EP4568894A1 - Dispositif de réduction de la charge électrique d'un véhicule spatial - Google Patents
Dispositif de réduction de la charge électrique d'un véhicule spatialInfo
- Publication number
- EP4568894A1 EP4568894A1 EP23757519.6A EP23757519A EP4568894A1 EP 4568894 A1 EP4568894 A1 EP 4568894A1 EP 23757519 A EP23757519 A EP 23757519A EP 4568894 A1 EP4568894 A1 EP 4568894A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- substrate
- space vehicle
- electrons
- conductive structure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64G—COSMONAUTICS; VEHICLES OR EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64G1/00—Cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/22—Parts of, or equipment specially adapted for fitting in or to, cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/52—Protection, safety or emergency devices; Survival aids
- B64G1/54—Protection against radiation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64G—COSMONAUTICS; VEHICLES OR EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64G1/00—Cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/22—Parts of, or equipment specially adapted for fitting in or to, cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/42—Arrangements or adaptations of power supply systems
- B64G1/44—Arrangements or adaptations of power supply systems using radiation, e.g. deployable solar arrays
- B64G1/443—Photovoltaic cell arrays
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
- B32B2307/21—Anti-static
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D45/00—Aircraft indicators or protectors not otherwise provided for
- B64D45/02—Lightning protectors; Static dischargers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30446—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter material
- H01J2201/30453—Carbon types
- H01J2201/30469—Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05F—STATIC ELECTRICITY; NATURALLY-OCCURRING ELECTRICITY
- H05F1/00—Preventing the formation of electrostatic charges
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05F—STATIC ELECTRICITY; NATURALLY-OCCURRING ELECTRICITY
- H05F3/00—Carrying-off electrostatic charges
- H05F3/02—Carrying-off electrostatic charges by means of earthing connections
Definitions
- the present description relates to a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle and a space vehicle comprising such a device.
- the present description relates to a method for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle.
- the charging space environment includes electrically charged particles that can interact with the vehicle.
- satellites are generally very sensitive to electrons from the charging space environment whose energy is between a few tens of electron volts and a few hundred kilo-electron volts.
- Space vehicles Due to interaction with the charging space environment, vehicles acquire an electrical charge, in particular a negative electrical charge, which can lead to adverse consequences if not controlled, due to the appearance of leakage currents and electric arcs which could damage the space vehicle and/or cause failures.
- Space vehicles generally comprise a conductive structure and different coatings arranged on the structure comprising materials with different electrical properties and which can be charged at different levels depending on their capacity to store and emit electrons when they undergo the impact of charging electrons and ions from the space environment.
- the electrical charge levels of the coatings also depend on the positions of the coatings on the space vehicle, including significant differences between coatings exposed to sunlight and coatings in shade because coatings exposed to sunlight re-emit a significant portion of their negative charge towards the charging space environment due to photoemission triggered by vacuum ultraviolet radiation (VUV, after the English expression “Vacuum Ultra-Violet”).
- VUV vacuum ultraviolet radiation
- ESD electrostatic discharge
- the structure of the space vehicle and all the conductive elements connected to it may be negatively charged with respect to the space environment while an external coating arranged on the external surface of the space vehicle structure finds itself negatively charged, but less negatively than structure.
- an external coating arranged on the external surface of the space vehicle structure finds itself negatively charged, but less negatively than structure.
- the risks of ESD are especially increased due to the appearance of an electric field between the external coating and the structure of the space vehicle which lowers the potential barrier that the electrons must cross to escape the space vehicle.
- the emission of a surplus of electrons is favored at the point where the conductive material, the insulator and the charging spatial environment meet, called the triple point in the field of astronautics.
- Inverse potential gradient configurations are particularly common for space vehicle solar panels, in which an external protective glass covering the solar cells typically charges less negatively than the space vehicle structure.
- US patent 6,362,574 [REF1] describes for example a device for emitting an electrical charge of the micro-tip type comprising a set of micro-tips made of conductive material configured to be in electrical contact with the structure of the space vehicle and a conductive grid.
- a voltage source imposes a potential difference between the gate and the set of micro-tips allowing the emission of a flow of electrons from the micro-tips towards the charging spatial environment.
- Such a device therefore makes it possible to reduce the negative electrical charge of the space vehicle.
