embodiments, the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be performed at a temperature of about 45°C to about 700°C. [00027] In some embodiments, the method may further include feeding air into the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
[00028] In some embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be performed, a PFAS-free vapor may be formed.
[00029] In some embodiments, the method may further include feeding the PFAS-free vapor into a gas/liquid separator.
[00030] In some embodiments, the gas/liquid separator may produce a PFAS-free emission and a PFAS-free liquid.
[00031] In some embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment a PFAS- free emission may be formed.
[00032] In some embodiments, after performing the aqueous-based PFAS-destruction, a PFAS- free liquid may be formed.
[00033] In another embodiment, another method is provided. The method includes performing an aqueous-based PFAS destruction on a PFAS-containing fluid that creates a PFAS -containing vapor, wherein the aqueous-based destruction includes one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ultrasonically induced cavitation or a combination thereof; and contacting the PFAS-containing vapor with a PFAS destruction catalyst.
[00034] In some embodiments of this method, electrochemical oxidation may be performed. In some embodiments, the electrochemical oxidation may include applying a high electric current density to the PF AS-containing fluid in the aqueous-based PF AS destruction section. In other embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may be performed. In some embodiments, the supercritical water oxidation is performed at a temperature of about 450 - 600 °C and pressure of above about 100 kPa. In yet another embodiment, the ultrasonically induced cavitation may be performed. In some embodiments, the ultrasonically induced cavitation may include applying ultrasound ultrasonic frequency of about 15 kHz to about 1100 kHz to the PFAS-containing fluid. [00035] In some embodiments, the PF AS destruction catalyst comprises a flue gas oxidation catalyst. In some embodiments, the flue oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt% based on total weight of a washcoat.
[00036] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation cataly st may include a washcoat. In some embodiments, the washcoat may include zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt. In some embodiments, the vanadium oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the zirconium oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the manganese oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
[00037] In other embodiments, the washcoat may include zirconium oxide and manganese oxide. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may further include tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tungsten oxide may be dispersed on a washcoat of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the washcoat may have a surface area of about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[00038] The disclosure described herein is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the accompanying figures.
[00039] FIG. 1 illustrates the schematics of an integrated PF AS destruction system with a separate aqueous PF AS destruction section and vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment section. [00040] FIG. 2 illustrates the schematics of an integrated PF AS destruction system with integrated vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment as a subsection of an aqueous PFAS destruction section with a Gas/liquid separator.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[00041] Currently, strategies for PFAS destruction in the industry are mainly aqueous-based, for example electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, and ultrasonically induced cavitation. These methods may generate hazardous byproducts, such as CF4, C2F6, perfluoropropionic acid (“PFPrA”), and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (“PFBS”) with less than 4 carbon atoms into the ambient air. Because of mobility in air, water and soil, these gas-phase shortchain PFAS species may further spread and intensify the PFAS pollution in the natural environment.
[00042] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a system has been developed to apply a flue gas oxidation catalyst to a PFAS feed to destroy PFAS and prevent PFAS pollution in the environment. In one embodiment, a system is provided. The system includes a feed of PFAS, which may include perfluorooctanoic acid (“PFOA”), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (“PFOS”), or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the PFAS may include PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFBA, PFSA. PFCA, PFAA. PFHpS, PFHxS, PFPeS, PFPeA, PFHxA or combinations thereof. The system may further include an aqueous PFAS destruction section. The aqueous PFAS destruction section may be configured to perform electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the aqueous-based PFAS destruction system may break long-chain PFAS species, i.e. those with more than 4 carbon atoms, such as PFOA and PFOS, into short chain PFAS species. In some embodiments, the aqueous PFAS destruction section may break PFAS species into hydrogen fluoride, short-chain PFAS species, such as CF4, C2F6, PFPrA and PFBS with fewer than 4 carbon atoms, or a combination thereof. The system may further include a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment. The vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be a separate unit following the aqueous PFAS destruction section or a sub-unit within the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
[00043] In some embodiments, the feed of PFAS may be a PFAS-containing liquid, or a PFAS- containing fluid. In some embodiments, the PFAS-containing liquid or PFAS-containing fluid may include PFOA, PFOS, PFBS. PFBA. PFSA, PFCA, PFAA, PFHpS, PFHxS. PFPeS. PFPeA, PFHxA or a combination thereof.
