Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K14/70507—CD2
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• This disclosure pertains to inhibiting or preventing angiogenesis to control or treat angiogenic-dependent conditions, which are characterized by or depend upon blood vessel proliferation. Additionally, the disclosure relates to the use of an anti-angiogenic agent in combination wi th a chemotherapeutic agent.
• Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from extant capillaries, while vasculogenesis involves the growth of vessels deriving from endothelial progenitor cells.
• Angiogenesis is a combinatorial process that is regulated by a balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules.
• Angiogenic stimuli e.g. hypoxia or inflammatory cytokines
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• FGF fibroblast growth factor
• angiogenesis plays a role in the growth of atherosclerotic plaque, diabetic retinopathy, degenerative maculopathy, retrolental fibroplasia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute adult respiratory distress syndrome, and asthma. Furthermore, tumor progression is associated with neovascularization, which facilitates nutrient delivery' to progressively growing tumor tissues.
• angiogenesis inhibitors have only recently become a mainstay in cancer therapeutics. Accordingly, there is an ongoing need for new methods and agents to reduce pathological angiogenesis. This disclosure aims to address this need, among others.
• FIG. 1 A displays a schematic drawing of an anti -angiogenic agent, showing the two short strands of the protein's anti-parallel P-sheet;
• FIG. IB displays another schematic drawing of an anti-angiogenic agent, showing the two short strands of the protein's anti-parallel P-sheet with the hydrophobic surface facing outward;
• FIG. 1C displays another schematic drawing of an anti-angiogenic agent, showing the two short strands of the protein's anti-parallel P-sheet with the hydrophobic surface facing inward;
• FIG. 2 displays NMR spectra of a folded (top) and an unfolded (bottom) anti- angiogenic agent and host protein;
• FIG. 3 A displays a proliferation assay companng an anti-angiogenic agent to a prior art agent (Anginex) using HUVEC cells;
• FIG. 3B displays a proliferation assay comparing an anti-angiogenic agent to aprior art agent (Anginex) using M4A4 cancer cells;
• FIG. 4A displays a graph demonstrating that tumor volume remained relatively constant during treatment with an anti-angiogenic agent (treatment started after 8 days);
• FIG. 4B displays a graph demonstrating that tumor volume remained relatively constant during treatment with an anti-angiogenic agent (treatment started after 22 days);
• FIG. 5 displays a graph showing substantial differences in tumor weights following the first treatment with an anti-angiogenic agent
• FIG. 6 displays a pictorial representation demonstrating slower tumor growth rates in mice treated with the anti-angiogenic agent compared to mice treated with buffer and host proteins;
• FIG. 7 displays results of vessel density studies in mice treated with an anti- angiogenic agent;
• FIG. 8 shows that no significant body mass changes were observed in mice across any treatment group
• FIG. 9 shows how cell viability can vary with dosage
• FIG. 10 shows a tumor growth curve over 14 days or more of treatment using different doses of the anti-angiogenic agent
• FIG. 11 shows a comparison of tumor growth curves between AVASTIN® and rProAgio-PEG
• FIG. 12 displays a graph showing the weight of the tumor at the end of the 14-day treatment course.
• FIG. 13 displays a graph representing the viability of various examples of the anti- angiogenic agent.
• angiogenesis refers to the growth, development, and remodeling of the vascular bed. aiming to improve tissue oxygenation and nutrient delivery. This process includes the formation of new capillaries by sprouting from existing blood vessels, as well as the enlargement, maturation, and modification of existing vessels in terms of direction and flow properties, ultimately optimizing blood perfusion of tissues.
• amino acid refers to naturally occurring and non-natural amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids.
• Naturally encoded amino acids are the 20 common amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine) and pyrolysine and selenocysteine.
• Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, by way of example only, an alpha-carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group. Such analogs may have modified R groups (by way of example, norleucine) or may have modified peptide backbones, while still retaining the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid.
• Non-limiting examples of amino acid analogs include homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium.
• “conservatively modified variants” applies to both natural and non-natural amino acid and natural and non-natural nucleic acid sequences, and combinations thereof.
• “conservatively modified variants” refers to those natural and non-natural nucleic acids which encode identical or essentially identical natural and non-natural amino acid sequences, or where the natural and non- natural nucleic acid does not encode a natural and non-natural amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences.
