EP4548310A1 - Verfahren und system zur strassenzustandsüberwachung durch ein maschinelles lernsystem sowie verfahren zum trainieren des maschinellen lernsystems - Google Patents
Verfahren und system zur strassenzustandsüberwachung durch ein maschinelles lernsystem sowie verfahren zum trainieren des maschinellen lernsystemsInfo
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- EP4548310A1 EP4548310A1 EP23732373.8A EP23732373A EP4548310A1 EP 4548310 A1 EP4548310 A1 EP 4548310A1 EP 23732373 A EP23732373 A EP 23732373A EP 4548310 A1 EP4548310 A1 EP 4548310A1
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- vehicle
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/77—Processing image or video features in feature spaces; using data integration or data reduction, e.g. principal component analysis [PCA] or independent component analysis [ICA] or self-organising maps [SOM]; Blind source separation
- G06V10/774—Generating sets of training patterns; Bootstrap methods, e.g. bagging or boosting
- G06V10/7747—Organisation of the process, e.g. bagging or boosting
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/20—Image preprocessing
- G06V10/26—Segmentation of patterns in the image field; Cutting or merging of image elements to establish the pattern region, e.g. clustering-based techniques; Detection of occlusion
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/77—Processing image or video features in feature spaces; using data integration or data reduction, e.g. principal component analysis [PCA] or independent component analysis [ICA] or self-organising maps [SOM]; Blind source separation
- G06V10/774—Generating sets of training patterns; Bootstrap methods, e.g. bagging or boosting
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/82—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using neural networks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/94—Hardware or software architectures specially adapted for image or video understanding
- G06V10/95—Hardware or software architectures specially adapted for image or video understanding structured as a network, e.g. client-server architectures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
- G06V20/50—Context or environment of the image
- G06V20/56—Context or environment of the image exterior to a vehicle by using sensors mounted on the vehicle
- G06V20/588—Recognition of the road, e.g. of lane markings; Recognition of the vehicle driving pattern in relation to the road
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
Definitions
- the present invention relates to road condition monitoring (Road Condition Observation) or
- Machine learning will be used in an innovative setup to improve road condition detection.
- the present invention relates to a method for training a machine learning system for road condition monitoring, a method for road condition monitoring using a trained machine learning system, a system for road condition monitoring and a vehicle with a system for road condition monitoring.
- a well-known YouTube video shows road condition segmentation, based on video data from a camera and driving noises recorded by a microphone, for one and the same road.
- a distinction can be made between dry and wet: Road condition estimator using cameras and microphones (2016) https://www. youtube. com/watch?v H13igv55o8w (accessed on May 25, 2022). Differentiation into more than two classes (wet/dry) is difficult or not possible reliably with this approach.
- WO 2016/177372 A1 shows a method for detecting and evaluating environmental influences and road condition information in the area surrounding a vehicle.
- a camera Using a camera, at least two digital images are generated in succession, in each of which an identical image section is selected.
- digital image processing algorithms changes in image sharpness between the image sections of at least two consecutive images are detected, with the image sharpness changes being weighted from the center of the image sections towards the outside.
- environmental status information is determined using machine learning methods and, depending on the determined environmental status information, roadway status information is determined.
- WO 2019/174682 A1 shows a method for classifying a roadway condition based on image data from a vehicle camera system and a corresponding vehicle camera system. The procedure has the following steps:
- a vehicle camera system which is configured to image at least a section of an environment outside the vehicle, the section at least partially containing the road on which the vehicle is traveling
- DE 102013002333 A1 shows a method for predictive road condition determination in a vehicle in which a road surface is illuminated with sensor beams, the sensor beams being reflected and absorbed in accordance with a road condition of the road surface and the road condition determination being carried out on the basis of the reflected sensor beams.
- the process is characterized by the fact that the road surface in front of the vehicle is illuminated in the direction of travel. Since the different road conditions of the road surface have different optical properties and have an absorbing effect for certain wavelengths and reflecting for others, conclusions can be drawn about the respective road condition of the illuminated road surface from the reflected sensor beams. An example of this is the wavelength of 1550 nm, which is absorbed comparatively strongly by ice.
- DE 102014214243 A1 shows a method for determining road condition
- Road condition determination can be used, whereby the Road condition data from the weather map and/or road map are subjected to re-digitization.
