Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
  • H04W36/34—Reselection control
  • H04W36/36—Reselection control by user or terminal equipment
  • H04W36/362—Conditional handover
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0091—Signalling for the administration of the divided path, e.g. signalling of configuration information
  • H04L5/0094—Indication of how sub-channels of the path are allocated
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
  • H04W24/02—Arrangements for optimising operational condition
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W72/00—Local resource management
  • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
  • H04W72/23—Control channels or signalling for resource management in the downlink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards a terminal

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates, in general, to wireless communications and, more particularly, systems and methods by a management network node for reducing the likelihood of conflicting of resources use by user equipments (UEs).
• UEs user equipments
• a conditional handover feature is standardized in Rel-16. Specifically, Section 9.2.3.4 of 3GPP TS 38.300 defines a Conditional Handover (CHO) as a handover that is executed (run or enacted) by the wireless device when one or more handover execution conditions are met. The wireless device starts evaluating the execution condition(s) upon receiving the CHO configuration and stops evaluating the execution condition(s) once a handover is executed (legacy handover or conditional handover execution).
• CHO Conditional Handover
• the CHO configuration contains the configuration of CHO candidate cell(s) generated by the candidate gNB(s) and execution condition(s) generated by the source gNB.
• An execution (run or enact) condition may consist of one or two trigger condition(s), which may include, for example, RSRP and RSRQ, RSRP and SINR, etc. and can be configured simultaneously for the evaluation of CHO execution condition of a single candidate cell.
• the UE executes a normal HO procedure if it receives a HO command from the network, regardless of the CHO configuration.
• the network can override the CHO configuration at any time.
• a wireless device receives a handover command, which may include a RRCReconflguration message prepared by a target candidate node, and stores the command without applying it as it would have done in legacy handover. Together with the command, the wireless device also receives an associated condition to be monitored. When the condition is fulfilled, the wireless device applies the previously stored handover command, as if the network would have just sent it, instead of first sending a measurement report (that could fail to be transmitted) and then waiting to receive the command (that might fail to be received).
• the condition that defines the criteria for applying the stored handover command is based on the quality of the serving cell(s) and neighbor cells. This is somewhat similar to the condition that in previous releases leads the wireless device to transmit a measurement report when the condition is fulfilled.
• the network can configure the wireless device to transmit a measurement report when the signal quality in a neighbor cell becomes better than the signal quality in the serving cell by an offset amount.
• the measurement report is a way to indicate to the network that a handover may be needed.
• conditional handover a similar condition can be configured except that, instead of transmitting the measurement report, the wireless device applies the stored RRCReconflguration message for the target cell. Sending the handover command (i.e.
• the RRCReconflguration when the radio conditions are still favorable reduces the risk of failing the transmission of the measurement report and/or the reception of the handover command. It is also possible to configure two conditions for the wireless device and associate both to the stored command. In this scenario, the command is applied only if both conditions are fulfilled.
• the serving network node can prepare one or more target “candidate” cells since it’s not certain if the wireless device will access a specific target cell.
• the conditional handover preparation procedure(s) has some similarities with the handover preparation procedure, and the outcome is the creation of a handover command (i.e. an RRCReconflguration message containing the configuration of the target cell).
• the target node does not expect the wireless device to access the configuration of the target cell immediately and, in some cases, the wireless device will not access the configuration at all.
• the wireless device will execute the handover in only one of the prepared candidate target cells.
• the target network node hosting this candidate target cell needs to inform the source network node that the wireless device successfully performed the handover in the target candidate cell, so that the source network node can cancel the resources reserved by the remaining target candidate network nodes. Additionally, since the time between the handover preparation (and therefore the resource reservation) is unknown, the source network node is also able to release the reserved resources before the wireless device executes the handover.
• the wireless device accesses one of the target candidate cells
• a set of resources would need to be reserved while the wireless device is monitoring the condition and does not perform the handover.
• the network therefore, needs to carefully select the target candidate cell and keep the number of target candidate cells to a reasonable amount, especially in a resource constrained scenario such as, for example, where there is a high load of traffic.
• early data forwarding data is forwarded during the preparation phase and the main benefit is to enable similar interruption performance as legacy, while increasing robustness.
• late data forwarding is a simpler alternative. Specifically, data is forwarded by the serving node when the wireless device accesses the target cell. The benefit is that the serving network node only forwards data to a single neighbor target network node, even if multiple target network nodes have been prepared. Additionally, the forwarding of the data only begins after the wireless device accesses a target cell, which occurs after the condition is fulfilled.
• intra-NR RAN CHO the preparation and execution phase of the conditional handover procedure is performed without involvement of the 5GC.
• preparation messages are directly exchanged between gNBs.
• the release of the resources at the source gNB during the conditional handover completion phase is triggered by the target gNB.
• conditional handover Another benefit of conditional handover is the fact that the wireless device has handover commands stored for multiple candidate target cells, which reduces interruption time even if a failure occurs.
• the wireless device In Rel-15, the wireless device would perform cell selection (i.e., select a neighboring cell to connect to without the help of the network) and continue with a re-establishment procedure.