- micro-tip device has the disadvantage of being an active device which is complex to control and requires a voltage source consuming electrical energy. Furthermore, when using such a device, the emission of electrons must be stopped when the potential of the space vehicle is reduced to zero in order to prevent said potential from reaching positive values that could reattract the electrons. issued by the system. In some cases, the return of electrons can be in the form of a focused beam which can damage sensitive systems of the space vehicle.
- US patent 8,511,616 [REF 2] discloses another type of micro-tip device in which the conductive grid is electrically connected to a large conductive plate exposed to the Sun and which emits a large quantity of electrons due to a photoemission effect induced by VUV radiation.
- the conductive grid does not need to be powered by a voltage generator.
- a voltage generator such a device only becomes effective if the conductive plate is sufficiently extended, which is bulky and takes up significant space on the space vehicle hosting the device, to the detriment of other installations such as photovoltaic cells.
- patent US 8,014,121 [REF3] discloses a passive ESD prevention device comprising a conductive substrate electrically connected to the structure of a satellite, a conductive layer in electrical contact with the substrate, and a dielectric material placed on the conductive layer.
- a passive ESD prevention device comprising a conductive substrate electrically connected to the structure of a satellite, a conductive layer in electrical contact with the substrate, and a dielectric material placed on the conductive layer.
- this device although being passive, has disadvantages linked to an emission of electrons which depends on the asperities of the dielectric material and the conductive layer and therefore cannot be controlled, which can in particular lead to avalanche effects that could damage the device.
- the inverse gradient necessary to start the emission can in fact sometimes be too great, which can lead to high intensity ESD occurring on the device itself even before the device is put into operation, thus limiting the the usefulness of the device in reducing the negative charge of a space vehicle.
- the present description describes devices for reducing the load of a space vehicle which solve all or part of the problems of the devices according to the state of the art.
- the term “include” means the same as “include” or “contain”, and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude other matters not described or depicted. Furthermore, in the present description, the term “approximately” or “substantially” is synonymous with (means the same as) having a lower and/or higher margin of 10%, for example 5%, of the respective value.
- the present description relates to a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle comprising: a substrate made of conductive or semiconductor material configured to be electrically connected to a conductive structure of the space vehicle; a first layer formed of a plurality of carbon nanotubes substantially oriented perpendicular to a plane of the substrate, said first layer at least partially covering the substrate and being in contact with the substrate; a second layer at least partially covering the first layer and comprising a dielectric material configured to emit electrons when said dielectric material is subjected to an external flow (ER) comprising electrons, ions and/or vacuum ultraviolet radiation (VUV) , so as to give the second layer a more positive charge than the first layer when the device is subjected to said external flow.
- ER external flow
- VUV vacuum ultraviolet radiation
- the external flow (ER) can come from a charging spatial environment.
- VUV vacuum ultraviolet radiation
- electromagnetic radiation comprising a wavelength spectrum whose central wavelength is between approximately 140 nm and approximately 200 nm.
- the synergy between the first layer and the second layer allows a reduction in the load of the space device with very good efficiency.
- the presence of carbon nanotubes tends to increase the electric field at the upper surface of the first layer and therefore to reduce the potential barrier that the electrons present in the substrate must cross to be evacuated from the substrate, in particular by tunneling or by field effect.
- the presence of the second layer tends to further increase the electric field at the upper surface of the first layer, and therefore, again, to reduce the potential barrier that the electrons present in the substrate must cross to be evacuated. of the substrate.
- the carbon nanotubes of the first layer produce a multitude of peak effects promoting regular and homogeneous electron emission and adapting to every moment to the most favorable local conditions, so that avalanche effects are avoided.
- such a device allows, under the influence of the charging spatial environment, an evacuation of electrons from the substrate, which leads to a reduction in the negative electric charge of the substrate, and a reduction in the potential difference between the second layer and the substrate. Since the substrate is electrically connected to the conductive structure of a space vehicle, it has the same electrical charge as the structure of the space vehicle. Thus, the emission of electrons from the substrate to the charging space environment tends to jointly reduce the negative charge of the substrate and the negative charge of the space vehicle to which the substrate is connected.
- a first part of the electrons is emitted directly from the first layer towards the charging space environment, for example via a field effect.
- a second part of the electrons is emitted indirectly from the first layer towards the charging space environment, via the second layer.
- an electron propagates from the first layer to the second layer, for example by tunneling. Said electron is then accelerated by the electric field from the junction between the first layer and the second layer towards the second layer, which results in ionizing collisions of said electron with molecules included in the second layer. This results in the emission of one or more electrons, called secondary electrons, from the second layer towards the charging space environment.