• the codons GCA, GCC, GCG and GCU all encode the amino acid alanine.
• nucleic acid variations are “silent variations.” which are one species of conservatively modified variations.
• every natural or non-natural nucleic acid sequence herein which encodes a natural or non-natural polypeptide also describes every possible silent variation of the natural or non-natural nucleic acid.
• each codon in a natural or non-natural nucleic acid except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine, and TGG, which is ordinarily the only codon for tryptophan
• each silent variation of a natural and non-natural nucleic acid which encodes a natural and non-natural polypeptide is implicit in each described sequence.
• an agent or a compound being administered refers to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
• an agent or a compound being administered includes, but is not limited to, a natural amino acid polypeptide, non-natural amino acid polypeptide, modified natural amino acid polypeptide, or modified non-amino acid polypeptide.
• compositions containing such natural amino acid polypeptides, non-natural amino acid polypeptides, modified natural amino acid polypeptides, or modified non- natural amino acid polypeptides can be administered for prophylactic, enhancing, and/or therapeutic treatments.
• An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
• nucleic acid sequence refers to the order and identity of the nucleotides comprising a nucleic acid.
• nucleic acid refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in single- or double-stranded form.
• the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known nucleotide analogs or modified backbone residues or linkages, which are synthetic, naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring, which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid, and which are metabolized in a manner similar to the reference nucleotides.
• Examples of such analogs include, without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs).
• terminal glycine refers to a glycine amino acid residue located at the end of a polypeptide chain.
• the term “terminal” can apply to either the N-terminus (amino end) or C-terminus (carboxyl end) of the chain. Therefore, a “terminal glycine” could be the first amino acid residue at the N-terminus or the last residue at the C- tenninus of a peptide or protein.
• the terminal glycine can be the N- Terminus.
• the terminal glycine can be the C-terminus.
• nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e g., degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences, as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed- base and/or deoxyinosine residues.
• nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, mRNA, oligonucleotide, and polynucleotide.
• a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses “splice variants.”
• a particular protein encoded by a nucleic acid implicitly encompasses any protein encoded by a splice variant of that nucleic acid.
• “Splice variants” as the name suggests, are products of alternative splicing of a gene. After transcription, an initial nucleic acid transcript may be spliced such that different (alternate) nucleic acid splice products encode different polypeptides.
• Mechanisms for the production of splice variants vary, but include alternate splicing of exons. Alternate polypeptides derived from the same nucleic acid by read-through transcription are also encompassed by this definition. Any products of a splicing reaction, including recombinant forms of the splice products, are included in this definition.
• polypeptide “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues.
• the terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymer.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a material, including but not limited, to a salt, carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
• prophylactically effective amount refers that amount of a composition containing at least one non-natural amino acid polypeptide or at least one modified non-natural amino acid polypeptide prophylactically applied to a patient which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of a disease, condition or disorder being treated. In such prophylactic applications, such amounts may depend on the patient's state of health, weight, and the like. It is considered well within the skill of the art for one to determine such prophylactically effective amounts by routine experimentation, including, but not limited to, a dose escalation clinical trial.
• phrase “substantially similar,” in the context of two nucleic acids or polypeptides, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least 75%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, 95% or higher or any integral value therebetween nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm such as those described below for example, or by visual inspection.
• the substantial identity 7 exists over a region of the sequences that is at least about 10, preferably about 20, more preferable about 40-60 residues in length or any integral value therebetween, preferably over a longer region than 60-80 residues, more preferably at least about 90-100 residues, and most preferably the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a nucleotide sequence for example.
• synergistic refers to a combination of prophylactic or therapeutic effective agents which is more effective than the additive effects of any two or more single agents.
• a synergistic effect of a combination of prophylactic or therapeutic agents may permit the use of lower dosages of one or more of the agents and/ or less frequent administration of the agents to a subject with a specific disease or condition.
• a synergistic effect of a combination of prophylactic or therapeutic agents may be used to avoid or reduce adverse or unwanted side effects associated with the use of any single therapy.