• cell selection i.e., select a neighboring cell to connect to without the help of the network
• conditional handover when the same type of failure is detected (e.g.
• the wireless device can prioritize a target candidate cell for which the wireless device has a stored handover command and, instead of performing re-establishment, the wireless device performs a conditional handover, which reduces the interruption time and the signaling over the air interface.
• RLF radio link failure
• conditional handover is mainly specified in the Radio Resource Control (RRC) specifications (3GPP TS 38.331 v. 17.0.0) and in Xn interface specifications (3GPP TS 38.423 v. 17.1.0) and is made generic so it can be further enhanced for other types of conditional reconfiguration(s).
• RRC Radio Resource Control
• Xn interface specifications 3GPP TS 38.423 v. 17.1.0
• PSCell conditional Primary Secondary Cell
• a summarized version can be found in the 3GPP TS 38.300 v. 17.0.0.
• the UE deletes the conditional handover configurations when entering RRC INACTIVE or RRC IDLE.
• it is possible to configure conditional handover during a Resume procedure so the network does not need to use an additional round trip time to configure conditional handover for a UE entering RRC CONNECTED.
• a new concept is the concept of Wide Area configuration. This concept expands and enhances conditional handover by allowing configurations of a large number of potential candidate target cells and by allowing the wireless device to keep these resources after handover to anew target cell. By this, the signaling of configurations is greatly reduced since it is not repeated after each handover, and robustness is increased since there is no time gap from where the wireless device releases the configurations until the wireless device obtains new configurations.
• a main idea with the Wide Area configuration concept is that when a wireless device registers or enters a cell in a defined wide area for the first time or when the procedure is initiated, the cell in which the UE enters the wide area informs the Management Node. The Management Node then sends a list of the RRC configurations for all of the cells belonging to the wide area to the cell.
• the Wide Area is typically the set of cells covering large geographical area but can also be a small area such an office with an indoor deployment of a smaller number of cells. It can also be a satellite system covering a certain area where cell changes are common. More examples of how a Wide Area may be constructed or defined is given in the detailed section.
• the cell range will decrease due to higher propagation loss, worse Power Amplifier (PA) efficiency, extra attenuation due to rain, etc. This can be mitigated to some extent by, for example, techniques such as beamforming, but the cell coverage is still expected to decrease. This means that wireless devices will change cells more often.
• PA Power Amplifier
• FIGURE 1 illustrates fast moving satellites.
• LEO Low Earth Orbit
• FIGURE 2 illustrates a system with cells using high frequency that may not always have complete coverage.
• the wireless device will more frequently experience coverage loss and, thus, RLF. This may work fine anyway as long as the wireless devices can move into coverage and reestablish the connection quickly. However, as it is now, this may be a relatively slow process.
• a challenge with current procedure for RRC configuration of wireless devices is that a relatively large message needs to be transmitted every time a wireless device changes cell.
• the full configuration of for example RRC reconfiguration or RRC resume requires several MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and, thus, causes large overhead and delay during the procedure, which means longer delays until the wireless device can transmit or receive data.
• PDUs MAC Protocol Data Units
• a similar procedure needs to be performed every time the wireless device goes from an idle or inactive state to a connected state.
• An inefficiency with CHO is that it requires inter-node signaling between the gNBs for each new CHO configuration. This needs to be done after every cell change (handover). Since the wireless device releases the stored CHO configurations after a successful completion of RRC handover procedure (see FIGURE 1 from 3GPP TS 38.300), all of the CHO configurations need to be renewed after every handover.
• the Wide area conditional handover Wide Area configuration concept has the potential to decrease the signaling for the handover and to increase the reliability. This is achieved by preconfigure the wireless device with certain cell configurations.
• a challenge with the Wide Area configuration is how to manage the reserved resources in the active area of the Wide Area configuration. Since many wireless devices need to reserve resources for the active area in several cells, there may easily be a lack of resources.
• a reserved resource are not necessarily the same as a used resource.
• a wireless device may have reserved resources in a cell which it does not use since the wireless device is in a different cell. Since many parameters are limited in the number of possible configurations such as, for example Random Access (RA) preambles that are limited to 64 values in a specific cell, the capacity limit would easily be reached if trying to configure several wireless devices with unique parameters or resources in each cell over an active area.
• RA Random Access
• PUCCH resources e.g., for Scheduling Request (SR)
• Configured grants e.g., for Scheduling Request (SR)
• C-RNTIs e.g., for Scheduling Request (SR)
• SR Scheduling Request
• C-RNTIs C-RNTIs
• conflicting use refers to the allocation and/or use of a resource by two or more wireless devices operating in the same cell according to a same configuration (e.g., C-RNTI).
• two or more wireless devices can be assigned with the same (common) C-RNTI in a specific cell as long as only one of these wireless devices is in this cell.
• common common
• a management node to handle preconfigured resources to reduce the likelihood of conflicting use of a same resource by multiple wireless devices in a cell in a wide area.
• a method by a management network node for managing resource configurations of required and further resources for UEs in a wide area includes a plurality of cells.
• the method includes signalling, to a first UE, a first resource configuration for use by the first UE in the wide area and signalling, to a second UE, a second resource configuration for use by the second UE in the wide area.