[00044] In some embodiments, the feed of PFAS may be received by an aqueous PFAS destruction section. In some embodiments this section may be configured to perform one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or combination thereof.
[00045] In some embodiments, electrochemical oxidation may include applying an electric current to the feed of PF AS. In some embodiments, electrochemical oxidation may include using high current density to cleave and oxidize carbon-fluoride bonds of a PF AS species. In some embodiments, electrochemical oxidation may include using a boron-doped diamond electrode.
[00046] In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may include the solvation of PFAS and the accelerated oxidation of PFAS by oxygen when in a supercritical state. As understood herein, supercritical may refer to performing the oxidation at a temperature of above about 700°C, or a pressure of above about lOOkPa, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may involve heating the PFAS-containing fluid. In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may include the pressurization of the of the PFAS- containing fluid.
[00047] In some embodiments, ultrasonically induced cavitation may include applying ultrasound to a PFAS to degrade it. In some embodiments, ultrasonically induced cavitation may refer to cavitation that is directly or indirectly initiated by a source of ultrasonic energy7 such as ultrasonic transducers. In some embodiments, ultrasonic frequency ranges may include about 15 kHz to about 1100 kHz, about 50 kHz to about 1050 kHz, about 100 kHz to about 1000 kHz, about 150 kHz to about 950 kHz, about 200 kHz to about 900 kHz about 250 kHz to about 850 kHz, about 300 kHz to about 800 kHz, about 350 kHz to about 750 kHz, about 400 kHz to about 700 kHz, about 450 kHz to about 650 kHz, or about 500 kHz to about 600 kHz. In some embodiments when ultrasonically induced cavitation is performed, it may be performed under ambient conditions and without the use of chemical additives.
[00048] In certain embodiments, after the PFAS destruction section, a PFAS-free liquid may be formed. In some embodiments, the PFAS-free liquid from the aqueous PFAS destruction section may be recycled through the aqueous PFAS destruction section. In another embodiment, the PFAS-free liquid may be released into the atmosphere.
[00049] In certain embodiments, after the PFAS destruction section, a PFAS-containing vapor may be formed. In some embodiments, the PFAS-containing vapor may be received by a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment. The vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be in parallel with the aqueous PFAS destruction section, or may be placed after the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
[00050] In some embodiments, the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may include a flue gas oxidation catalyst. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide.
[00051] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide in an amount of about 40 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 45 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 55 wt% to about 75%, or about 60 wt% to about 70 wt%, based on total weight of the catalyst.
[00052] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include a washcoat. The washcoat may include zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt. In some embodiments, the vanadium oxide may be dispersed on the core in an amount of about 0. 1 wt% to about 20 wt.%. about 0.5 wt% to about 18 wt%. about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 12 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%, based on total weight of the w ashcoat. In some embodiments, the zirconium oxide may be dispersed on the wahscoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 90 wt.%, about 15 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 75 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the manganese oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 80 wt.%, about 15 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 70 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 65 wt%, based on total w eight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the washcoat material may consist of zirconium oxide and manganese oxide.
[00053] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may further include tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tungsten oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt.%, or about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the catalyst may further include one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt.%, about 0. 1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
[00054] In some embodiments, the surface area of the washcoat material of the flue oxidation catalyst may be from about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g, about 50 m2/g up to about 250 m2/g, about 75 m2/g up to about 225 m2/g, about 100 m2/g up to about 200 m2/g, about 125 m2/g up to about 175 m2/g.