• terapéuticaally effective amount refers to the amount of a composition containing at least one non-natural amino acid polypeptide and/or at least one modified non-natural amino acid polypeptide administered to a patient already suffering from a disease, condition or disorder, sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest, or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease, disorder or condition being treated.
• the effectiveness of such compositions depend on conditions including, but not limited to, the severity and course of the disease, disorder or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
• therapeutically effective amounts may be determined by routine experimentation, including but not limited to a dose escalation clinical trial.
• This application provides an anti-angiogenic agent and a method for inhibiting angiogenesis, wherein a condition dependent on angiogenesis in a mammal is addressed by administering an anti-angiogenic agent to the mammal in a therapeutically effective amount and frequency.
• This administration aims to achieve regression or arrest of the condition without causing significant toxicity.
• the conditions that can be treated include various neoplasms, such as solid tumor neoplasms like breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, colon carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, neuroblastoma, central nervous system tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, and melanoma.
• the anti- angiogenic agent is capable of inducing regression or arrest in most, if not all, solid tumors.
• the mammal undergoing treatment can be a human.
• the anti-angiogenic agent comprises polypeptides derived from domain one of CD2, sourced from both human and non-human origins.
• the structure and function of domain one of CD2 are modified to create new polypeptides with enhanced stability’ and activity.
• the modifications may produce at least two short strands of anti-parallel [3-sheets that emulate the active sites of various endogenous anti- angiogenic polypeptides, such as PF4, IL8, TSP-1, Endostatin, and other synthetic peptides.
• anti-angiogenic agents or polypeptides might feature a P-sheet structure with two segments in an anti-parallel arrangement, a hydrophobic surface facing inward, a hydrophilic surface facing outward, and segments comprising at least four amino acids, with some instances requiring six or more, and others eight or more amino acids per segment.
• the amino acid residues may alternate between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
• the anti-angiogenic agent can have a terminal glycine.
• the anti-angiogenic agents can be used for in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo applications, displaying anti-angiogenic effects in both clinical and non-clinical settings.
• Methods to systematically vary’ polypeptide sequences through directed evolution are well- established.
• the disclosed methods can be applied to develop non-CD2 polypeptides featuring at least two short strands of an anti-parallel P-sheet.
• the anti-angiogenic agent can be prepared using rational polypeptide design, identifying and predicting the impact of specific amino acid residues on a polypeptide's properties.
• This method may include creating a training set of polypeptide variants, deriving an activity model to predict effects based on amino acid modifications, and using this model to identify amino acids at specific positions that confer desired activities and properties.
• the agent could be developed by introducing mutations within the host polypeptide or domain one of CD2.
• Specialists in the field can employ recombinant technology to create specific anti-angiogenic agents, including using site-directed mutagenesis to generate desired polypeptides from sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-12.
• Mutated nucleic acid sequences accounting for the genetic code's degeneracy, can be subcloned into suitable expression vectors for production in hosts like yeast or E. coli, followed by standard purification processes.
• the anti-angiogenic agent can have a terminal glycine.
• the agent has a terminal glycine.
• the agent shown in SEQ ID NO: 12 has a terminal glycine. Glycine, being the smallest of the 20 standard amino acids, can influence the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of a peptide-based therapeutic agent.
• the agent may incorporate N-linked glycosylation, a process in eukaryotes that influences polypeptide folding, solubility, and circulation duration.
• This glycosylation often requires the consensus sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr, particularly in loop regions of the peptide, such as observed with the yeast Pichia expression system at position N65.
• anti -angiogenic agents aim to control or inhibit angiogenesis, understood as preventing new blood vessel formation or the differentiation of circulating stem cells into endothelial cells. Moreover, these agents can induce apoptosis in activated endothelial cells, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis, which may include destroying existing vessels near or within tumors activated by angiogenesis factors.
• the inhibition mechanism is thought to involve controlling apoptosis, with the developed polypeptides showing strong activity' in inducing endothelial cell apoptosis without affecting epithelial and fibroblast cells in vitro. They also demonstrated minimal impact on the tube structure formed by HUVEC cells, indicating lower toxicity towards existing normal blood vessels. Survival factors implicated include vascular endothelial cell growth factors or mitogens, alongside factors that aid in cell recovery’ post-injury'.
• anti-angiogenic agents may be incorporated into methods of treating a mammal by inhibiting angiogenesis that include the steps of administering the anti- angiogenic agents.