- such a device operates passively and therefore does not need to be powered by an energy source such as, for example, a voltage or current source. It is the interaction between the charging spatial environment and the device which produces the electric field favoring the emission of electrons from the substrate.
- an energy source such as, for example, a voltage or current source.
- such a device is efficient while being compact and the device does not require a conductive plate as may be the case in state-of-the-art passive devices of the microtip type.
- the carbon nanotubes of the plurality of carbon nanotubes are produced in a known manner by different methods described for example in [REF4].
- the manufacturing methods include for example laser ablation, arc discharge or catalytic growth by chemical vapor deposition (or CVD for “chemical vapor deposition”).
- the substrate is made of metal, for example stainless steel, aluminum or copper.
- the substrate can also be made of semiconductor material, for example silicon, silicon doped with boron (p-type doping), germanium, gallium arsenide or silicon carbide.
- a conductivity of the substrate made of semiconductor material is greater than 0.01 ohm 1 . cm 1 .
- the substrate is fixed on the conductive structure of the space vehicle.
- the substrate is fixed on an insulating coating and connected to the conductive structure of the space vehicle via an electrical connection, for example by an electric wire or an electrically conductive cable.
- the device further comprises a resistive component having an electrical resistance greater than or equal to 10 k configured to electrically connect the substrate to the conductive structure of the space vehicle.
- protection resistance prevents too high an electron current from being emitted by the device and then damaging the device, for example in the case of a strong external flux.
- the protective resistor comprises a sheet of dielectric materials.
- the electrical connection may comprise said resistive component connected in series.
- the first layer and/or the second layer is divided into several blocks.
- the first layer is divided into several blocks, that is to say into several subsets of carbon nanotubes of the same nanotube density, but separated from each other laterally.
- the block structuring of the nanotubes makes it possible to promote adhesion of the second layer to the assembly formed of the first layer and the substrate.
- structuring the plurality of CNTs into several blocks makes it possible to increase the number of side walls of the first layer, and therefore to increase the number of CNTs located on the side walls.
- the applicants have shown that the emission of electrons by field effect in a device according to the present description results from the electric field generated by the individual tips of the CNTs and the electric field generated, on a larger scale, by the upper edges of the side walls of the first layer; such a structuring into blocks therefore improves the emission of electrons by field effect.
- the first layer is divided into a number of blocks between 2 and 9.
- the second layer is divided into several blocks, that is to say several parts separated from each other laterally.
- the applicant has observed that structuring the second layer makes it possible to produce a greater number of triple points on the side walls of the second layer, at the level of the junction between the first layer, the second layer and the loading environment.
- the electric field is increased, which increases the emission of electrons by field effect at said side walls.
- the second layer is divided into a number of blocks between 2 and 9.
- the second layer completely covers the first layer and comes into contact with the substrate.
- the dielectric material of the second layer is one of: alumina, magnesium oxide (MgO), silica, quartz, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK).
- dielectric materials are particularly advantageous for acquiring a more positive charge than the first layer, when the device is exposed to an external flow.
- such dielectric materials have a good capacity to generate multiple electrons following the impact of a photon or electron coming from the charging space environment and/or following an impact of an electron. from the first layer.
- said second layer tends, under the effect of the charging spatial environment, to become positively charged on the surface exposed to said charging spatial environment.
- the second layer has a thickness of approximately 4 micrometers to approximately 6 micrometers.
- the second layer has a thickness of approximately 5 micrometers.
- the second layer has a thickness strictly greater than the thickness of the first layer.
- said at least one sheet of conductive materials is arranged to separate the second layer into two superimposed parts.
- the second layer comprises a plurality of conductive particles and/or at least one sheet of conductive materials, said at least one sheet of conductive materials being arranged to separate the second layer into two superimposed parts.
- the sheet of conductive materials comprises one or more materials chosen from: gold, silver, copper, aluminum.
- the second layer comprises a plurality of conductive particles.
- the conductive particles are arranged in the second layer to form a two-dimensional mesh parallel to the surface of the second layer. According to one or more examples, the conductive particles are arranged in the second layer to form a three-dimensional mesh. The density of such a three-dimensional mesh can be uniform or non-uniform in the volume of the second layer.
- the conductive particles comprise one or more materials chosen from: gold, silver, copper, aluminum.