• the management network node determines a likelihood of a conflicting use of a required resource by the first UE and the second UE in a target cell of the wide area.
• the management network node signals at least one new configuration for the required resource for at least one of the first UE and the second UE to reduce the likelihood of the conflicting use of the required resource.
• a management network node for managing resource configurations of required and further resources for UEs in a wide area that includes a plurality of cells.
• the management network node is configured to signal, to a first UE, a first resource configuration for use by the first UE in the wide area and signal, to a second UE, a second resource configuration for use by the second UE in the wide area.
• the management network node is configured to determine a likelihood of a conflicting use of a required resource by the first UE and the second UE in a target cell of the wide area.
• the management network node is configured to signal at least one new configuration for the required resource for at least one of the first UE and the second UE to reduce the likelihood of the conflicting use of the required resource.
• Certain embodiments of the present disclosure may provide one or more technical advantages. For example, certain embodiments may provide a technical advantage of enabling the configurations for cells in an active Wide Area to be reserved in advance while reducing the likelihood of a conflicting use by different wireless devices. Compared to previous techniques and solutions, the reserved configurations or resources can be applied or used much faster than if they were provided by a normal RRC Reconfiguration.
• FIGURE 1 illustrates fast moving satellites
• FIGURE 2 illustrates a system with cells using high frequency that may not always have complete coverage
• FIGURE 3 illustrates a signaling diagram relating to the Wide Area Configuration Concept, according to certain embodiments
• FIGURE 4 illustrates a network topology demonstrating the risk of UEs within proximity to each other sharing a same resource configuration, according to certain embodiments
• FIGURE 5 illustrates a network topology in which a number of UEs share the same resource configuration in cell, according to certain embodiments
• FIGURE 6 illustrates an example communication system, according to certain embodiments
• FIGURE 7 illustrates an example UE, according to certain embodiments
• FIGURE 8 illustrates an example network node, according to certain embodiments.
• FIGURE 9 illustrates a block diagram of a host, according to certain embodiments.
• FIGURE 10 illustrates a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized, according to certain embodiments
• FIGURE 11 illustrates a host communicating via a network node with a UE over a partially wireless connection, according to certain embodiments.
• FIGURE 12 illustrates an example method by a management network node, according to certain embodiments.
• node can be a network node or a UE.
• network nodes are NodeB, base station (BS), multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as MSR BS, eNodeB (eNB), gNodeB (gNB), Master eNB (MeNB), Secondary eNB (SeNB), integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, network controller, radio network controller (RNC), base station controller (BSC), relay, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver station (BTS), Central Unit (e.g. in a gNB), Distributed Unit (e.g.
• MSR multi-standard radio
• gNB Baseband Unit
• C-RAN access point
• AP access point
• RRU Remote Radio Unit
• RRH Remote Radio Head
• DAS distributed antenna system
• core network node e.g. Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), etc.
• O&M Operations & Maintenance
• OSS Operations Support System
• SON Self-Organizing Network
• positioning node e.g. E-SMLC
• UE user equipment
• D2D device to device
• V2V vehicular to vehicular
• MTC UE machine type UE
• M2M machine to machine
• PDA Personal Digital Assistant
• Tablet mobile terminals
• smart phone laptop embedded equipment
• LME laptop mounted equipment
• USB Unified Serial Bus
• Network node may comprise base station, radio base station, base transceiver station, base station controller, network controller, evolved Node B (eNB), Node B, gNodeB (gNB), relay node, access point, radio access point, Remote Radio Unit (RRU) Remote Radio Head (RRH), Central Unit (e.g. in a gNB), Distributed Unit (e.g. in a gNB), Baseband Unit, Centralized Baseband, C-RAN, access point (AP), etc.
• eNB evolved Node B
• gNodeB gNodeB
• RRU Remote Radio Unit
• RRH Remote Radio Head
• Central Unit e.g. in a gNB
• Distributed Unit e.g. in a gNB
• Baseband Unit Centralized Baseband
• C-RAN C-RAN
• AP access point
• radio access technology may refer to any RAT such as, for example, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRA), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRA), narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT), WiFi, Bluetooth, next generation RAT, NR, 4G, 5G, etc.
• UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
• E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
• NB-IoT narrow band internet of things
• WiFi next generation RAT
• NR next generation RAT
• 4G 4G
• 5G 5G
• Any of the equipment denoted by the terms node, network node or radio network node may be capable of supporting a single or multiple RATs.
• Wide Area is a set of neighboring cells which covers a large geographical area. This set is typically large and may contain hundreds of cells. This set is typically rather fixed. The information regarding the configuration of all the cells in this set is not necessarily sent over the Uu interface. Rather, but the information is transmitted between network nodes. However, at least the cells in the vicinity, e.g. in the active wide area, of the location of a wireless device need to be sent to the wireless device.
• the Wide Area configuration only includes parameters that can be shared by all wireless devices in the cell. These may include, for example, protocol configurations, timer settings, frequencies, RACH configurations.
• Active Wide Area includes a subset of neighboring cells in the Wide Area.
• This set can be a small set of cells covering, for example, an office building.