• the anti-angiogenic polypeptide exhibited extended circulation time compared to small molecules and short peptide agents.
• Specific embodiments provide methods of inhibiting angiogenesis and methods of treating angiogenesis-associated diseases.
• the present invention provides methods of inhibiting or reducing tumor growth and methods of treating an individual suffering from cancer. These methods involve administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents as described above. These methods are particularly aimed at therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of animals, and more particularly, humans.
• angiogenesis-associated diseases include, but are not limited to, angiogenesis-dependent cancer, including, for example, solid tumors, blood bom tumors such as leukemias, and tumor metastases; benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; inflammatory disorders such as immune and non-immune inflammation; chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity 7 , macular degeneration, comeal graft rejection, neo vascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization: telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; and wound granulation and wound healing; tel
• One potential benefit of the combination of an anti-angiogenic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent may be an improvement in the treatment and control of an angiogenic dependent condition with reduced doses of a chemotherapeutic agent.
• the combination can be administered for a prolonged period of time, or optionally a shorter duration of treatment may be administered due to the increased effectiveness of the combination.
• administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents of the invention may be continued while the other therapy is being administered and/or thereafter.
• Administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents may be made in a single dose, or in multiple doses.
• administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents is commenced at least several days prior to the conventional therapy, while in other instances, administration is begun either immediately before or at the time of the administration of the conventional therapy.
• the anti-angiogenesis agent can be administered in combination with chemotherapeutic and other therapeutic agents, as well as radio-therapies.
• the chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from the group consisting of vinca alkaloid, camptothecan, taxane, or platinum analogue, including vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, 5 FU, cisplatin, carboplatin, irinotecan, topotecan or cyclophosphamide.
• the chemotherapeutic agent can be administered in a low-dose regimen, in combination with the anti-angiogenic agent because of the anti-tumor effect of the anti-angiogenic agent.
• the chemotherapeutic agent can be administered at less than the maximum tolerated dose.
• the anti-angiogenic agent may be used with anti-neoplastic agents, including the following anti-neoplastic agents : Acivicim Aclarubicin; Acodazole Hydrochloride; AcrQnine; Adozelesin; Aldesleukin; Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate; Aminoglutethimide; Amsacrine; Anastrozole; Anthramycin; Asparaginase; Asperlin; Azacitidine; Azetepa; Azotomycin; Batimastat; Benzodepa; Bicalutamide; Bisantrene Hydrochloride; Bisnafide Dimesylate; Bizelesin; Bleomycin Sulfate; Brequinar Sodium; Bropirimine; Busulfan; Cactinomycin; Calusterone; Caracemide; Carbetimer; Carboplatin; Carmustine; Carubicin Hydrochloride;
• anti-neoplastic compounds include: 20-epi-l,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5- ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; atrsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsahzing morphogenetic polypeptide-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid: ara-CDP
• Anti-angiogenic agent may be used with Anti-cancer Supplementary Potentiating Agents, including the following Supplementary Potentiating Agents: Anti-cancer Supplementary Potentiating Agents: Tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., imipramine, desipramine, amitryptyline. clomiprainine, trimipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, protript line, amoxapine and maprotiline); non-tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g..).
• Tricyclic anti-depressant drugs e.g., imipramine, desipramine, amitryptyline. clomiprainine, trimipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, protript line, amoxapine and maprotiline
• non-tricyclic anti-depressant drugs e.g..
• the compounds of the invention also can be administered with cytokines such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize also numerous other compounds that fall within this category of agents that are useful in combination with the anti-angiogenic agent.
• Ca.sup.++ antagonists e.g., verapamil, nifedipine, nitrendipine and caroverine
• Calmodulin inhibitors e.g., prenylamine, trifluoroperazine and clomipramine
• Amphotericin B Triparanol analogues (e.g., tamoxifen); antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., quinidine); antihypertensive drugs (e.g., reserpine); Thiol depleters (e.g., buthionine and sulfoximine) and Multiple Drug Resistance reducing agents such as Cremaphor EL.
• the compounds of the invention also can be administered with cytokines such as gran
• One embodiment also includes a kit for treating an angiogenic dependent condition in a mammal comprising an anti-angiogenic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent.