- the device further comprises: a measurement unit configured to measure a current delivered by the device, that is to say a current of electrons emitted from the device towards the charging spatial environment.
- a measurement unit configured to measure a current delivered by the device, that is to say a current of electrons emitted from the device towards the charging spatial environment.
- the device can for example be used to alert satellite operators of the risk incurred by satellites in the vicinity of said satellite due to the loading space environment or to adapt the use of satellite systems.
- the device further comprises: a voltage generator configured to bring, in operation, the substrate to a negative electrical potential relative to the conductive structure of the space vehicle; a measurement unit configured to determine the electrical potential of the space vehicle; and a control unit configured to activate the voltage generator when the electric potential determined by the measurement unit is, in absolute value, greater than or equal to a set value.
- the present description relates to a space vehicle comprising a conductive structure and a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the first aspect, in which the substrate of the device is electrically connected to the conductive structure of the vehicle spatial.
- Such a space vehicle subjected to radiation present in the charging space environment sees its negative electrical charge reduced via the emission of electrons by the device, which avoids the destructive effects of electrostatic discharges.
- the space vehicle further comprises: a light source capable of emitting ultraviolet radiation from the vacuum; wherein the light source is configured to positively charge the second layer of the device relative to the substrate.
- a light source capable of emitting ultraviolet radiation from the vacuum; wherein the light source is configured to positively charge the second layer of the device relative to the substrate.
- Such a light source replaces or acts as a complement to the charging space environment so that the negative charge reduction device of the space vehicle continues to operate when the charging space environment does not sufficiently interact with the device to charge positively the second layer relative to the substrate.
- Such an eventuality may occur, for example, when the device is in the shadow of the space vehicle or a celestial object.
- the light source is configured to be activated continuously or on demand.
- the present description relates to a method for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle using a device according to the first aspect, the method comprising: the electrical connection of the substrate of the device to the conductive structure of the space vehicle. exposing the space vehicle to an external flow (ER) of a charging space environment comprising electrons, and/or ions, and/or vacuum ultraviolet radiation (VUV).
- ER external flow
- VUV vacuum ultraviolet radiation
- the method further comprises the emission of an alert signal by the device when the electrical charge of the space vehicle reaches a predetermined threshold value.
- FIG. 1 represents a diagram of a satellite comprising examples of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description
- FIG. 2A represents a first embodiment of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description.
- FIG. 2B represents a second embodiment of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description
- FIG. 3A represents a third embodiment of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description
- FIG. 3B represents a fourth embodiment of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description
- FIG. 4 represents a fifth embodiment of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description
- FIG. 5 represents a diagram illustrating an operating principle of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description
- FIG. 6 represents several configurations of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle according to the present description.
- Fig. 1 represents a space vehicle of the satellite type 100 subjected to an external flow (ER) coming from a charging space environment surrounding the satellite 100.
- the satellite 100 has a main body 103 and two solar panels 101, 102 and comprises an internal conductive structure . Each of the solar panels has two faces 110, 111.
- the body 103 and the faces of the solar panels 101, 102 of the satellite 100 are covered with various coatings.
- the coatings tend to charge positively or negatively with respect to the conductive structure internal to the satellite which is not exposed to the external flow (ER); however, electrostatic discharges are avoided because the excess electrons from the conductive structure are evacuated by devices 200 for reducing the electric charge arranged on the satellite and conforming to the present description.
- the location of the devices 200 for reducing the electrical charge can be adapted to the specificities of the space vehicle, and is shown only by way of example in FIG. 1.
- the devices 200 can be arranged on masts deployed from the body of the space vehicle.
- the devices 200 for reducing the electrical charge are only visible on the visible faces of the solar panels, one or more devices can be arranged on the hidden faces of the solar panels.
- the devices 200 for reducing the electrical charge are arranged on the body 103 and on the solar panels 101, 102, according to other examples the devices can be arranged differently.
- the body 103 and/or the solar panels 101, 102 may only comprise a single device 200.
- Figs. 2A, Fig. 2B,Fig. 3A, Fig. 3B and Fig. 4 represent devices for reducing the load of a space vehicle according to several embodiments.
- the device comprises a substrate 201, a first layer 202 arranged on the substrate and a second layer 203 arranged on the first layer 202.
- the second layer 203 can be at least partially in contact with the substrate 201 ( see in particular Fig. 4 described later).