• the Active Wide Area can include the cells a wireless device has visited the last week(s) or the cells that the wireless device is expected to visit within a certain time period.
• This set can be dynamically changed by the network, for example, in case the wireless device would move to positions where it would risk to handover to a cell not belonging to the Active Wide Area.
• the information i.e. configurations of cells belonging to this set
• a configuration is, in part, cell specific such as, for example, RACH configurations, common search spaces, and several parameter settings.
• Other configurations are specific to the wireless device. These may include, for example, C-RNTIs, dedicated search spaces, and PUCCH resources.
• the UE specific configurations will typically to be reserved in each cell in the active wide area. This will put demands on the number of cells in the Active Wide Area and/or the number of wireless devices that are configured with an active wide area configuration. Some methods to handle this is described below.
• a management network node covers the Wide Area, which may include multiple cells.
• the management network node may include a core network node or a source network node that is serving the wireless devices. Since the management network node has knowledge of the positions of the wireless devices, the management network node can configure wireless devices that are not in the same cells with the same resources. For example, wireless devices in different cells may be configured with the same Contention Free Random Access (CFRA), C-RNTI, and/or PUCCH resources.
• CFRA Contention Free Random Access
• C-RNTI C-RNTI
• PUCCH resources Physical Uplink Control Channel resources
• a wireless device may not have to check for random access in new cell and there may be no activation by the target eNB.
• the management node takes care of this in advance.
• the network management node may keep track of the wireless devices and determine if there is a risk of conflicting use.
• An example method may include one or more of the following steps and/or features:
• a management network node monitors the locations of the wireless devices
• the management network node discovers that a capacity limit is reached or that two wireless devices configured with the same resources are at risk of conflicting such as, for example, when:
• the management network node can then release resources by one or more of:
• ⁇ Management network node sends message to gNBs serving the affected wireless devices, alternatively to a specific area
• ⁇ Management network node send message via gNB serving the wireless device
• the wireless device is reconfigured with new parameters
• the content of the indication of the released resources from the management network node may include:
• the wide area configuration handover concept allows wireless devices to be preconfigured and some resources can even be reserved in advance.
• the main benefit with this compared to legacy solutions is that the reserved configurations or resources can be applied or used much faster than if they were provided by a normal RRC Reconfiguration.
• the configuration refers to the parameters that cannot be assigned to different wireless devices in the same cell, e.g. dedicated radio resources.
• the configuration may be for one or several parameters such as RNTIs (C- RNTI, CS-RNTI), PUCCH resources (e.g. SR), CFRA resources (e.g. preambles for random access), configured grant resources and sounding reference signals (SRSs).
• RNTIs C- RNTI, CS-RNTI
• PUCCH resources e.g. SR
• CFRA resources e.g. preambles for random access
• SRSs sounding reference signals
• FIGURE 3 illustrates example signaling 100 enabling a management network node 102 to monitor the locations of wireless devices, such as UE 104, based on a handover indication from the target node 106 to the management network node 102, according to certain embodiments.
• the UE 104 sends, to the source network node 110, a request for a Wide Area Conditional Handover (WACHO.
• WACHO Wide Area Conditional Handover
• the source network node 110 forwards the request to the management network node 102.
• the management network node 102 manages the CHO for all cells within the Wide Area, at 114.
• the management node 102 sends a CHO request to at least one of the source network node 110, the target network node 106, or another target node 108. Thereafter the source network node 110 responds with a CHO acknowledgement in a RRCReconflguration message, at 118.
• the UE 104 evaluates CHO conditions. When a CHO condition is fulfilled, the UE 104 sends a Random Access request to the target network node 106 and a RRCReconflgurationComplete, at 126 and 128, respectively.
• the UE keeps the stored CHO conditions and evaluates CHO conditions.
• the target network node 106 sends a HO indication, which includes a Cell ID.
• a HO indication which includes a Cell ID.
• This enables the management network node to discover if two UEs with a same or partly same configuration are at risk of a conflicting use of at least one resource.
• Monitoring can be on cell level or even more precise such as beam or if UE is approaching cell edge towards a specific target cell. For detailed monitoring the UE can be configured to report when it is approaching the cell border.
• the Management node monitors UE locations to discover when the capacity limit is reached in a certain area or when there is a likelihood of a conflicting use of at least one resource by two UEs.
• FIGURE 4 illustrates a network topology 200 that includes a number of UEs 204A-D sharing the same resource configuration in cell A 206.
• the management network node discovers that one UE 202A is approaching the cell border of cell A 204 and is at risk of doing handover to the cell A 204 where already a UE 202B with the same configuration is located.
• the management node may transmit, to at least one of the UEs a new configuration for the at least one critical resource. In this manner the likelihood of the conflicting use may be reduced.
• FIGURE 5 illustrates a network topology 300 in which a number of UEs 302A-G share the same resource configuration in cell B 304.
• the management network node discovers that the number of UEs 302A-G within the Wide Area depicted by the circle exceeds a specified number. This implies that there is a risk or a likelihood of more than one UE 302A- G with the same configuration being handed over to cell B 304 within a short time.
• the management network node When capacity limit is reached or there is a risk of conflicting use of a critical resource by multiple UEs 302A-G, the management network node releases resources.