- DE 102017223510 A1 shows an optical sensor for assessing surfaces, comprising:
- At least one emission unit for emitting a modulated optical signal onto a surface to be assessed
- At least one detection unit for detecting an optical signal of the modulated signal reflected on the surface and providing an electrical output signal dependent on the reflected optical signal
- control device for evaluating the output signal of the at least one detection unit and determining a state of the surface to be assessed, wherein a frequency spectrum of the modulated optical signal that can be emitted by the at least one emission unit is essentially delimited from a frequency spectrum of an interference spectrum.
- a starting point is to use environmental detection sensors that are already installed in a vehicle for other tasks and, in particular, to detect areas in front of the vehicle in the direction of travel.
- the inadequacies of the existing environment detection sensors can be compensated for by specialized reference sensors, which are therefore usually too expensive for series use, in that they also contribute to the generation of training data for a machine learning system to determine road conditions.
- test vehicle fleets with the environmental detection sensors are often used for later series use.
- the collected data is then typically manually labeled to provide the actual road conditions for training the machine learning system.
- Manual labeling is carried out by humans, although human perception of road conditions is subjective. For example, when does the road become “wet”? Is there an older layer of ice beneath a visible layer of fresh snow? Is there black ice on a black road or a dry black road? Manual labeling is also both time-consuming and costly.
- a second starting point is to use an explicit road condition determination sensor with high reliability and precision as a reference sensor. It is advantageous here if the (“pure”) road condition determination sensor can determine in advance whether there is water on the road surface and what the temperature is on the road surface.
- a transmitting and receiving device operating in the wavelength ranges of 1550 nm and approximately 2 to 10 micrometers can determine both.
- One aspect of the invention relates to a method for training a machine learning system for road condition monitoring, comprising the steps:
- - Providing or recording data by a sensor system of a vehicle, the sensor system detecting an environment of the vehicle, as training input data, - Providing or recording data that characterizes the road condition using a reference sensor mounted in or on the vehicle as training target values, and
- training data which includes training input data and training target values corresponding to these training input data
- parameters of the machine learning system are adjusted using the training data in such a way that the machine learning system produces output data when the training input data is entered , which are similar to the training target values.
- the data of the sensor system can include, for example, image data, radar data and/or lidar data.
- the machine learning system is trained using the training data, that is, parameters of the machine learning system are adjusted such that when the training input data is entered, the machine learning system generates output data that is similar to the training target values.
- the parameters include the weights between individual input values and neurons.
- the machine learning system is trained using a supervised learning method, with a variety of learning methods being known. For example, the backpropagation method can be used to train a neural network.
- the parameters of the machine learning system are adjusted in such a way that an error between the output data and the training target values is as small as possible.
- the error between the output data and the training target values is determined, for example, via the distance between the output data and the training target values and a corresponding metric for output data.
- test target values are the test input data assigned and the test input data and test target values are not used to adjust the parameters of the machine learning system.
- the parameters of the machine system can be output when the training has been successfully completed, for example because the output data is sufficiently similar to the training target values, which can be specified, for example, via a threshold value of a similarity metric.
- the sensor system includes a camera system of the vehicle, so that the data provided or recorded is image data and the image data serves as training input data.
- the reference sensor determines reference data as training target values for image data (labels).
- the camera system can, for example, be a monocular camera arranged in a vehicle, preferably behind the windshield, so that the front of the vehicle can be captured in accordance with a visual perception of a driver of the vehicle.
- the camera system can alternatively be a stereo camera that provides depth information about the vehicle's surroundings or a satellite camera system, e.g. a surround-view camera system, which includes several fisheye cameras looking in different directions of the vehicle.
- the capabilities of the reference sensor for road condition monitoring can be transferred to the camera system using appropriate learning processes.
- the reference sensor comprises a transmitting and receiving unit which emits electromagnetic radiation of at least one defined wavelength onto the road and receives and measures the intensity reflected from the road and wherein the reference sensor is set up to determine probabilities for the presence of different ones based on the measured values Specify classes of road conditions.
- the presence of water on the road can be determined by measuring absorption at discrete wavelengths in the mid-infrared. A comparison of the Measurement results from two suitable wavelengths (ratiometric measurement) enable robust detection of water on the road.