• the combination of agents is provided to allow? administration in an amount and frequency therapeutically effective to produce an inhabitation or regression of angiogenesis.
• the anti-angiogenic agent and/or polynucleotides are administered alone or in combination with an anti-inflammatory agent.
• Anti-inflammatory agents that may be administered with the anti-angiogenic agents of the invention include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids (e.g.
• Pharmaceutical agents include the following categories and specific examples. It is not intended that the category be limited by the specific examples. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to identity' readily those pharmaceutical agents that have utility outside of the central nervous system. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize also numerous other compounds that fall within the categories and that are useful according to the invention.
• polyethylene glycol may be used to derivatize polypeptides of the invention, include, for example, polyfethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinylpyrrohdone), polyoxomers, polysorbate and poly(vinyl alcohol), with PEG polymers being particularly preferred.
• PEG polymers are PEG polymers having a molecular weight from about 100 to about 40,000.
• Other suitable hydrophilic polymers in addition to those exemplified above, will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
• the polymers used may include polymers that can be attached to the polypeptides of the invention via alkylation or acylation reactions.
• the anti-angiogenic agent was PEGylated with a PEG-chain of 20 kDa.
• polyethylene glycol molecules should be attached to the polypeptide with consideration of effects on functional or antigenic domains of the polypeptide.
• attachment methods available to those skilled in the art.
• polyethylene glycol may be covalently bound through amino acid residues via a reactive group, such as. a free amino or carboxyl group.
• Reactive groups are those to which an activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound.
• the amino acid residues having a free amino group may include lysine residues and the N-terminal amino acid residues; those having a free carboxyl group may include aspartic acid residues glutamic acid residues and the C-terminal amino acid residue.
• Sulfhydryl groups may also be used as a reactive group for attaching the polyethylene glycol molecules.
• Preferred for therapeutic purposes is attachment at an amino group, such as attachment at the N-terminus or lysine group.
• polyethylene glycol as an illustration of the present composition, one may select from a variety' of polyethylene glycol molecules (by molecular weight, branching, etc.), the proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to polypeptide (polypeptide) molecules in the reaction mix, the type of pegylation reaction to be perfonned, and the method of obtaining the selected N-terminally pegylated polypeptide. Under the appropriate reaction conditions, substantially selective derivatization of the polypeptide at the N-terminus with a carbonyl group containing polymer is achieved.
• a variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected can depend upon the anti-angiogenic agent, the particular condition being treated and the dosage required for efficacy. These methods may 7 be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of an immune response without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects. Certain modes of administration are parenteral routes.
• compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of active component (e.g., the anti-angiogenic agent, the anti-angiogenic agent plus chemotherapeutic or the anti- angiogenic agent plus anti-inflammatory agent), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• active component e.g., the anti-angiogenic agent, the anti-angiogenic agent plus chemotherapeutic or the anti- angiogenic agent plus anti-inflammatory agent
• pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
• Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
• the composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.
• the composition can be formulated as a suppository. with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
• Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc.
• Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the anti- angiogenic agent together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
• the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
• the amount of the anti-angiogenic agent that will be effective in the treatment can be determined by standard clinical techniques.
• in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges.
• the precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
• the agent or pharmaceutical compositions can be tested in vitro, and then in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity, prior to use in humans.
• in vitro assays to demonstrate the therapeutic or prophylactic utility of a compound or pharmaceutical composition include, the effect of a compound on a cell line or a patient tissue sample.
• the effect of the compound or composition on the cell line and/or tissue sample can be determined utilizing techniques known to those of skill in the art including, but not limited to, rosette formation assays and cell lysis assays.
• in vitro assays which can be used to determine whether administration of a specific compound is indicated, include in vitro cell culture assays in which a patient tissue sample is grown in culture, and exposed to or otherwise administered a compound, and the effect of such compound upon the tissue sample is observed.
• the anti-angiogenic agent can be formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings.
• compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer.
• the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
• the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity’ of active agent.
• composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline.
• an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
• Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer a compound of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the compound, receptor-mediated endocytosis, construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc.
• Methods of introduction include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes.