• One of several methods may be used. In a particular embodiment, a cruder method that allows less advanced monitoring and signaling is to broadcast a release of resources.
• the management network node then sends a message to the serving network node(s) of the affected UEs.
• the management network node sends a message to a specific area to make the UEs release configured resources.
• the broadcast message is intended to make all UEs release their conflicting resources or parts of conflicting resources.
• Another more exact or efficient way to release the resources that requires more advanced monitoring and signaling is to use dedicated signaling to specific UE(s).
• the management node sends dedicated message(s) via the serving network node to the UE(s).
• the UE(s) can also be reconfigured with new parameters to reduce the likelihood that the UEs will use the same resource in the cell.
• the content of the indication message can include any one or more of the following:
• the indication is carried by a paging message.
• FIGURE 6 shows an example of a communication system 400 in accordance with some embodiments.
• the communication system 400 includes a telecommunication network 402 that includes an access network 404, such as a radio access network (RAN), and a core network 406, which includes one or more core network nodes 408.
• the access network 404 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 410a and 410b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 410), or any other similar 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access node or non-3GPP access point.
• 3GPP 3 rd Generation Partnership Project
• the network nodes 410 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE), such as by connecting UEs 412a, 412b, 412c, and 412d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 412) to the core network 406 over one or more wireless connections.
• UE user equipment
• Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors.
• the communication system 400 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections.
• the communication system 400 may include and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and/or other similar type of system.
• the UEs 412 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 410 and other communication devices.
• the network nodes 410 are arranged, capable, configured, and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 412 and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 402 to enable and/or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and/or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 402.
• the core network 406 connects the network nodes 410 to one or more hosts, such as host 416. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts.
• the core network 406 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 408) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and/or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 408.
• Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), Network Exposure Function (NEF), and/or a User Plane Function (UPF).
• MSC Mobile Switching Center
• MME Mobility Management Entity
• HSS Home Subscriber Server
• AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
• SMF Session Management Function
• AUSF Authentication Server Function
• SIDF Subscription Identifier De-concealing function
• UDM Unified Data Management
• SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy
• NEF Network Exposure Function
• UPF User Plane Function
• the host 416 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 404 and/or the telecommunication network 402, and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider.
• the host 416 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio/video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
• the communication system 400 of FIGURE 6 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts.
• the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G); wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi); and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and/or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
• GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
• UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
• LTE Long Term Evolution
• the telecommunication network 402 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 402 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 402. For example, the telecommunications network 402 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and/or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)/Massive loT services to yet further UEs.
• URLLC Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication
• eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband
• mMTC Massive Machine Type Communication
• the UEs 412 are configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction.
• a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 404 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 404.
• a UE may be configured for operating in single- or multi-RAT or multi -standard mode.
• a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC), such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio - Dual Connectivity (EN-DC).
• MR-DC multi-radio dual connectivity
• the hub 414 communicates with the access network 404 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 412c and/or 412d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 410b).
• the hub 414 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs.
• the hub 414 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 406 for the UEs.
• the hub 414 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs.
• the hub 414 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data.
• the hub 414 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 414 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 414 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and/or after adding additional local content.
• the hub 414 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular in if one or more of the UEs are low energy loT devices.
• the hub 414 may have a constant/persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 410b.
• the hub 414 may also allow for a different communication scheme and/or schedule between the hub 414 and UEs (e.g., UE 412c and/or 412d), and between the hub 414 and the core network 406.
• the hub 414 is connected to the core network 406 and/or one or more UEs via a wired connection.
• the hub 414 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 404 and/or to another UE over a direct connection.
• UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 410 while still connected via the hub 414 via a wired or wireless connection.
• the hub 414 may be a dedicated hub - that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to/from the UEs from/to the network node 410b.
• the hub 414 may be a non-dedicated hub - that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 410b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and/or end point for certain data channels.
• FIGURE 7 shows a UE 500 in accordance with some embodiments.
• a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other UEs.
• Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE), vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded/integrated wireless device, etc.
• VoIP voice over IP
• LME laptop-embedded equipment
• LME laptop-mounted equipment
• CPE wireless customer-premise equipment
• UEs identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
• 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
• NB-IoT narrow band internet of things
• MTC machine type communication
• eMTC enhanced MTC
• a UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3 GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle- to-everything (V2X).
• D2D device-to-device
• DSRC Dedicated Short-Range Communication
• V2V vehicle-to-vehicle
• V2I vehicle-to-infrastructure
• V2X vehicle- to-everything
• a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device.
• a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller).
• a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale
• the UE 500 includes processing circuitry 502 that is operatively coupled via a bus 504 to an input/ output interface 506, a power source 508, a memory 510, a communication interface 512, and/or any other component, or any combination thereof.
• Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in FIGURE 7. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
• the processing circuitry 502 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 510.
• the processing circuitry 502 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above.
• the processing circuitry 502 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs).
• the input/output interface 506 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and/or output devices.
• Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof.
• An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 500.
• Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like.
• the presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user.
• a sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof.
• An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
• USB Universal Serial Bus
• the power source 508 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used.
• the power source 508 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 508 itself, and/or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 500 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 508.
• Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 508 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 500 to which power is supplied.
• the memory 510 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth.
• the memory 510 includes one or more application programs 514, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 516.
• the memory 510 may store, for use by the UE 500, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
• the memory 510 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), such as a USIM and/or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof.
• RAID redundant array of independent disks
• HD-DVD high-density digital versatile disc
• HDDS holographic digital data storage
• DIMM external mini-dual in-line memory module
• SDRAM synchronous dynamic random access memory
• SDRAM synchronous dynamic random access memory
• the UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC), integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card.’
• eUICC embedded UICC
• iUICC integrated UICC
• SIM card removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card.’
• the memory 510 may allow the UE 500 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data.
• An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 510, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
• the processing circuitry 502 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 512.
• the communication interface 512 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 522.
• the communication interface 512 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network).
• Each transceiver may include a transmitter 518 and/or a receiver 520 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth).
• the transmitter 518 and receiver 520 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 522) and may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
• communication functions of the communication interface 512 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof.
• GPS global positioning system
• Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and/or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol/intemet protocol (TCP/IP), synchronous optical networking (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and so forth.
• CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access
• WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
• WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
• GSM Global System for Mobile communications
• LTE Long Term Evolution
• NR New Radio
• UMTS Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• WiMax Ethernet
• TCP/IP transmission control protocol/intemet protocol
• SONET synchronous optical networking
• ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
• QUIC Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 512, via a wireless connection to a network node.
• Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE.
• the output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature), random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors), in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent), in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request), or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient).
• a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection.
• the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change.
• the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
• a UE when in the form of an Internet of Things (loT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare.
• loT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door/window sensor, a flood/moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR), a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal- or item-t
• AR Augmented
• a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another UE and/or a network node.
• the UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device.
• the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard.
• a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
• any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case.
• a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone.
• the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed.
• the first and/or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above.
• a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
• FIGURE 8 shows a network node 600 in accordance with some embodiments.
• network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and/or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network.
• network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)).
• APs access points
• BSs base stations
• Node Bs Node Bs
• eNBs evolved Node Bs
• gNBs NR NodeBs
• Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations.
• a base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay.
• a network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio.
• RRUs remote radio units
• RRHs Remote Radio Heads
• Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio.
• Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS).
• DAS distributed antenna system
• network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs)), and/or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs).
• MSR multi-standard radio
• RNCs radio network controllers
• BSCs base station controllers
• BTSs base transceiver stations
• OFDM Operation and Maintenance
• OSS Operations Support System
• SON Self-Organizing Network
• positioning nodes e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs)
• the network node 600 includes a processing circuitry 602, a memory 604, a communication interface 606, and a power source 608.
• the network node 600 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components.
• the network node 600 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components)
• one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes.
• a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs.
• each unique NodeB and RNC pair may in some instances be considered a single separate network node.
• the network node 600 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 604 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 610 may be shared by different RATs).
• the network node 600 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 600, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 600.
• RFID Radio Frequency Identification
• the processing circuitry 602 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 600 components, such as the memory 604, to provide network node 600 functionality.
• the processing circuitry 602 includes a system on a chip (SOC). In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 602 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 612 and baseband processing circuitry 614. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 612 and the baseband processing circuitry 614 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 612 and baseband processing circuitry 614 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
• SOC system on a chip
• the processing circuitry 602 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 612 and baseband processing circuitry 614.
• the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 612 and the baseband processing circuitry 614 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of
• the memory 604 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 602.
• volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-
• the memory 604 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and/or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 602 and utilized by the network node 600.
• the memory 604 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 602 and/or any data received via the communication interface 606.
• the processing circuitry 602 and memory 604 is integrated.
• the communication interface 606 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and/or data between a network node, access network, and/or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 606 comprises port(s)/terminal(s) 616 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection.
• the communication interface 606 also includes radio front-end circuitry 618 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 610. Radio front-end circuitry 618 comprises filters 620 and amplifiers 622. The radio front-end circuitry 618 may be connected to an antenna 610 and processing circuitry 602. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 610 and processing circuitry 602.
• the radio front-end circuitry 618 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection.
• the radio front-end circuitry 618 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 620 and/or amplifiers 622.
• the radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 610.
• the antenna 610 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 618.
• the digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 602.
• the communication interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.
• the network node 600 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 618, instead, the processing circuitry 602 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 610.
• the processing circuitry 602 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 610.
• all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 612 is part of the communication interface 606.
• the communication interface 606 includes one or more ports or terminals 616, the radio front-end circuitry 618, and the RF transceiver circuitry 612, as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the communication interface 606 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 614, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).
• the antenna 610 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals.
• the antenna 610 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 618 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 610 is separate from the network node 600 and connectable to the network node 600 through an interface or port.
• the antenna 610, communication interface 606, and/or the processing circuitry 602 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 610, the communication interface 606, and/or the processing circuitry 602 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and/or any other network equipment.
• the power source 608 provides power to the various components of network node 600 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component).
• the power source 608 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 600 with power for performing the functionality described herein.
• the network node 600 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 608.
• the power source 608 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
• Embodiments of the network node 600 may include additional components beyond those shown in FIGURE 8 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein.