- a suitable reference sensor for displaying ground truth data can detect all target learning classes of the camera system regardless of the light distribution (brightness) that depends on the time of day.
- the wavelength ranges of the observation between the reference sensor and the camera system do not match.
- the camera observes in visible light and the reference sensor, for example, in the infrared range.
- motion blur caused by different driving speeds and the set exposure time is also learned in the image. Both parameters can be incorporated into the learning outcome both in classes and using a linear approximation.
- the speed over ground can advantageously be a useful additional input variable.
- weather and driving dynamics data such as ABS, ASR and/or ESC control interventions of the ego vehicle can be advantageously included in the learning result.
- the driving style based on vehicle accelerations in the longitudinal and transverse directions is also taken into account in addition to the already mentioned driving speed or alternatively the safety distance to vehicles in front.
- the reference sensor assumes probabilities for the presence of (at least) the following classes of road conditions: “dry,” “wet,” “snow,” “ice,” and “unknown/error.”
- An error in the case of a camera sensor as a sensor system is, for example, a predominantly black or white image or predominantly image noise due to underexposure.
- the reference sensor comprises a pyrometer that measures the temperature of the road.
- the reference sensor can measure in the thermal (far) infrared, e.g. in the range from 2 to 10 pm, in order to derive the surface temperature from the thermal radiation.
- Thermal features in the far IR for example, are invisible in the visible spectrum, which is why people already have great difficulty recognizing black ice.
- the reference sensor itself uses the following wavelengths: 1550 nm and 980 nm to detect the presence of water by comparing the reflected intensities and a wavelength in the range of 2 to 10 pm to measure the temperature of the road.
- the machine learning system is a neural network.
- Neural networks are particularly suitable for the method described because they can be easily adapted.
- the neural network is in particular a convolutional neural network.
- the nonlinearity of the convolutional neural network does not pose a problem for the usability of the described method.
- the method described can also be used with other machine learning systems, for example with decision tree learning, support vector machines, regression analysis or Bayesian networks.
- the multi-task classification system includes, for example, an encoder and a large number of decoders. It is also possible to divide the machine learning system into several subsystems. Each of the subsystems has the functionality of the machine learning system described here, but the subsystems differ from each other, for example in the type of machine learning system or in the selection of training data. Output data generated by the subsystems can then be combined to obtain an improved output.
- the vehicle comprises a data transmission unit, and the data transmission unit is set up to transmit training data to a server unit (backbone).
- a server unit backbone
- DDE data driven ecosystem
- the server unit is set up to update a training data set comprising a (predetermined) amount of training data, the size of the training data set being kept constant, and being ensured using one or more quality criteria (e.g. the quality can be evaluated based on several KPIs). that when the training data set is updated, the relevance of the training data with regard to determining the road condition is increased.
- quality criteria e.g. the quality can be evaluated based on several KPIs.
- training takes place in a DDE with continuous improvement of the data relevance.
- DDE Automatic procedures based on key performance indicators (DAgger) and, with significantly reduced effort, human consideration (active learning) are used.
- the DDE is designed to keep the size of the data set constant after a limit is reached. This means that the training times for the machine learning system do not increase any further.
- the computing power in the backend is used to increase the relevance of the training data set.
- the server unit is set up to achieve a balance of the training data set when updating, so that the training data set has a high diversity, with rarer road conditions being adequately represented by training data.
- Rare situations such as black ice, i.e. a frozen black road, are particularly rare, but are also particularly dangerous because the coefficient of friction is greatly reduced.
- the relevance of the training data is evaluated such that a high level of relevance is assigned to the training data that is orthogonal to the other training data already contained in the training data set.
- the sensor data for the recorded area of the road is divided into segments and the data provided or recorded by the reference sensor characterizes the road condition for the segments.
- Another aspect relates to a method for road condition monitoring using a machine learning system, wherein the machine learning system has been trained as described above, data acquired by a vehicle sensor system that detects an environment of the vehicle being provided to the machine learning system as input data and the machine Learning system generates output data from the input data that characterizes the road condition.
- a third aspect relates to a road condition monitoring system comprising an input unit for receiving input data; a computer unit which is designed to carry out the previously described road condition monitoring method; and an output unit for outputting the output data generated by the computing unit.