• the compounds or compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
• the anti-angiogenic agent may be desirable to administer the anti-angiogenic agent locally to the area in need of treatment.
• This may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery', by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository’, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non- porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.
• care should be taken to use materials to which the polypeptide does not absorb.
• the nucleic acid can be administered in vivo to promote expression of its encoded polypeptide, by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so that it becomes intracellular, e.g., by use of a retroviral vector, or by direct injection, or by use of microparticle bombardment, or coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or transfecting agents, or by administering it in linkage to a homeobox-hke peptide which is known to enter the nucleus, etc.
• a nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous recombination.
• a plasmid vector is introduced in a precipitate, such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid.
• the polynucleotide insert should be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter, such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp, phoA and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few; Other suitable promoters will be known to the skilled artisan.
• the expression constructs will further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination, and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation.
• the coding portion of the transcripts expressed by the constructs will preferably include a translation initiating codon at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
• the expression vectors will preferably include at least one selectable marker.
• polynucleotides encoding the anti-angiogenic agent may be fused to polynucleotides encoding signal sequences which will direct the localization of a polypeptide to particular compartments of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and/or direct the secretion of a polypeptide.
• signal sequences which will direct the localization of a polypeptide to particular compartments of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and/or direct the secretion of a polypeptide.
• E. coli one may wish to direct the expression of the protein to the periplasmic space.
• vectors are commercially available for the construction of fusion proteins which will direct the localization of a protein.
• stents comprising a generally tubular structure (which includes for example, spiral shapes), the surface of which is coated with an anti- angiogenic agent as described above.
• a stent can be a scaffolding, usually cylindrical in shape, that may be inserted into a body passageway (e.g., bile ducts) or a portion of a body passageway, which has been narrowed, irregularly contoured, obstructed, or occluded by a disease process (e.g., ingrowth by a tumor) in order to prevent closure or reclosure of the passageway.
• a body passageway e.g., bile ducts
• a disease process e.g., ingrowth by a tumor
• an anti-angiogenic agent in a wide variety of surgical procedures.
• an anti-angiogenic protein in the form of, for example, a spray or film
• a spray or film may be utilized to coat or spray an area prior to removal of a tumor, in order to isolate normal surrounding tissues from malignant tissue, and/or to prevent the spread of disease to surrounding tissues.
• surgical meshes which have been coated with anti-angiogenic protein may be utilized in any procedure wherein a surgical mesh might be utilized.
• Example 1 Expression of anti-angiogenic agent
• the anti -angiogenic agent was expressed and purified from bacterial E.coli. To help ensure the designed polypeptide still folded properly, the structure was confirmed with 1H- NMR analyses.
• the NMR spectrum of anti-angiogenic agent (120 pM) and CD2-D1 (120 pM) were compared. As shown in FIG. 2, the NMR spectrum of the anti-angiogenic agent was almost identical to that of CD2-D1 (top), whereas the unfolded polypeptide (by organic solvent) showed a completely different spectrum (bottom).
• the resulting polypeptide exhibited very similar structural properties as demonstrated by similarity of 1 H-NMR, CD, and fluorescence spectrum of both the host protein and the developed protein.
• Example 2 Endothelial Cells and Apoptosis
• cell viability assays were carried out using HUVEC cells.
• the cells were treated with various concentrations of one example of a developed anti-angiogenic agent, anginex, and host polypeptide with which the anti-angiogenic agent was derived.
• the anti-angiogenic agent was more effective in apoptosis induction of the HUVEC cells (Fig. 2A).
• cell proliferation assays were carried out with HUVEC, M4A4, cells in the presence of 5 pM or 10 pM of Anti-angiogenic agent, Anginex, and host protein.
• Example 3 Inhibition of tumor growth of xenograft of PC-3 cells
• a xenograft model of PC-3 cells was prepared using immunodeficient mice. Tumor bearing mice (6 mice per group) were treated with an anti-angiogenic agent (10 mg/kg), a PEGylated anti-angiogenic agent (10 mg/kg), a host protein (10 mg/kg), and buffer saline for two weeks via daily dose. The treatments were started 7 days post tumor inoculation. The tumors were measured either by volume or by bioluminescence of tumor cells.