[00055] In some embodiments, the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment may be performed at a temperature of about 45°C to about 700°C, about 70°C to about 675°C, about 100°C to about 650°C, about 125°C to about 625°C, about 150°C to about 600°C, about 175°C to about 575°C, about 200°C to about 550°C, about 225°C to about 525°C, about 250°C to about 500°C, about 275°C to about 475°C, about 300°C to about 450°C, about 325°C to about 425°C, or about 350°C to about 400°C. In some embodiments, the system may further include feeding air into the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
[00056] In some embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS- free vapor may be formed. In another embodiment, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, a vapor that is substantially free of PFAS may be formed. In other embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS-emission may be formed. In yet another embodiment, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, an emission substantially free of PFAS may be formed. As used herein, “vapor’' refers to . As used herein, “emission” refers to . As used herein, “substantially free” refers to refers to a composition that comprises less than about 1 wt%, less than about 0.5 wt%, less than about 0.25 wt%. less than about 0. 1 wt%, less than about 0.05 wt%, less than about 0.01 wt%, or 0 wt% of the component.
[00057] In some embodiments, the PFAS-free vapor, the vapor that is substantially free of PFAS, the PFAS-emission. or the emission that is substantially free of PFAS from the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be recycled through the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
[00058] In some embodiments, the PFAS-containing vapor may be received by a gas/liquid separator. In some embodiments the gas/liquid separator may be a condenser that condenses the PFAS-containing vapor. In some embodiments, the gas/liquid separator may be a heat exchanger that recovers heat from the PFAS-containing vapor.
[00059] In some embodiments, the PFAS-containing vapor may be converted to a PFAS-free emission and PFAS-free liquid by the gas/liquid separator.
[00060] In some embodiments, the vapor substantially free of PFAS may be received by a gas/liquid separator. In some embodiments the gas/liquid separator is a condenser that condenses the vapor that is substantially free of PFAS. In some embodiments, the gas/liquid separator is a heat exchanger that recovers heat from the vapor that is substantially free of PFAS.
[00061] In some embodiments, the vapor that is substantially free of PFAS may be converted to an emission that is substantially free of PFAS and a liquid that is substantially free of PFAS by the gas/liquid separator.
[00062] In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method is provided to apply a flue gas oxidation catalyst to a PFAS feed to destroy PFAS and prevent PFAS pollution in the environment. The method may include directing a feed of PFAS as described herein to an aqueous PFAS destruction section. The aqueous PFAS destruction section may perform one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or their combination thereof. In some embodiments, the aqueous PFAS destruction system may break long-chain PFAS species, such as PFOA and PFOS with more than 4 carbon atoms, into short chain PFAS species. In some embodiments, the aqueous PF AS destruction section may break PF AS species into hydrogen fluoride, short-chain PFAS species, such as CF4, C2F6, PFPrA and PFBS with fewer than 4 carbon atoms, or a combination thereof. The method may further include performing a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment. The vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be parallel to the aqueous PFAS destruction section or may be placed after the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
[00063] In some embodiments, the feed of PFAS may include a PF AS-containing liquid or a PFAS containing fluid. The PFAS -containing liquid or PF AS-containing fluid may include PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFBA, PFSA, PFCA), PFAA, PFHpS, PFHxS, PFPeS, PFPeA, PFHxA or a combination thereof.
[00064] In some embodiments, when the PFAS feed is received by an aqueous PFAS destruction section, a variety' of treatments may be performed. In some embodiments, the PFAS destruction section may be configured to perform one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or combination thereof.
[00065] In some embodiments, electrochemical oxidation may include applying an electric current to a PF AS-containing fluid. In some embodiments, high current density7 may be used to cleave and oxidize carbon-fluoride bonds of PF AS-containing fluid. In some embodiments, the expected products from this process may include carbon dioxide, fluorine gas, and short-chain PFAS species, such as CF4, C2F6, PFPrA and PFBS with fewer than 4 carbon atoms, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, electrochemical oxidation may include using boron- doped diamond electrodes.