- the substrate 201 comprises a conductive or semiconductor material and is configured to be electrically connected to a conductive structure of a space vehicle.
- the substrate may comprise a metal plate, for example a plate of stainless steel, aluminum or copper, or a semiconductor plate, for example a plate of silicon, of silicon doped with boron (doping type p), germanium, gallium arsenide or silicon carbide.
- the substrate for example a plate made of a material as described above, is fixed to the conductive structure of the space vehicle.
- the substrate is fixed on an insulating coating and connected to the conductive structure of the space vehicle via an electrical connection, for example by an electric wire or an electrically conductive cable.
- Such an electrical connection may include a resistive component having an electrical resistance greater than or equal to 10 k ⁇ and connected in series to limit the current delivered by the device.
- a connection by electrical cable also makes it possible to connect a unit for measuring the current delivered by the device
- the first layer 202 comprises a set of carbon nanotubes (CNT), said set preferentially occupying a surface substantially centered relative to the substrate.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- the set of CNTs also called forest of CNTs in the present description, comprises carbon nanotubes substantially oriented perpendicular to a plane of the substrate 201.
- CNTs are produced in a known manner by laser ablation, arc discharge or catalytic growth by chemical vapor deposition (or CVD).
- [REF5] describes for example a procedure for catalytic growth on an n-doped silicon substrate.
- the precursor layer comprises a layer of aluminum with a thickness of 10 nm, deposited by sputtering on the substrate and on which is deposited by a layer of iron with a thickness of 3 nm.
- the substrate with the catalytic layers thus deposited is then introduced into an HFCVD reactor (acronym for “Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition”, that is to say a chemical vapor deposition assisted by a hot filament), into which a mixture of argon and hydrogen at a pressure of 3 Torr is introduced.
- a plasma treatment is then carried out for 2 minutes at 400°C, in order to form the catalytic particles from which the CNTs will grow.
- a mixture of methane and hydrogen at a pressure of 28 Torr is used for the growth of CNTs.
- the temperature of the filament is for example 2050°C (degrees Celsius), and that of the substrate is 750
- the forest of CNTs preferably comprises several sheets of CNTs forming a layer having a substantially uniform height of between approximately 5 micrometers and approximately 150 micrometers.
- the substantially uniform nature of the height means that the height distribution of the CNTs of the CNT forest has a dispersion less than or equal to approximately 10%.
- the forest of CNTs can be divided laterally into several blocks or subsets of carbon nanotubes, separated from each other laterally, in order to promote the adhesion of the second layer 203 on the assembly formed of the first layer 202 and substrate 201.
- the forest of CNTs can be divided into 9 blocks arranged in 3 rows of 3 blocks.
- the blocks occupy, on the substrate 201, surfaces included in square or circular zones having sides or diameters between approximately 1 mm and approximately 2 mm, for example square or circular zones with sides or diameters equal to approximately 1.5 mm.
- said blocks are preferentially separated by distances of between approximately 1 mm and approximately 10 mm, for example distances equal to 5 mm.
- the second layer 203 is an insulating layer at least partially covering the first layer 202.
- the second layer 203 may comprise an alumina deposition carried out for example by physical vapor deposition or "PVD" according to the English expression "Physical Vapor Deposition”. ".
- the second layer 203 can also be divided into several blocks.
- the forest of CNTs of the first layer 202 only includes a single block, that is to say that the first layer 202 is “monoblock”.
- the second layer 203 completely covers the upper surface of the first layer 202 (that is to say the surface opposite the substrate 201) then than in the example illustrated in Fig. 2B, the second layer 203 comprises two blocks 203a, 203b each covering a distinct part of the first layer 202.
- the configuration in Fig. 2A allows the first layer to be completely covered by the second layer and thus to protect the first layer from the external environment, including the charging space environment.
- the first layer covers all or almost all of the substrate, which increases the average density of carbon nanotubes per unit area and therefore, the electric field is increased by the presence of the carbon nanotubes over a larger area. surface.
- Fig. 2B makes it possible to produce triple points located at the junction between the first layer, the second layer and the external environment, which locally increases the electric field.
- the forest of CNTs of the first layer 202 comprises two blocks 202a, 202b separated by a predetermined distance.
- Said predetermined distance is between approximately 1 millimeter and approximately 10 millimeters, for example distances equal to 5 mm.
- the configuration in Fig. 3A has the advantage of protecting the first layer from the external environment and locally increasing the electric field at the periphery of the blocks of the first layer.