• FIG. 4A shows graphically that tumor volume remained relatively constant during the course of treatment with an anti-angiogenic agent when treatment was started after 8 days.
• FIG. 4B shows graphically the dose dependent effect and that tumor volume remained relatively constant during the course of treatment with an anti-angiogenic agent when treatment was started after 22 days.
• the tumors grew in normal rate in the mice treated with buffer and the host proteins. At the end of treatment course, tumors in each treatment group were cut out and weighed.
• Example 4 Vessel density after the treatments
• Example 5 Toxicity and immunogenicity of the Anti-angiogenic agent
• Toxicity of the parental protein of domain 1 of CD2 was previously analyzed and was not toxic in mice.
• the toxicity’ of the anti-angiogenesis polypeptide was examined using CD-I mice. Firstly, the body weights of tumor bearing nude mice were carefully monitored during a 14-day treatment course. As shown in FIG. 8, no significant changes in mice body weight were observed in any treatment group. In addition, the toxicity’ was tested in normal CD-I mice. Three groups of mice (7 mice per group) were injected i.v. with one dose, two doses and three doses of 100 JJ.1 of the polypeptide (100 mg/kg, 20 times of used dosage) with three day intervals between each injection. The animals were returned to their cages for 30 days. No deaths were observed among the tested mice. All animals behaved normally (no change in eating habits; no abnormal weight gain or loss; and no abnormal appearance on fur).
• the polypeptide shown in Sequence ID No: 11 was expressed and purified from the Pichia pastoris expression system. Expression of this polypeptide in yeast Pichia pastoris was achieved by both intracellular and secretion expression. This polypeptide was further purified using an ion exchange column. The polypeptide was expressed as a His-tag polypeptide. The His-tag was removed by thrombin cleavage. The glycosylated protein expressed and purified from Yeast Pichia pastoris was an anti-angiogenetic agent and was found have N-linked glycosylation. As shown in FIG. 13, cells treated by various examples of the anti-angiogenic agent showed robust viability.
• the polypeptide shown in Sequence ID No: 12 was expressed and purified an expression system. Expression of this polypeptide in yeast Pichia pastoris is achieved by both intracellular and secretion expression. This polypeptide is further purified using an ion exchange column. The glycine tenninal protein is an anti-angiogenetic agent. Cells are treated by various examples, including the polypeptide described as Sequence ID No: 12 has robust viability.
• SEQ ID NO: 1 is the amino acid sequence of domain one of CD2 from a rat (WT Rat CD2-D1):
• SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of domain one of CD2 from human (WT Human CD2-D1):
• SEQ ID NO:3. referred to as M1WT or Agiol, is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 derived from SEQ ID NO1 by mutations W7Q, G8M.
• SEQ ID NO:4 is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 d derived from SEQ ID NO1 by mutations E41L K43V, K45L, M46G, K47S, P48V, and G53L:
• SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 derived from SEQ ID NO1 by mutations E41N, M46Q, and F49S:
• SEQ ID NO: 6 referred to as ProAgio-PEG or Agio2, is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 derived from SEQ ID NO3 by mutations M23C:
• SEQ ID NO:7 is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 derived from SEQ ID NO1 by mutations E41I, K43V, K45L, M46G, K47S, and F49S:
• SEQ ID NOV referred to as hProAgioB or Agio3
• hProAgioB is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 derived from SEQ ID NO2 by mutations E8S, T9V, W10Q, G1 IM, A12K, D99N, I102V, Q103I, and E104L
• SEQ ID NO: 11 is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 form yeast: KEITNALSVQMKLGQDINLDIPSFQMSDDIDDIKWEKTSDKKKIAQFRKEK
• SEQ ID NO: 12 referred to as Agio6, is the amino acid sequence of a variant domain one of CD2 derived from SEQ ID NO:9 by mutations M30C and aterminal glycine (G) or an additional terminal glycine (G):
• Example 8 Effectiveness against AVASTIN®
• FIG. 11 is the tumor growth curve of Avastin® and rProAgio-PEG or Agio2.
• FIG. 12 shows graphic representation of the weight of the tumor at end of 14 day treatment course - the tumors in each treatment group were extracted and weighed. There were significant differences in the tumor weights and growlh of the animal groups that were treated by Agio2 and AVASTIN®.

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