[00066] In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may include the solvation of PFAS and the accelerated oxidation of PFAS by oxygen when in a supercritical state. In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may involve heating the PF AS-containing fluid. In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may include the pressurization of the of the PF AS -containing fluid. In some embodiments, supercritical water oxidation may produce shortchain PFAS species, such as CF4, C2F6. PFPrA and PFBS with fewer than 4 carbon atoms, or a combination thereof.
[00067] In some embodiments, ultrasonically induced cavitation may include applying ultrasound to PF AS -containing fluid to degrade PFAS. In some embodiments, ultrasonically induced cavitation may refer to cavitation that is directly or indirectly initiated by a source of ultrasonic energy' such as ultrasonic transducers. In some embodiments, ultrasonic frequency ranges may' include about 15 kHz to about 1100 kHz, about 50 kHz to about 1050 kHz, about 100 kHz to about 1000 kHz, about 150 kHz to about 950 kHz, about 200 kHz to about 900 kHz about 250 kHz to about 850 kHz, about 300 kHz to about 800 kHz, about 350 kHz to about 750 kHz, about 400 kHz to about 700 kHz, about 450 kHz to about 650 kHz, or about 500 kHz to about 600 kHz. In some embodiments the treatment of PF AS species by cavitation may be accomplished under ambient conditions and without the use of chemical additives.
[00068] In some embodiments, after one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or a combination thereof in the aqueous PF AS destruction section, a PFAS-free liquid may be formed.
[00069] In some embodiments, the PFAS-free liquid from the aqueous PF AS destruction section may be recycled through the aqueous PF AS destruction section.
[00070] In some embodiments, after one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or a combination thereof in the aqueous PF AS destruction section is performed on a PFAS-containing liquid or PF AS -containing fluid, a PFAS- containing vapor may be formed.
[00071] In some embodiments, the PFAS-containing vapor may be received by a vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment. In some embodiments, the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment may be parallel to the aqueous PFAS destruction section, or may be placed after the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
[00072] In some embodiments, the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may include flue gas oxidation catalyst. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide. In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include zirconium oxide in an amount of about 40 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 45 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 80 wt%, about 55 wt% to about 75%. or about 60 wt% to about 70 wt%, based on total weight of the catalyst washcoat.
[00073] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may include a washcoat. The washcoat may include zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt. In some embodiments, the vanadium oxide may be dispersed on the core in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt.%. about 0.5 wt% to about 18 wt%. about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 12 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the zirconium oxide may be dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt.%, about 35 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 80 wt%. or about 45 wt% to about 75 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the manganese oxide may be dispersed on the core in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 80 wt.%, about 15 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 70 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 65 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat. In some embodiments, the core material may consist of zirconium oxide and manganese oxide. [00074] In some embodiments, the flue gas oxidation catalyst may further include tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tungsten oxide may be dispersed on the core of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt.%, or about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, based on total weight of the core. In some embodiments, the catalyst may further include one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt.%, about 0. 1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
[00075] In some embodiments, the surface area of the washcoat material of the flue oxidation catalyst may be from about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g, about 50 m2/g up to about 250 m2/g, about 75 m2/g up to about 225 m2/g, about 100 m2/g up to about 200 m2/g, about 125 m2/g up to about 175 m2/g.
[00076] In some embodiments, the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment may be performed at a temperature of about 45°C to about 700°C, about 70°C to about 675°C, about 100°C to about 650°C, about 125°C to about 625°C, about 150°C to about 600°C. about 175°C to about 575°C, about 200°C to about 550°C, about 225°C to about 525°C, about 250°C to about 500°C, about 275°C to about 475°C, about 300°C to about 450°C, about 325°C to about 425°C, or about 350°C to about 400°C. In some embodiments, the system may further include feeding air into the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
[00077] In some embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS- free vapor may be formed. In some embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, a vapor that is substantially free of PFAS may be formed. In some embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS-emission may be formed. In some embodiments, after the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment, an emission substantially free of PFAS may be formed.