- a further aspect relates to a vehicle comprising a sensor system, wherein the sensor system is set up to detect an environment of the vehicle and to provide the detected sensor data to the input unit as input data, as well as a previously described road condition monitoring system.
- the reference sensor observes discrete ones, for example Wavelengths in the mid-infrared to detect absorption of water and ice and in the thermal (far) infrared to derive surface temperature from thermal radiation.
- the camera observes light in the visible wavelength range.
- thermal features in the far IR are invisible in the visible spectrum, which is why people already have great difficulty detecting black ice. Instead, they derive the condition from observing the environment and other optical features. This means that in principle it is possible to differentiate the road condition into four to five classes using camera optics, but it is difficult, you would have to learn from an enormous number of examples and therefore purely camera-optical road condition detection is not necessarily sufficiently robust to date.
- a data driven ecosystem offers the following solutions to address such problems:
- Backpropagation Modern neural networks use backpropagation to learn from the difference between the desired output and the random output achieved after initial initialization. Using a chain rule, the differences (gradients) are translated back into the layers of the network and thereby determine how the weights and offsets in the network have to change in order to arrive at a better solution. In backpropagation is the repeated application redundant data is disruptive because it introduces irrelevance. Certain, possibly very similar cases are over-learned, even meticulously memorized, but slightly different test data are not recognized as well as the training data, so-called overfitting.
- a split into training and test data helps against overfitting, whereby a KPI (Key Performance Indicator) to be measured, e.g. the precision or accuracy of the output for the test data, must be at least as good as for the test data Training data. It doesn't help if the training data is too close to the test data, for example because they are adjacent images of the same sequence. This must be avoided.
- KPI Key Performance Indicator
- Regularization means that adhering powder is filled into the crater landscape. This fills the smaller craters, at least after solidification, so that there are fewer chances of getting stuck in a local minimum. Regularization must be used very sparingly. Metaphorically speaking, the crater landscape should not be allowed to decay to the top and thus level out all the differences. However, when used in small doses in the per mille range, regularization has the effect of eliminating special identifying features and instead finding more general, basic rules. However, at the price of an “apparently” reduced accuracy. A simple KPI comes out worse, even though the classification is actually better.
- Activations can be calculated using a type of visual backpropagation on the GPU in parallel to the actual neural network. For the convoluted layers (not for the fully connected layers), you specify which neurons are involved in the decision and project this back onto the input layer of the network. This means that as a human you can see which features were used to make the classification decision if you overlay the activations with the corresponding input image. This helps to understand what goes wrong when something is incorrectly detected and provides valuable information about possible missing training examples. It also provides a clear indication in addition to simply observing the KPIs.
- KPIs Key performance indicators, KPIs for short: A simple two-class detector can either respond, not respond, report correctly or report incorrectly - in all combinations, so four cases here. If detected, recall is high. It It is conceivable to darken a scene further and further until the image is black. If the output were an image again, not just a class, you could count pixels that represent a known feature and that would be recognized. In addition, other pixels that are not part of the known feature could also respond. These would then be false positives. So it's about two things: recognition and the correctness of the result. This can either be plotted in a diagram or summarized in the F2 score. Simply, a KPI is a predefined measure that indicates, on average, how well a network is trained across the test data set.
- Data Aggregation Has a lot of similarity to Policy Aggregation. Instead of, for example, calculating 500 neural networks and voting for the majority of their output, you shift the problem from the time of execution to the training time and thus to the selection of the relevant data. This means you only have to calculate one network, but you start with a subset of the training data, e.g. 5% of it, and look at the next 5% contingent to see which images are already classified correctly by training the first 5%. They are simply not needed. It's like preparing for an exam where you have to learn what you haven't yet understood. Data aggregation is when the machine decides which data is relevant, it is the ones that are orthogonal to all the others it has already learned.
- Constant size of the data set No constant increase in learning time.
- the DDE decides independently whether the data is relevant.
- data aggregation can attempt to exchange new data for old data that is classified as relevant.
- the quality is continuously measured using several KPIs. Is the new solution in Form of a newly learned neural network is below average, then it is rejected, then if it is above average, it is favored.