- the two blocks 202a, 202b of the first layer 202 are each covered by one of the two blocks 203a, 203b of the second layer 203, respectively.
- the configuration in Fig. 3B has the advantage of increasing the electric field at the periphery of the bocs of the first layer and at the triple points located at the junction between the first layer, the second layer and the external environment, which locally increases the electric field.
- the forest of CNTs of the first layer 202 comprises two blocks 202a, 202b.
- the second layer 203 is arranged to cover both the upper surface of the two blocks 202a, 202b and the side walls of the two blocks 202a, 202b, so as to come into contact with the substrate 201.
- the second layer 203 can also be nested in the first layer 202 so that the CNTs are separated from each other by the dielectric material of the second layer 203.
- the second layer is preferably a layer of alumina deposited, for example, by physical vapor deposition.
- the alumina layer preferably has a thickness of approximately 5 micrometers. The applicant has observed that such a thickness makes it possible to obtain good performance in terms of electronic emission.
- the second layer 203 can also be a layer of PDMS deposited, for example by means of a syringe, on the substrate 201 and the first layer 202.
- alumina layer with a thickness of approximately 5 micrometers is also advantageous in the example devices illustrated in Figs. 2A-2B and Figs. 3A-3B.
- the configuration in Fig. 4 makes it possible, in particular, to facilitate the adhesion of the second layer to the arrangement formed by the substrate and the second layer and to increase the electric field at the periphery of the blocks of the first layer, that is to say say at the level of the side walls of the first layer.
- a device for reducing the load of a space vehicle comprising a first one-piece layer and a second layer which is arranged to cover both the upper surface of the first layer and the side walls of the first one-piece layer, so as to come into contact with the substrate in order to increase the surface area of the substrate which is covered by the first layer, which increases the average density of CNTs per unit surface area of the substrate .
- the second layer can also be nested in the first layer so that the CNTs are separated from each other by the dielectric material of the second layer.
- Fig. 5 represents, according to an example, the operating principle of a device for reducing the electrical charge of a space vehicle in the context of the example of device illustrated in Fig. 2B, that is to say a device comprising a first layer 202 with a single block and a second layer with two blocks 203a, 203b.
- the operating principle described nevertheless applies to the other examples of devices described in this description.
- external flows (ER) coming from a charging spatial environment interact with the first layer 202 and the second layer 203 of the device to cause, by impact of electrons or photons, the emission of impact electrons (IE) and, by field effect, the emission of field effect electrons (F-E).
- the second layer 203a, 203b can emit one or more impact electrons (I-E), represented by solid arrows.
- the second layer comprises a dielectric material having electrical properties giving it a strong capacity to emit electrons after impact of electrons or ions or photons coming from a charging space environment.
- the external flow (ER) tends to produce a large quantity of positive charges on the part or parts of the second layer most exposed to the external flow (ER), in particular the upper surface of the second layer 203a, 203b, this which causes said part or parts to become more positively charged than the other parts of the second layer and the first layer.
- the difference in charge between the different parts of the second layer and the first layer then results in the formation of an electric field (E) directed from the upper surface of the second layer 203a, 203b towards the first layer 202 and which promotes the field effect electron emission (F-E), represented by dotted arrows.
- the second layer of the device according to the invention comprises materials capable of generating impact electrons (I-E) in its own volume.
- F-E field effect electron
- a field effect electron (F-E) emitted due to the electric field (E) propagates in the second layer 203a, 203b, it is accelerated by the electric field (E) and generates, by ionizing collisions, positive (holes) and negative (I-E impact electrons) free charge carriers.
- the electrons thus formed then move in turn in the second layer 203a, 203b under the effect of the electric field by carrying out new ionizing collisions or by recombining with the holes.
- ionizing collisions are not compensated by charge recombination, the density of electric charge carriers increases.
- the second layer 203 of the device according to the invention comprises materials chosen to have a free charge carrier generation rate greater than the recombination rate such that a large part of the electrons generated following ionizing collisions can reach the upper surface. of the second layer 203 and be evacuated towards the charging spatial environment, thus making the charge of the second layer 203 more positive and increasing the electric field (E) even more.
- This phenomenon allows self-maintenance of charge generation within the second layer even when external conditions no longer favor charge generation.