[00078] In some embodiments, the PFAS-free vapor from the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be recycled through the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment. In another embodiment, the vapor that is substantially free of PFAS from the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be recycled through the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment. In other embodiments, the PFAS-free emission from the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment may be recycled through the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment. In yet another embodiment, the emission substantially free of PFAS from the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment maybe recycled through the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
[00079] In some embodiments, the PFAS-free vapor may be received by a gas/liquid separator. In some embodiments, the gas/liquid separator may be a condenser that condenses the PFAS-free vapor. In some embodiments, the gas/liquid separator may be a heat exchanger that recovers heat from the PFAS-free vapor.
[00080] In some embodiments, the PFAS-free vapor may be converted to a PFAS-free emission and PFAS-free liquid by the gas/liquid separator.
[00081] In some embodiments, the vapor substantially free of PF AS may be received by a gas/liquid separator. In some embodiments the gas/liquid separator is a condenser that condenses the vapor that is substantially free of PF AS. In some embodiments, the gas/liquid separator is a heat exchanger that recovers heat from the vapor that is substantially free of PFAS.
[00082] In some embodiments, the vapor that is substantially free of PFAS may be converted to an emission that isa substantially free of PFAS and a liquid that is substantially free of PFAS by the gas/liquid separator.
[00083] Referring to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a PFAS destruction system 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As can be seen in FIG. 1, a PF AS-containing fluid 105 is fed into an aqueous PFAS destruction section 110. The PF AS-containing fluid 105 may include any of the PFAS species that have been described herein, including but not limited to, PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFBA, PFSA, PFCA, PFAA, PFHpS, PFHxS, PFPeS, PFPeA, PFHxA or a combination thereof.
[00084] When the PF AS-containing fluid 105 enters the aqueous PFAS destruction section 110, a variety of treatments can be performed. The treatments may include electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or combination thereof as described above. After treatment in the aqueous PFAS destruction section 110, a PFAS -containing vapor 120 and a PFAS-free liquid 115 is formed. The PFAS-free liquid 115 is released into the environment and has limited effect because no PFAS are present, or the liquid is substantially free from PFAS. In contrast, the PF AS-containing vapor 120 requires further treatment in a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 130.
[00085] A vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 130 may be parallel to the aqueous PFAS destruction section 110 as is illustrated in FIG. 1. It is understood that the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 130 may be present in other locations, but is placed after the aqueous PFAS destruction section 110 to receive the PFAS -containing vapor 120. The vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 130 includes a flue oxidation gas catalyst as described above.
[00086] As can be seen in FIG. 1, air 125 is fed into the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 130. The air 125 helps to activate the flue oxidation gas catalyst. The catalyst treatment 130 may be at a temperature of about 45°C to about 700°C and a pressure of above about 100 kPa. After the catalyst treatment 130, a PFAS-free emission 135 is produced and released into the atmosphere, further illustrates [00087] FIG. 2 illustrates a PF AS destruction system 200 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The PF AS destruction system 200 includes feeding a PFAS-containing fluid 205 into an aqueous PF AS destruction section 210. The PFAS-containing fluid may include, but is not limited to, PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFBA, PFSA, PFCA, PFAA, PFHpS, PFHxS, PFPeS, PFPeA. PFHxA or a combination thereof.
[00088] In the aqueous PF AS destruction section 210 a variety of treatments can be performed. The treatments may include electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or combination thereof as described above. After performing of the treatments in the PF AS destruction section 210, a PFAS-containing vapor 215 is produced. The PFAS-containing vapor 215 is then fed into the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 220. The vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 220 includes a flue oxidation gas catalyst as described above. .
[00089] As can be seen in FIG. 2, air 225 is fed into the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 220. The vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment 220 includes a flue oxidation gas catalyst as described above. After the catalyst treatment, a PFAS-containing vapor 230 is produced and fed into a gas/liquid separator 235. The gas/liquid separator 235 produces a PFAS-free emission 240 and a PFAS-free liquid 245 that is released into the atmosphere.
[00090] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
[00091] As used herein, the term “of’ may mean “comprising.” For example, “a liquid dispersion of’ may be interpreted as “a liquid dispersion comprising.”