- the Data Driven Ecosystem In its backend, i.e. the function that is later calculated in the cloud, it is a constant challenge to the best networks calculated so far, whether they are better than before by exchanging them for more relevant training data after training. This largely depends on the test data set, which needs to be adjusted just like the training data set. It should contain the relevant cases in all environmental situations as well as the rare cases and the corner cases.
- Synthetic data (derived from real data): By definition, rare cases are rare. To ensure that they are not underrepresented, synthetic data can be derived from regular data using GAN style transfer, i.e. the synthetic data answers the question of what a landscape looks like in a different weather condition or what a weather condition looks like in a different location. Since you can take a lot of pictures of places, but only a few of rare states, you will transfer the state to another place.
- Average values say more than individual values:
- the data should preferably be transmitted Over The Air (OTA). It is assumed that vehicles will be equipped with a SIM card in the future and will be able to establish a tunneled Internet connection to the update server. Of course, a conventional update is also always possible, e.g. via USB stick and file system.
- OTA Over The Air
- Triggering of interesting data It is known from the Tesla patent in particular that rare cases and corner cases, in our case rare road weather situations, should be recorded. At Tesla, the trigger itself is a network that has been trained to respond to certain scenarios. This same technique would also be used here to improve the product in a data-driven manner in a second, continuous cycle. Triggering is also conceivable in only a few measuring vehicles that are equipped with reference sensors. However, the greater benefit due to the larger number of use cases is clearly a trigger in every vehicle in the fleet, because this is the only way the system scales itself. 20) Return channel: preferably Over The Air (OTA), but also conventionally in the workshop via USB or other bus systems.
- OTA Over The Air
- An OTA update channel for the vehicle offers the advantage that the vehicle manufacturer does not have to trigger a return action if software updates are necessary.
- a feedback channel helps with continuous product improvement. Triggered and otherwise selected moments, for example by test drivers, and measurements assigned to them are reported back. Data volumes of up to several 100MB for various sensors per manufacturer are a realistic order of magnitude. This means that there is much more data available than has to be trained into the corresponding sensor networks. This makes it all the more important to have a good methodology for selecting the training data and evaluating the networks to be trained using KPIs.
- Virtualization of the ecosystem, connections and sourcing All of this happens in the backend, preferably in the cloud.
- the entire backend can be virtualized, i.e. moved to a Docker container and operated on a large cloud instance with sufficient performance.
- This has the advantage that post-processing can be scaled with the size of the fleet. So there is a data connection between the fleet, provider and cloud provider. This, in turn, is independent of where the data is curated and new algorithms are integrated. Access to the cloud should be possible worldwide without any problems. Rolling out the data too.
- Adaptation of driving behavior to the road condition is simply appropriate driving behavior.
- the driver certainly doesn't want to be informed every second about the condition; he/she is certainly an expert enough for that. Warnings would be given in the event of slippery conditions, i.e. a greatly reduced coefficient of friction.
- the actual coefficient of friction can only be estimated because it depends on the road and tires.
- the main application of road condition measurement is highly automated driving, because travel planning must also be informed about the road condition. You may have to drive more slowly, you may have to expect understeer and longer braking distances. What we humans take for granted must be brought closer to the machine using a technical method. It is an advantage if the technical method is cost-effective.
- the purpose of road condition monitoring lies in the area of warning drivers in the event of slippery conditions (especially black ice) but even more in the area of highly automated driving.
- the assumptions about the braking distance must be constantly updated according to the road weather, so that the driving behavior adapts to the weather conditions.
- Average values say more than individual values:
- Speed-dependent, time-delayed evaluation What is visible on the front camera is further ahead on the road than the current measuring spot. To be on the safe side, a time shift must be made in which the path of the measurement spot on the road is brought into line with the image of the road. Conversely, segmentation can also be calculated instead of a categorical classification. If a network is also used that recognizes the location of the road in the image, the road can be learned in segments with the road condition and consequently displayed.
- FIG. 1 shows a vehicle with a sensor system that detects the environment, a reference sensor and a processing unit;
- FIG. 2 is an illustration of a machine learning system that is trained to generate output data that characterizes road conditions using data from the environmental sensing sensor and the reference sensor;
- FIG. 3 shows a trained machine learning system that can generate output data that characterizes the road condition based on data from the environmental sensing sensor
- Fig. 4 shows a road condition monitoring system
- Fig. 5 shows a vehicle with a reference sensor with a transmitting and receiving unit.