• the network node 600 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 600 and to allow output of information from the network node 600. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 600.
• FIGURE 9 is a block diagram of a host 700, which may be an embodiment of the host 416 of FIGURE 6, in accordance with various aspects described herein.
• the host 700 may be or comprise various combinations hardware and/or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, container, or processing resources in a server farm.
• the host 700 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.
• the host 700 includes processing circuitry 702 that is operatively coupled via a bus 704 to an input/output interface 706, a network interface 708, a power source 710, and a memory 712.
• processing circuitry 702 that is operatively coupled via a bus 704 to an input/output interface 706, a network interface 708, a power source 710, and a memory 712.
• Other components may be included in other embodiments. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices of previous figures, such as FIGURES 7 and 8, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of host 700.
• the memory 712 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs 714 and data 716, which may include user data, e.g., data generated by a UE for the host 700 or data generated by the host 700 for a UE.
• Embodiments of the host 700 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown.
• the host application programs 714 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC), High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), Advanced Video Coding (AVC), MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FL AC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), MPEG, G.711), including transcoding for multiple different classes, types, or implementations of UEs (e.g., handsets, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems).
• the host application programs 714 may also provide for user authentication and licensing checks and may periodically report health, routes, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in or on the edge of a core network.
• the host 700 may select and/or indicate a different host for over-the-top services for a UE.
• the host application programs 714 may support various protocols, such as the HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP), Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH), etc.
• HLS HTTP Live Streaming
• RTMP Real-Time Messaging Protocol
• RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol
• MPEG-DASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
• FIGURE 10 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 800 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.
• virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources.
• virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components.
• Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 800 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
• VMs virtual machines
• the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host)
• the node may be entirely virtualized.
• Applications 802 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
• Hardware 804 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and/or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and/or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input/output interface, and so forth.
• Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 806 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs)), provide VMs 808a and 808b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 808), and/or perform any of the functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.
• the virtualization layer 806 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 808.
• the VMs 808 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 806.
• a virtualization layer 806 Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 802 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 808, and the implementations may be made in different ways.
• Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
• NFV network function virtualization
• a VM 808 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine.
• Each of the VMs 808, and that part of hardware 804 that executes that VM be it hardware dedicated to that VM and/or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements.
• a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 808 on top of the hardware 804 and corresponds to the application 802.
• Hardware 804 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 804 may implement some functions via virtualization.
• hardware 804 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 810, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 802.
• hardware 804 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas.
• Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station.
• some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 812 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
• FIGURE 11 shows a communication diagram of a host 902 communicating via a network node 904 with a UE 906 over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments.
• host 902 Like host 700, embodiments of host 902 include hardware, such as a communication interface, processing circuitry, and memory.
• the host 902 also includes software, which is stored in or accessible by the host 902 and executable by the processing circuitry.
• the software includes a host application that may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as the UE 906 connecting via an over-the-top (OTT) connection 950 extending between the UE 906 and host 902.
• OTT over-the-top
• a host application may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection 950.
• the network node 904 includes hardware enabling it to communicate with the host 902 and UE 906.
• the connection 960 may be direct or pass through a core network (like core network 406 of FIGURE 6) and/or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks.
• a core network like core network 406 of FIGURE 6
• an intermediate network may be a backbone network or the Internet.
• the UE 906 includes hardware and software, which is stored in or accessible by UE 906 and executable by the UE’s processing circuitry.
• the software includes a client application, such as a web browser or operator-specific “app” that may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 906 with the support of the host 902.
• a client application such as a web browser or operator-specific “app” that may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 906 with the support of the host 902.
• an executing host application may communicate with the executing client application via the OTT connection 950 terminating at the UE 906 and host 902.
• the UE's client application may receive request data from the host's host application and provide user data in response to the request data.
• the OTT connection 950 may transfer both the request data and the user data.
• the UE's client application may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides to the host application through the OTT
• the OTT connection 950 may extend via a connection 960 between the host 902 and the network node 904 and via a wireless connection 970 between the network node 904 and the UE 906 to provide the connection between the host 902 and the UE 906.
• the connection 960 and wireless connection 970, over which the OTT connection 950 may be provided, have been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host 902 and the UE 906 via the network node 904, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices.
• the host 902 provides user data, which may be performed by executing a host application.
• the user data is associated with a particular human user interacting with the UE 906.
• the user data is associated with a UE 906 that shares data with the host 902 without explicit human interaction.
• the host 902 initiates a transmission carrying the user data towards the UE 906.
• the host 902 may initiate the transmission responsive to a request transmitted by the UE 906.
• the request may be caused by human interaction with the UE 906 or by operation of the client application executing on the UE 906.
• the transmission may pass via the network node 904, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in step 912, the network node 904 transmits to the UE 906 the user data that was carried in the transmission that the host 902 initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 914, the UE 906 receives the user data carried in the transmission, which may be performed by a client application executed on the UE 906 associated with the host application executed by the host 902.
• the UE 906 executes a client application which provides user data to the host 902.
• the user data may be provided in reaction or response to the data received from the host 902.
• the UE 906 may provide user data, which may be performed by executing the client application.