- Such specificity of the device can be understood by the Malter effect [REF6] which explains the significant emission of electrons from certain materials presenting for example in the form of a very thin sheet (a few nanometers to several micrometers), under irradiation by a beam of electrons, photons or ions, even after the beam has stopped.
- the phenomenon therefore continues as long as the charge of the first layer 202 (and of the substrate 201) remains more negative than the charging spatial environment surrounding the device.
- alumina is a particularly advantageous material which makes it possible to obtain the three effects mentioned above.
- Magnesium oxide is also a particularly advantageous material based on its known properties.
- the applicant has shown that the presence of carbon nanotubes tends to increase the electric field (E) at the surface of the first layer, and therefore cooperates with the second layer to further reduce the potential barrier as the electrons present in the substrate must cross to be evacuated from the substrate, in particular by tunnel effect or by field effect.
- the carbon nanotubes of the first layer produce a multitude of peak effects favoring regular and homogeneous electron emission and adapting at each moment to the most favorable local conditions, so that the avalanche effects are avoided.
- Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating more precisely three examples of configurations (306, 307, 308) for the implementation of a device 200 for reducing the load of a space vehicle 300 according to the present description.
- the device comprises a substrate 201, a first layer 202 formed of a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and a second layer 203 comprising a dielectric material conforming to the present description, and examples of which have been described below. above.
- These three configurations present in particular three ways of connecting the load reduction device to the space vehicle. Depending on the intended application and the resulting technical constraints, one or other of the configurations may be preferred.
- the three configurations are possible with the same load reduction device arranged on a given space vehicle, for example a satellite, and a user can select one or the other of the configurations by means of an electrical circuit comprising a switch.
- the switch is in a position selecting configuration 306 but can, in the general case, be switched to select one of configurations 306, 307 or 308.
- the load reduction device only allows one of the three configurations, which is chosen according to the desired application.
- a first configuration 306 as illustrated in FIG. 6, the substrate 201 is directly connected to the conductive structure 301 of the space vehicle 300.
- the device operates passively, and emits electrons (e-) under the action of the external flux ER without external power supply like this has been described previously, for example by means of Fig. 5.
- This configuration makes it possible to return electrons collected by the satellite to the external environment ER as soon as the satellite reaches a sufficiently negative potential. This configuration therefore limits the negative charge of the satellite.
- This configuration does not include a unit of measurement and is therefore particularly simple. This configuration is therefore particularly advantageous in the case where it is desired to limit the energy consumption of the device.
- the device comprises a substrate 201 which is connected to the conductive structure 301 of the space vehicle 300 via a measurement unit 305 configured to measure the electron current delivered by the device 200.
- the device 200 also operates passively, and emits electrons (e-) under the action of the external flux ER.
- the current delivered by the device 200 is measured.
- the second configuration therefore makes it possible to know the current due to the emission of electrons by the device, which makes it possible to verify that the current remains in value ranges ensuring that the elements of the device such as the first layer and the second layer are operational and do not suffer irreversible damage.
- the second configuration 307 also makes it possible to inform a user about the possible occurrence of a significant electrostatic charge of the space vehicle, for example due to the charging space environment or the activation of a system on the space vehicle. Informing the user about the high electrostatic charge can for example be done by displaying an alert signal by the measuring unit when the charge electric power of the space vehicle reaches a predetermined threshold value.
- the device comprises a substrate 201 which is connected to the conductive structure 301 of the space vehicle 300 via a measurement unit 304 configured to measure a current delivered by the device 200 and an electrical potential of the space vehicle 301.
- the unit of measurement 304 is represented as a unit of measurement of current, it is also suitable for measuring a voltage.
- the substrate 201 is connected to the conductive structure 301 via a voltage generator 303 configured to, when in operation, bring the substrate 201 to a negative electrical potential with respect to the structure 301 of the space vehicle.
- the voltage generator 303 is connected to a control unit 302 configured to activate the voltage generator 302 when the electrical potential determined by the measurement unit 304 is, in absolute value, greater than or equal to a set value.
- the third configuration 308 makes it possible to improve the reduction of the negative electrical charge of the space vehicle by negatively charging the substrate relative to the structure of the space vehicle, which promotes the emission of electrons from the substrate.
- Figs. 7A, Fig. 7B and Fig. 8 are curves illustrating experimental results obtained during tests of two electrical charge reduction devices according to the present description.
- the devices include a polished stainless steel substrate measuring 23 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick.