- the vehicle 2 has an environment-sensing sensor system 1, a reference sensor 5 and a processing unit 10.
- the environment-sensing sensor system 1 can be or comprise, for example, an image recording device.
- the image recording device can be a front camera of a vehicle.
- the front camera can be arranged inside the vehicle 2 - for example in the area of the rear-view mirror - and capture the environment in front of the vehicle 2 through the windshield of the vehicle 2.
- details of the surroundings of the vehicle 2 can be detected, for example objects.
- ADAS or AD functions can be provided by an ADAS/AD control unit, e.g. lane recognition, lane keeping support, traffic sign recognition, speed limit assistance, road user recognition, collision warning, emergency braking assistance, distance following control, construction site assistance, a highway pilot, a cruising chauffeur function and/or an autopilot.
- the image recording device typically includes optics or a lens and an image recording sensor, for example a CMOS sensor.
- the proposed environment detection sensor system 1 considers a sensor setup for vehicles in the context of assisted and autonomous driving. This can optionally be expanded to a multi-sensor setup.
- Multi-sensor systems have the advantage of increasing the safety of detection algorithms for road traffic by verifying the detections of multiple sensors.
- Multi-sensor systems can be any combination of: one to several cameras, one to several radars, one to several ultrasound systems, one to several lidars, and / or one to several microphones.
- a reference sensor 5 it is advisable to use an explicit road condition determination sensor with high reliability and precision. It is advantageous here if the road condition determination sensor can determine in advance whether there is water on the road surface and optionally also what temperature is present on the road surface.
- a transmitter and receiver unit that emits electromagnetic radiation of at least a defined wavelength onto the road and receives and measures the intensity reflected from the road is ideal for this purpose.
- the reference sensor is set up to indicate probabilities for the existence of different classes of road conditions based on the measured values.
- the presence of water on the road can be determined by measuring absorption at discrete wavelengths in the mid-infrared.
- a comparison of the measurement results of two suitable wavelengths enables robust detection of water on the road.
- the reference sensor can use the following wavelengths:
- a transmitting and receiving device that operates in the wavelength range of approximately 2 to 10 micrometers can determine the temperature on the road surface.
- another pyrometer can be used to measure the temperature, which can measure a temperature of a surface at a defined distance.
- the vehicle 2 with the reference sensor 5 and the environment-sensing sensor system 1 is a test vehicle for generating training data.
- a corresponding vehicle with the environment-sensing sensor system 1 and a trained machine learning system 16 can be used as a series vehicle without the cost-intensive reference sensor 5.
- Fig. 2 shows a representation of a machine learning system 16, which is based on
- Data X of the environment detection sensor system 1 and corresponding Data Y of the reference sensor 5 is trained to generate output data Y 'that characterize the road condition.
- An artificial neural network can serve as the machine learning system 16.
- Neural networks are particularly suitable for the method described because they can be easily adapted.
- the neural network is in particular a convolutional neural network.
- a machine learning system 16 may be used, such as decision tree learning, support vector machines, regression analysis or Bayesian networks.
- a multi-task classification system includes, for example, an encoder and a large number of decoders. It is also possible to divide the machine learning system into several subsystems. Each of the subsystems has the functionality of the machine learning system 16 described here, but the subsystems differ from one another, for example in the type of machine learning system or in the selection of training data. Output data generated by the subsystems can then be combined to obtain an improved output.
- the machine learning system is trained using supervised learning.
- the machine learning system 16 is trained using training data (input data X_1, By adjusting weights (or parameters) of the machine learning system 16, an error function is minimized, the deviations between outputs Y'_1, Y'_2, ..., Y'_n of the machine learning system for input data X_1, X_2, ..., X_n of corresponding target output data Y_1, Y_2, ..., Y_n indicates.
- Machine learning system 16 which can generate output data Y' that characterizes the road condition based on (newly acquired) data X from the environmental detection sensor 1. That was training Machine learning system 16 is used, for example, in a series vehicle.
- FIG. 4 shows schematically an exemplary embodiment of a road condition monitoring system 10, which determines road condition data and can transmit it to a server unit 20.