[00092] As used herein, “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity, e.g., “a compound” refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound unless stated otherwise. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein. [00093] As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Additionally, as used herein, “or” means “and/or.”
[00094] Also as used herein, the term “about” is used to describe and account for small fluctuations. For example, “about” refers to any values that are within a variation of ± 10%, such that “about 10” would include from 9 to 11.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A system comprising: a feed of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) comprising perfluorooctanoic acid (“PFOA”), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (“PFOS”), perfluorobutane sulfonate (“PFBS”), perfluorobutanoic acid (“PFBA”), perfluoroalky l sulfonic acids (“PFSA”), perfluoroalky l carboxylic acids (“PFCA”), perfluoroalkyl acid C'PFAA"). perfluoroheptane sulfonate (“PFHpS”), perfluorohexane sulfonate (“PFHxS”), perfluoropentane sulfonic acid (“PFPeS”), perfluorovaleric acid (“PFPeA”), perfluorohexanoic acid (“PFHxA”) or a combination thereof; an aqueous PFAS destruction section which is configured to perform one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or combination thereof; and a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment is parallel to the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment is placed after the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
4. The system of claim 1. wherein after the aqueous PFAS destruction section, a PFAS-free liquid is formed.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein after the aqueous PFAS destruction section, a PFAS- containing vapor is formed.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment is configured to receive the PF AS-containing vapor from the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
7. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment comprises a flue gas oxidation catalyst.
8. The system of claim 6 or claim 7. wherein after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS-free emission is formed.
9. The system of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment, an emission is formed that is substantially free of the PF AS.
10. The system of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment, a PFAS-free vapor is formed.
11. The system of claim 6 or claim 7. wherein after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment, a vapor is formed that is substantially free of the PF AS.
12. The system of claim 7, wherein the flue oxidation catalyst comprises zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprises zirconium oxide in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt% based on total weight of a washcoat.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprises a washcoat.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the washcoat comprises zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt.
16. The system of claim 14, wherein the vanadium oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 0. 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
17. The system of claim 15, wherein the zirconium oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
18. The system of claim 15, wherein the manganese oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 50 wt%. based on total weight of the washcoat.
19. The system of claim 12, wherein the washcoat comprises zirconium oxide and manganese oxide.
20. The system of claim 7, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst further comprise tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof.
21. The system of claim 20, wherein the tungsten oxide is dispersed on a washcoat of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
22. The system of claim 7, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprise one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
23. The system of claim 12, wherein the core has a surface area of about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g.
24. The system of claim 11, further comprising a gas/liquid separator.
25. The system of claim 24, wherein the gas/liquid separator is configured to receive the PFAS- free vapor.
26. The system of claim 25, wherein the PFAS-free vapor is converted to a PFAS-free emission and PFAS-free liquid by the gas/liquid separator.
27. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein air is applied to the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
28. A method comprising: feeding a PF AS-containing fluid into an aqueous PFAS destruction section of a system; performing an aqueous-based PFAS destruction in the aqueous PFAS destruction section, wherein the aqueous-based PFAS destruction includes one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, or ultrasonically induced cavitation or their combination; receiving a PF AS-containing vapor after the aqueous-based PFAS destruction; and flowing the PF AS-containing vapor into a vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the electrochemical oxidation is performed.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the electrochemical oxidation comprises applying a high electric current density to the PF AS-containing fluid in the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
31. The method of claim 28, wherein the supercritical w ater oxidation is performed.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the supercritical water oxidation is performed at a temperature of about 450 - 600 °C and pressure of above about 100 kPa.
33. The method of claim 28, wherein the ultrasonically induced cavitation is performed.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the ultrasonically induced cavitation comprises applying ultrasound ultrasonic frequency of about 15 kHz to about 1100 kHz to the PFAS-containing fluid.
35. The method of claim 28, wherein the vapor PFAS destruction catalyst treatment comprises applying a flue gas oxidation catalyst to the PFAS-containing vapor.