- the first layer is obtained by catalytic deposition growth on the substrate of 9 disks of 1.4 mm in diameter separated by 5 mm from each other and forming a matrix of 3x3 disks. 9 blocks of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes are thus obtained by catalytic growth, with an average height of the carbon nanotubes of 10 pm to 50 pm.
- the second layer comprises a 5 ⁇ m thick alumina layer deposited over the entire surface of the substrate by PVD (acronym for “physical vapor deposition” in English or cathode sputtering or physical vapor deposition).
- the device is mounted on a conductive structure of a model of a nanosatellite. Electrical contact with the substrate is made by means of conductive cables.
- the nanosatellite model is equipped with an electronic system making it possible to activate or deactivate the electrical connection between the device and the conductive structure of the satellite, by relay opening/closing.
- the nanosatellite model is placed in a large vacuum chamber (cylinder of 3.4 mx 2 m).
- the nanosatellite model is connected to a negative voltage generator simulating a constant negative charge of the satellite from 0 to -150 V.
- Each device 1 and 2 is connected in turn to the conductive structure of the nanosatellite model .
- a plasma source composed of Argon ions and electrons is used to positively charge the second layer of the device relative to the nanosatellite model, thanks to a plasma density, temperature and speed of 10 A l 1 m A -3, 1 eV and 10 km/s respectively. These characteristics reproduce an ionospheric type plasma. After a few seconds under these conditions, each device emits a current of a few tens of microamps.
- Fig. 7A illustrates the evolution of the current emitted by device 1 for a voltage applied to the conductive structure of the nanosatellite model of -100 V.
- the nanosatellite model is isolated from the laboratory's electrical ground.
- Fig. 8 represents the potential of the conductive structure of the nanosatellite model as a function of time.
- the potential of the conductive structure of the nanosatellite model is established at -600 V +/- 100 V. We observe that the reduction in the potential continues despite the stopping of the VUV source which served to initiate the emission of electrons by device 1.
- device 1 is electrically disconnected from the ground of the conductive structure of the nanosatellite model.
- the potential of the conductive structure of the nanosatellite model is instantly established at -1100 V under the effect of the electron beam which always irradiates the face of the nanosatellite model not equipped with the device. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the system when the first layer of the device is electrically connected to the conductive structure of the satellite
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2208212A FR3138808A1 (fr) | 2022-08-09 | 2022-08-09 | Dispositif de réduction de la charge électrique d’un véhicule spatial |
| PCT/EP2023/071737 WO2024033273A1 (fr) | 2022-08-09 | 2023-08-04 | Dispositif de réduction de la charge électrique d'un véhicule spatial |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4568894A1 true EP4568894A1 (fr) | 2025-06-18 |
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ID=84053351
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23757519.6A Pending EP4568894A1 (fr) | 2022-08-09 | 2023-08-04 | Dispositif de réduction de la charge électrique d'un véhicule spatial |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4568894A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3138808A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024033273A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6362574B1 (en) | 2000-05-31 | 2002-03-26 | Sri International | System for emitting electrical charge from a space object in a space plasma environment using micro-fabricated gated charge emission devices |
| US8014121B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2011-09-06 | Kyushu Institute Of Technology | Electrical discharge countermeasure device |
| EP2259968A4 (fr) | 2008-04-03 | 2011-10-05 | Stanford Res Inst Int | Dispositif solaire d émission d électrons excédents |
| US9396828B2 (en) * | 2010-10-19 | 2016-07-19 | The Boeing Company | Carbon nanotube coated structure and associated method of fabrication |
| US8872018B1 (en) * | 2011-05-06 | 2014-10-28 | The Boeing Company | Atomic oxygen and electrostatic-resistant, flexible structure for space applications |
| DE102011112518B4 (de) * | 2011-05-27 | 2020-01-09 | Airbus Defence and Space GmbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Oberflächenstruktur mit Blitzschutz sowie Fahrzeugbauteilherstellverfahren |
| JP5784688B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-10 | 2015-09-24 | サムソン エレクトロ−メカニックス カンパニーリミテッド. | 静電気放電構造及び静電気放電構造の製造方法 |
-
2022
- 2022-08-09 FR FR2208212A patent/FR3138808A1/fr active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-08-04 EP EP23757519.6A patent/EP4568894A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-08-04 WO PCT/EP2023/071737 patent/WO2024033273A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3138808A1 (fr) | 2024-02-16 |
| WO2024033273A1 (fr) | 2024-02-15 |
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