- the road condition monitoring system 10 is electrically or wirelessly connected to at least one environmental detection sensor 1, e.g. an image recording device, in a vehicle 2.
- the data or signals recorded by the environmental detection sensor 1 are transmitted to an input interface 12 of the road condition monitoring system 10.
- the data is processed in the road condition monitoring system 10 by a processing unit (or a data processor) 14.
- the processing unit 14 includes a machine learning system 16.
- the machine learning system 16 may include an artificial neural network, for example a CNN, which has been trained to classify road conditions.
- the classified road condition can be transmitted to other vehicle control units (e.g. an ADCU, automated driving control unit) via an output interface 18.
- a data transmission unit 19 is used for the wireless transmission of data and/or the classified road condition to a server unit 20 (cloud, backbone, infrastructure, ). So that the artificial neural networks can process the data in the vehicle in real time, the road condition monitoring system 10 or the processing unit 14 can include one or more hardware accelerators for machine learning systems 16 or artificial neural networks.
- the reference sensor 505 is arranged in the front of the vehicle, for example in front of the radiator, and has a beam direction 506 of the transmitting and receiving unit that the angle a between Beam 506 and Street level is about 70°.
- the angle a can be set for specific vehicles 500, for example between 50° and 80°.
- the height of the beam 506 emerging from the reference sensor 505 above the road can be in the range of 20 to 60 centimeters.
- 2,500 test drives can be carried out with a vehicle equipped with cameras, GPS and reference sensors. GPS is needed, for example, to compare with weather forecasts on the internet.
- the evaluation of the reference sensor is saved. If additional information is available - speed, acceleration, GPS, etc., then this will also be saved with the appropriate timestamp.
- An additional human classification of humans can also be advantageous if an interesting situation arises. This means that associated camera images and reference measurements can later be found in the data sets.
- An additional feature of a reference sensor enables labeling on a return channel via a CAN output. Situations in which people come to a different conclusion than the reference sensor are important.
- the additional information (“meta information”) can be saved in a separate classification file (txt, xml or json) with the same name.
- a time reference should also not be missing, as some of the methods described later require a time offset between images and reference measurement data, since the front camera, for example, sees the piece of road earlier than the measurement spot of the reference measurement technology.
- F-TZ-333 License plate (optional)
- txt is easy to read but difficult to parse
- json is the easiest to machine read but difficult to edit
- xml is a middle ground, still editable by hand but more machine readable.
- the intention of the preliminary classification is to allow sorting by class by name and to provide a very easy way to change the label. This can occur in the active learning phase described later. If humans overrule, the data can be used preferentially and the label can be adapted accordingly. This is the only way to resolve contradictions in the data set.
- the measurement data should preferably be stored in subdirectories of the day in question, as Linux systems run into problems with 65,535 files per directory or more without special modification of the typical variable sizes.
- JSON database e.g. Mongo-DB
- Mongo-DB for image and reference data instead of the easier-to-read image and text files.
- the GPS position of the vehicle should also be able to be transmitted in the data. License plates and GPS will be omitted later in the fleet test.
- the GPS position can help to select sufficiently different locations, especially in the seed phase, i.e. the initial phase of the network calculation if the same places, then just with different times of day and weather conditions.
- % yrm ((r980m*192)/r1310m); // larger: higher proportion of ice *or* deeper water
- r980..r1552 are the intensities of the reflected light at the respective wavelength in nm measured in ADU, i.e. units of the AD converter
- xrm, yrm and vrm are ratiometric measurements (there is a denominator).
- the sizes xrm and yrm refer to different wavelengths, vrm to different channels of the same wavelength 1550nm and Irm is an absolute measurement, a brightness of the surface that shows the difference between ice and snow.
- the ice measurement with 1310nm absorption is unreliable and is advantageously replaced by pyrometer measurement, the 1550nm absorption occurs equally for water and ice, 1310nm effects can only be seen for ice, but are significantly weaker than water detection with 1550nm.
- Probabilities for dry, wet, ice, snow are determined directly from xrm (absorption of water at 1550nm vs. 980nm comparison), Tc (corrected road temperature from the pyrometer) and Irm (brightness of the surface). One after the other in a decision tree and in this order.