• the client application may further consider user input received from the user via an input/output interface of the UE 906. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE 906 initiates, in step 918, transmission of the user data towards the host 902 via the network node 904.
• the network node 904 receives user data from the UE 906 and initiates transmission of the received user data towards the host 902.
• the host 902 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the UE 906.
• One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE 906 using the OTT connection 950, in which the wireless connection 970 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve one or more of, for example, data rate, latency, and/or power consumption and, thereby, provide benefits such as, for example, reduced user waiting time, relaxed restriction on file size, improved content resolution, better responsiveness, and/or extended battery lifetime.
• factory status information may be collected and analyzed by the host 902.
• the host 902 may process audio and video data which may have been retrieved from a UE for use in creating maps.
• the host 902 may collect and analyze real-time data to assist in controlling vehicle congestion (e.g., controlling traffic lights).
• the host 902 may store surveillance video uploaded by a UE.
• the host 902 may store or control access to media content such as video, audio, VR or AR which it can broadcast, multicast or unicast to UEs.
• the host 902 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time critical electrical load to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams etc. from data collected from remote devices), or any other function of collecting, retrieving, storing, analyzing and/or transmitting data.
• a measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency, and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve.
• the measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection may be implemented in software and hardware of the host 902 and/or UE 906.
• sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with other devices through which the OTT connection 950 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software may compute or estimate the monitored quantities.
• the reconfiguring of the OTT connection 950 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not directly alter the operation of the network node 904. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art.
• measurements may involve proprietary' UE signaling that facilitates measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency, and the like, by the host 902.
• the measurements may be implemented in that software causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection 950 while monitoring propagation times, errors, etc.
• FIGURE 12 illustrates a method 1000 by a management network node 410 for managing resource configurations of required and further resources for UEs 412, 500 in a wide area that includes a plurality of cells, according to certain embodiments.
• the method includes signalling, at step 1002, and to a first UE, a first resource configuration for use by the first UE in the wide area.
• a second resource configuration is signalled to a second UE for use by the second UE in the wide area, at step 1004.
• the management network node 410 determines a likelihood of a conflicting use of a required resource by the first UE and the second UE in a target cell of the wide area, at step 1006.
• the management network node 410 signals at least one new configuration for the required resource for at least one of the first UE and the second UE to reduce the likelihood of the conflicting use of the required resource.
• the management network node 410 determines the likelihood of the conflicting use of the required resource in the target cell by determining that the first configuration and second configuration at are at least partially the same for the required resource in the target cell.
• the management network node 410 determines the likelihood of the conflicting use of the required resource in the target cell by determining that the first configuration and second configuration at are the same for the required resource in the target cell.
• the required resource comprises at least one resource that is not sharable by UEs in the target cell.
• the target cell is a WACHO cell.
• the management network node 410 is a core network node.
• the management network node is a serving node for at least one of the first UE and the second UE.
• the management network node 410 determines the likelihood of the conflicting use of the required resource by determining at least one of: a likelihood of the first UE and the second UE both occupy the target cell; one of the first and second UEs is in the target call and the other of the first and second UEs has been handed over to a neighbor cell of the target cell; and the first and second UEs are each within a minimum distance of the target cell.
• the management network node 410 obtains the location of the first UE and/or the second UE, the location being an absolute location of the first UE and/or the second UE.
• the management network node 410 obtains the location of the first UE and/or the second UE relative to the target cell.
• obtaining the location of the first UE and/or the second UE relative to the target cell comprises at least one of: determining that the location of the first UE and/or the second UE is in the target cell; determining that the location of the first UE and/or the second UE is within a minimum distance of a border of the target cell; and determining the location of the first UE and/or the second UE within a minimum distance of a centre of the target cell.
• the location of the first UE is in the target cell, and the location of the second UE is in a neighboring cell that is adjacent to the target cell or within a minimum distance of the target cell.
• the management network node 410 when signalling the at least one new configuration for the required resource to at least one of the first UE and the second UE, the management network node 410 transmits the at least one new configuration for the required resource directly to at least one of the first UE and the second UE.
• signalling the at least one new configuration for the required resource includes broadcasting a message to at least one radio access network node serving the first UE and/or the second UE. In a particular embodiment, signalling the at least one new configuration for the required resource includes transmitting a dedicated signal to a radio access network node serving the first UE or the second UE.
• the management network node 410 comprises a radio access network node.
• Signalling the at least one new configuration to at least one of the first and second UEs comprises signalling, by the radio access node, new configurations to each of the first and second UEs.
• the at least one new configuration comprises a new configuration for only the required resource.
• the at least one new configuration comprises a new configuration for a plurality of resources that includes the required resource.
• computing devices described herein may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information, or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.
• processing circuitry may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information, or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.
• computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components.
• a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and/or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface.
• non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
• processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer- readable storage medium.
• some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner.
• the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and/or by end users and a wireless network generally.

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• 2022
  • 2022-12-16 EP EP22836192.9A patent/EP4635230A1/de active Pending
  • 2022-12-16 WO PCT/EP2022/086483 patent/WO2024125813A1/en not_active Ceased

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