36. The method of claim 35. wherein the flue oxidation catalyst comprises zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprises zirconium oxide in an amount of about 30 wl% to about 90 wt% based on total w eight of a washcoat.
38. The method of claim 36, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprises a washcoat.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the washcoat comprises zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt.
40. The method of claim 38, wherein the vanadium oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 0. 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
41. The method of claim 39. wherein the zirconium oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
42. The method of claim 39, wherein the manganese oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
43. The method of claim 38, wherein the washcoat comprises zirconium oxide and manganese oxide.
44. The method of claim 35, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst further comprise tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof.
45. The method of claim 44, wherein the tungsten oxide is dispersed on a washcoat of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
46. The method of claim 35, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprise one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
47. The method of claim 38, wherein the washcoat has a surface area of about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g.
48. The method of any one of claims 28-47, wherein the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment is performed at a temperature of about 45 °C to 700°C.
49. The method of any one of claims 28-48, further comprising feeding air into the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment.
50. The method of any one of claims 28-49, wherein after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment a PFAS-free vapor is formed.
51. The method of claim 50, further comprising feeding the PFAS-free vapor into a gas/liquid separator.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the gas/liquid separator produces a PFAS-free emission and a PFAS-free liquid.
53. The method of any one of claims 28-36, wherein after the vapor PF AS destruction catalyst treatment a PFAS-free emission is formed.
54. The method of any one of claims 28-36, wherein after performing the aqueous-based PFAS-destruction, a PFAS-free liquid is formed.
55. A method comprising: performing an aqueous-based PF AS destruction on a PFAS-containing fluid that creates a PFAS-containing vapor, wherein the aqueous-based destruction includes one of electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ultrasonically induced cavitation or a combination thereof; and contacting the PFAS-containing vapor with a PFAS destruction catalyst.
56. The method of claim 55, wherein the electrochemical oxidation is performed.
57. The method of claim 56. wherein the electrochemical oxidation comprises applying a high electric current density to the PFAS-containing fluid in the aqueous PFAS destruction section.
58. The method of claim 55, wherein the supercritical water oxidation is performed.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein the supercritical water oxidation is performed at a temperature of about 450 - 600 °C and pressure of above about 100 kPa.
60. The method of claim 55, wherein the ultrasonically induced cavitation is performed.
61. The method of claim 60, wherein the ultrasonically induced cavitation comprises applying ultrasound ultrasonic frequency of about 15 kHz to about 1100 kHz to the PFAS-containing fluid.
62. The method of claim 55, wherein the PF AS destruction catalyst comprises a flue gas oxidation catalyst.
63. The method of claim 62, wherein the flue oxidation catalyst comprises zirconium oxide, vanadium oxide and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide, cerium oxide and cobalt oxide.
64. The method of claim 63, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprises zirconium oxide in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt% based on total weight of a washcoat.
65. The method of claim 63, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprises a washcoat.
66. The method of claim 65, wherein the washcoat comprises zirconium oxide and one or more oxides of manganese, cerium or cobalt.
67. The method of claim 63. wherein the vanadium oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 0. 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
68. The method of claim 66, wherein the zirconium oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 30 wt% to about 90 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
69. The method of claim 66, wherein the manganese oxide is dispersed on the washcoat in an amount of about 10 wt% to about 80 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
70. The method of claim 65, wherein the washcoat comprises zirconium oxide and manganese oxide.
71. The method of claim 63, wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst further comprise tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or mixtures thereof.
72. The method of claim 71, wherein the tungsten oxide is dispersed on a washcoat of the flue oxidation catalyst in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
73. The method of claim 62. wherein the flue gas oxidation catalyst comprises one or more platinum group metals in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on total weight of the washcoat.
74. The method of claim 65, wherein the washcoat has a surface area of about 25 m2/g to about 275 m2/g.
EP24832747.0A 2023-06-27 2024-06-24 System and apparatus for pfas destruction Pending EP4735152A2 (en)

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