- a complete data driven ecosystem includes the following steps, which are carried out cyclically:
- Test data is continuously collected using a fleet of test vehicles that have an OTA updateable telematics unit (e.g. according to the 5G mobile communications standard).
- An ADCU uses a pre-trained machine learning system to continuously determine AD or ADAS-relevant data from the acquired sensor data (open loop testing) for automated or assisted control of the vehicle.
- a trigger e.g. anomalies, for example, the driver behaves differently than the ADCII predicts
- data is transmitted to the server unit/cloud.
- the data is checked to see whether it is better training data than what is already available there. For this purpose, the predicted anomalies (or corner cases) can be verified or more relevant data can be selected for other reasons.
- the optimized training data can be used to retrain the machine learning system or neural network using data aggregation (“you let the data decide”) or using active learning (although the human labeling effort is reduced. Actual improvements are achieved by increasing KPIs (such as Precison and/or Recall).
- the neural network is then tested extensively in simulation worlds, test scenarios, corner cases or rare cases to increase security. If successful, the trained neural network is released and can be used with a cryptographic signature as an over- The Air Update is transmitted to the vehicles in the test fleet and imported as an update for the ADCU.
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| PCT/DE2023/200113 WO2024002437A1 (de) | 2022-06-29 | 2023-06-06 | Verfahren und system zur strassenzustandsüberwachung durch ein maschinelles lernsystem sowie verfahren zum trainieren des maschinellen lernsystems |
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| JPH04110261A (ja) * | 1990-08-29 | 1992-04-10 | Toyota Motor Corp | 路面状況推定装置 |
| JP3613275B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-28 | 2005-01-26 | オムロン株式会社 | 交通情報システム |
| DE102013002333A1 (de) | 2013-02-12 | 2014-08-14 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren und Strahlensensormodul zur vorausschauenden Straßenzustandsbestimmung in einem Fahrzeug |
| DE102014214243A1 (de) | 2013-10-31 | 2015-04-30 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Straßenzustandsbestimmung |
| DE102013223367A1 (de) * | 2013-11-15 | 2015-05-21 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung eines Fahrbahnzustands mittels eines Fahrzeugkamerasystems |
| DE102015208428A1 (de) | 2015-05-06 | 2016-11-10 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erkennung und Bewertung von Umwelteinflüssen und Fahrbahnzustandsinformationen im Fahrzeugumfeld |
| JP6775195B2 (ja) * | 2016-04-06 | 2020-10-28 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 検知装置、検知方法及び検知プログラム |
| EP3361412B1 (de) | 2017-02-10 | 2023-09-06 | Fujitsu Limited | Schwarzeisdetektionssystem, -programm und -verfahren |
| DE102017223510A1 (de) | 2017-12-21 | 2019-06-27 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Vorrichtung für Kraftfahrzeuge zur Beurteilung von Umgebungen |
| DE102018203807A1 (de) | 2018-03-13 | 2019-09-19 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erkennung und Bewertung von Fahrbahnzuständen und witterungsbedingten Umwelteinflüssen |
| JP2019206090A (ja) * | 2018-05-28 | 2019-12-05 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 画像処理装置、コックリング判定方法、機械学習装置 |
| US20200202167A1 (en) | 2018-12-20 | 2020-06-25 | Here Global B.V. | Dynamically loaded neural network models |
| US11231905B2 (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2022-01-25 | Intel Corporation | Vehicle with external audio speaker and microphone |
| WO2021049109A1 (ja) | 2019-09-11 | 2021-03-18 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 水分検知装置 |
| US11472414B2 (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2022-10-18 | Intel Corporation | Safety system for a vehicle |
| JP2021174385A (ja) * | 2020-04-28 | 2021-11-01 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | モデル最適化装置、モデル最適化方法、及びプログラム |
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- 2023-06-06 KR KR1020247041691A patent/KR20250010080A/ko active Pending
- 2023-06-06 EP EP23732373.8A patent/EP4548310A1/de active Pending
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| US20260004566A1 (en) | 2026-01-01 |
| KR20250010080A (ko) | 2025-01-20 |
| JP2025521183A (ja) | 2025-07-08 |
| WO2024002437A1 (de) | 2024-01-04 |
| DE102022206625A1 (de) | 2024-01-04 |
| CN119365902A (zh) | 2025-01-24 |
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